ASTM D4440-23
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties Melt Rheology
Standard Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties Melt Rheology
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a simple means of characterizing the important rheological properties and viscosity of thermoplastic polymers using very small amounts of material (approximately 25 to 50 mm in diameter by 1 to 3 mm in thickness ... approximately 3 to 5 g). Data are generally used for quality control, research and development, and establishment of optimum processing conditions.
5.2 Dynamic mechanical testing provides a sensitive method for determining molten polymer properties by measuring the elastic and loss moduli as a function of frequency, strain, temperature, or time. Plots of viscosity, storage, and loss moduli, and tan delta as a function of the aforementioned process parameters provide graphical representation indicative of molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, effects of chain branching, and melt-processability for specified conditions.
5.2.1 Observed data are specific to experimental conditions. Reporting in full (as described in this test method) the conditions under which the data was obtained is essential to assist users with interpreting the data an reconciling apparent or perceived discrepancies.
5.3 Values obtained in this test method can be used to assess the following:
5.3.1 Complex viscosity of the polymer melt as a function of dynamic oscillation,
5.3.2 Processing viscosity, minimum as well as changes in viscosity as a function of experimental parameters,
5.3.3 Effects of processing treatment,
5.3.4 Relative polymer behavioral properties, including viscosity and damping, and
5.3.5 Effects of formulation additives that might affect processability or performance.
5.4 Before proceeding with this test method, refer to the specification for the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the relevant ASTM materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in the test method. If there are no r...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method outlines the use of dynamic mechanical instrumentation in determining and reporting the rheological properties of thermoplastic resins and other types of molten polymers. The method is useful for determining the complex viscosity and other significant viscoelastic characteristics of such materials as a function of frequency, strain amplitude, temperature, and time. It is known that fillers and other additives influence rheological properties.
1.2 It incorporates a laboratory test method for determining the relevant rheological properties of a polymer melt subjected to various oscillatory deformations on an instrument of the type commonly referred to as a mechanical or dynamic spectrometer.
1.3 This test method is intended to provide a means of determining the rheological properties of molten polymers, such as thermoplastics and thermoplastic elastomers over a range of temperatures by nonresonant, forced-vibration techniques. Plots of modulus, viscosity, and tan delta as a function of dynamic oscillation (frequency), strain amplitude, temperature, and time are indicative of the viscoelastic properties of a molten polymer.
1.4 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.01 Hz to 100 Hz.
1.5 This test method is intended for homogenous and heterogeneous molten polymeric systems and composite formulations containing chemical additives, including fillers, reinforcements, stabilizers, plasticizers, flame retardants, impact modifiers, processing aids, and other important chemical additives often incorporated into a polymeric system for specific functional properties, and which could affect the processability and functional performance. These polymeric material systems have molten viscosities typically less than 106 Pa·s (107 poise).
1.6 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.7 The values stated in ...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4440 − 23
Standard Test Method for
1
Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties Melt Rheology
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4440; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
1.1 This test method outlines the use of dynamic mechanical
only.
instrumentation in determining and reporting the rheological
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
properties of thermoplastic resins and other types of molten
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
polymers. The method is useful for determining the complex
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
viscosity and other significant viscoelastic characteristics of
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
such materials as a function of frequency, strain amplitude,
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
temperature, and time. It is known that fillers and other
additives influence rheological properties.
NOTE 1—This test method is equivalent to ISO 6721, Part 10.
1.2 It incorporates a laboratory test method for determining
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
the relevant rheological properties of a polymer melt subjected
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
to various oscillatory deformations on an instrument of the type
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
commonly referred to as a mechanical or dynamic spectrom-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
eter.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.3 This test method is intended to provide a means of
determining the rheological properties of molten polymers,
2. Referenced Documents
such as thermoplastics and thermoplastic elastomers over a
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
range of temperatures by nonresonant, forced-vibration tech-
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
niques. Plots of modulus, viscosity, and tan delta as a function
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
of dynamic oscillation (frequency), strain amplitude,
als
temperature, and time are indicative of the viscoelastic prop-
D4065 Practice for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Proper-
erties of a molten polymer.
ties: Determination and Report of Procedures
1.4 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies,
D4092 Terminology for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical
typically from 0.01 Hz to 100 Hz.
Properties
1.5 This test method is intended for homogenous and
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
heterogeneous molten polymeric systems and composite for-
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
mulations containing chemical additives, including fillers,
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3
reinforcements, stabilizers, plasticizers, flame retardants, im-
2.2 ISO Standard:
pact modifiers, processing aids, and other important chemical
ISO 6721, Part 10 Plastics—Determination of Dynamic
additives often incorporated into a polymeric system for
Mechanical Properties, Part 10, Complex Shear Viscosity
specific functional properties, and which could affect the
Using a Parallel-Plate Oscillatory Rheometer
processability and functional performance. These polymeric
6
3. Terminology
material systems have molten viscosities typically less than 10
7
Pa·s (10 poise).
3.1 Definitions—Terms used in this standard are defined in
accordance with Terminology D4092 and Terminology D883
1.6 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and
unless otherwise specified. For terms relating to precision and
appropriate for use in engineering design.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4440 - 15. DOI: Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.15
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4440 − 15 D4440 − 23
Standard Test Method for
1
Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties Melt Rheology
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4440; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method outlines the use of dynamic mechanical instrumentation in determining and reporting the rheological
properties of thermoplastic resins and other types of molten polymers. It may be used as a method The method is useful for
determining the complex viscosity and other significant viscoelastic characteristics of such materials as a function of frequency,
strain amplitude, temperature, and time. Such properties may be influenced by It is known that fillers and other additives. additives
influence rheological properties.
1.2 It incorporates a laboratory test method for determining the relevant rheological properties of a polymer melt subjected to
various oscillatory deformations on an instrument of the type commonly referred to as a mechanical or dynamic spectrometer.
1.3 This test method is intended to provide a means of determining the rheological properties of molten polymers, such as
thermoplastics and thermoplastic elastomers over a range of temperatures by nonresonant, forced-vibration techniques. Plots of
modulus, viscosity, and tan delta as a function of dynamic oscillation (frequency), strain amplitude, temperature, and time are
indicative of the viscoelastic properties of a molten polymer.
1.4 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.010.01 Hz to 100 Hz.
1.5 This test method is intended for homogenous and heterogeneous molten polymeric systems and composite formulations
containing chemical additives, including fillers, reinforcements, stabilizers, plasticizers, flame retardants, impact modifiers,
processing aids, and other important chemical additives often incorporated into a polymeric system for specific functional
properties, and which could affect the processability and functional performance. These polymeric material systems have molten
6 7
viscosities typically less than 10 Pa·s (10 poise).
1.6 Apparent discrepancies may arise in results obtained under differing experimental conditions. Without changing the observed
data, reporting in full (as described in this test method) the conditions under which the data was obtained may enable apparent
differences observed in another study to be reconciled.
1.6 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2015Oct. 1, 2023. Published February 2015November 2023. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20082015
as D4440 - 08.D4440 - 15. DOI: 10.1520/D4440-15.10.1520/D4440-23.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D4440 − 23
NOTE 1—This test method is equivalent to ISO 6721, Part 10.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
D4065 Practice for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties: Determination and Report of Procedures
D4092 Terminology for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Propertie
...
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