ASTM D6804-02(2015)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Hand Hole Design in Corrugated Boxes
Standard Guide for Hand Hole Design in Corrugated Boxes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 It may be desirable at times to provide hand holes in corrugated boxes. Package designers use hand holes to solve ergonomic and handling problems associated with large or awkward containers. This guide provides an aid for proper hand hole design and use.
4.2 Ergonomics:
4.2.1 In studying and applying ergonomic principles, of primary concern is the need to provide a safe work environment for material handlers who may be required to lift or transport packages. A safe work environment is difficult to define and varies with the package in question. Several ergonomic safety issues involve repetitive motions and spine loading in the lifting process. Other issues involve finger and foot protection.
4.2.2 In distribution centers or warehouses, low back disorders have been identified as areas of elevated risk. Low back problems continue to represent the most common and costly musculoskeletal disorders in the work place.4
4.2.3 One method used to reduce the concern of distance of lift (spinal loading) is to bring the reach of the material handler's hands closer to the body. With large or awkward boxes, placing hand holes in a more advantageous position can solve this problem.
4.3 NIOSH:
4.3.1 The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has published Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting.5 This document may be of assistance in developing proper hand holes and their placement for a specific package.
4.4 Improper Use of Hand Holes:
4.4.1 Because of past lawsuits involving the use and misuse of hand holes, the corrugated box industry prefers the term access hole instead of hand hole on specifications. This terminology may have to be agreed upon between supplier and user.Fig. 1
4.4.2 Since all end use conditions and requirements cannot be foreseen and since designing for worst case scenario for all applications is prohibitively expensive, designers should follow best practices. The prudent designer will consider product an...
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidelines for designing pre-cut apertures intended for use as hand holes in corrugated boxes during manual handling of boxed cargo.
1.2 Limitations—This standard offers guidance for package development and for subsequent testing of boxes to measure performance. It is not intended to provide specific information on the design of hand holes.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
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Designation: D6804 − 02 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Guide for
1
Hand Hole Design in Corrugated Boxes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6804; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
Lot or Process
1.1 This standard provides guidelines for designing pre-cut
apertures intended for use as hand holes in corrugated boxes
3. Terminology
during manual handling of boxed cargo.
3.1 Definitions—General definitions for packaging and dis-
1.2 Limitations—This standard offers guidance for package
tribution environments are found in Terminology D996.
development and for subsequent testing of boxes to measure
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
performance. It is not intended to provide specific information
3.2.1 hand holes—apertures, pre-cut in corrugated boxes by
on the design of hand holes.
box manufacturers, as requested by box purchasers. These
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
apertures facilitate manual handling during distribution and
as the standard. The SI units are for information only.
improve grip during handling.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. Significance and Use
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 It may be desirable at times to provide hand holes in
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
corrugated boxes. Package designers use hand holes to solve
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
ergonomic and handling problems associated with large or
awkward containers. This guide provides an aid for proper
2. Referenced Documents
hand hole design and use.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.2 Ergonomics:
D585Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of
4.2.1 In studying and applying ergonomic principles, of
Paper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, and Related Product
primary concern is the need to provide a safe work environ-
3
(Withdrawn 2010)
ment for material handlers who may be required to lift or
D996Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
transport packages. A safe work environment is difficult to
ments
define and varies with the package in question. Several
D1974Practice for Methods of Closing, Sealing, and Rein-
ergonomic safety issues involve repetitive motions and spine
forcing Fiberboard Boxes
loading in the lifting process. Other issues involve finger and
D4332Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
foot protection.
Packaging Components for Testing
4.2.2 In distribution centers or warehouses, low back disor-
D5276Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers by
ders have been identified as areas of elevated risk. Low back
Free Fall
problems continue to represent the most common and costly
4
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
musculoskeletal disorders in the work place.
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
4.2.3 One method used to reduce the concern of distance of
lift (spinal loading) is to bring the reach of the material
handler’s hands closer to the body. With large or awkward
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD10onPackagingand
boxes,placinghandholesinamoreadvantageouspositioncan
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.27 on Paper and Paperboard
solve this problem.
Products.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originally
4.3 NIOSH:
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D6804–02 (2011).
4.3.1 The National Institute for Occupational Safety and
DOI: 10.1520/D6804-02R15.
2 Health (NIOSH) has published Work Practices Guide for
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
4
the ASTM website. “EffectsofBoxFeaturesonSpineLoadingduringWarehouseOrderSelecting,”
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on Marras, Granata, Davis,Allread, and Jorgensen,The Institute for Ergonomics, Ohio
www.astm.org. State University.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6804 − 02 (2015)
5
Manual Lifting. This document may be of assistance in 4.4.2 Since all end use conditions and requirements cannot
developingproperhandholesandtheirplacementforaspecific be foreseen and since designing for worst
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6804 − 02 (Reapproved 2011) D6804 − 02 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Guide for
1
Hand Hole Design in Corrugated Boxes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6804; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This standard provides guidelines for designing pre-cut apertures intended for use as hand holes in corrugated boxes during
manual handling of boxed cargo.
1.2 Limitations—This standard offers guidance for package development and for subsequent testing of boxes to measure
performance. It is not intended to provide specific information on the design of hand holes.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
requirements prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of Paper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, and Related Product (Withdrawn
3
2010)
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environments
D1974 Practice for Methods of Closing, Sealing, and Reinforcing Fiberboard Boxes
D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing
D5276 Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers by Free Fall
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—General definitions for packaging and distribution environments are found in Terminology D996.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 hand holes—apertures, pre-cut in corrugated boxes by box manufacturers, as requested by box purchasers. These apertures
facilitate manual handling during distribution and improve grip during handling.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 It may be desirable at times to provide hand holes in corrugated boxes. Package designers use hand holes to solve ergonomic
and handling problems associated with large or awkward containers. This guide provides an aid for proper hand hole design and
use.
4.2 Ergonomics:
4.2.1 In studying and applying ergonomic principles, of primary concern is the need to provide a safe work environment for
material handlers who may be required to lift or transport packages. A safe work environment is difficult to define and varies with
the package in question. Several ergonomic safety issues involve repetitive motions and spine loading in the lifting process. Other
issues involve finger and foot protection.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.27 on Paper and Paperboard Products.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011Oct. 1, 2015. Published November 2011October 2015. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 20072011
as D6804 – 02 (2007).(2011). DOI: 10.1520/D6804-02R11.10.1520/D6804-02R15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6804 − 02 (2015)
4.2.2 In distribution centers or warehouses, low back disorders have been identified as areas of elevated risk. Low back
4
problems continue to represent the most common and costly musculoskeletal disorders in the work place.
4.2.3 One method used to reduce the concern of distance of lift (spinal loading) is to bring the reach of the material handler’s
hands closer to the body. With large or awkward boxes, placing hand holes in a more advantageous position can solve this problem.
4.3 NIOSH:
4.3.1 The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has published Work Practices
...
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