EN 1006:2009
(Main)Advanced technical ceramics - Monolithic ceramics - Guidance on the selection of test pieces for the evaluation of properties
Advanced technical ceramics - Monolithic ceramics - Guidance on the selection of test pieces for the evaluation of properties
This European standard gives guidance on selection of test-pieces for the evaluation of properties. Important factors requiring attention in the preparation of test samples from large components or blocks of material are also described.
Hochleistungskeramik - Monolithische Keramik - Leitlinie zur Auswahl von Proben für die Beurteilung von Eigenschaften
Diese Europäische Norm gibt eine Leitlinie zur Auswahl von Proben für die Bewertung von Eigenschaften. Es werden auch auf zu achtende, wichtige Faktoren in Bezug auf die Vorbereitung von Proben, die großen Bau-teilen oder Blöcken entnommen werden, beschrieben.
Céramiques techniques avancées - Céramiques monolithiques - Guide de sélection des éprouvettes pour l'évaluation des propriétés
La présente Norme européenne fournit un guide de sélection des éprouvettes pour l’évaluation des propriétés. Elle décrit également des facteurs importants à prendre en compte lors de la préparation des échantillons pour essai prélevés sur de gros composants ou sur des blocs de matériau.
Sodobna tehnična keramika - Monolitna keramika - Navodilo za izbiro vzorcev pri vrednotenju lastnosti
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Hochleistungskeramik - Monolithische Keramik - Leitlinie zur Auswahl von Proben für die Beurteilung von EigenschaftenCéramiques techniques avancées - Céramiques monolithiques - Guide de sélection des éprouvettes pour l'évaluation des propriétésAdvanced technical ceramics - Monolithic ceramics - Guidance on the selection of test pieces for the evaluation of properties81.060.30Sodobna keramikaAdvanced ceramicsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 1006:2009SIST EN 1006:2009en,fr,de01-november-2009SIST EN 1006:2009SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST ENV 1006:20041DGRPHãþD
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 1006July 2009ICS 81.060.30Supersedes ENV 1006:2003
English VersionAdvanced technical ceramics - Monolithic ceramics - Guidanceon the selection of test pieces for the evaluation of propertiesCéramiques techniques avancées - Céramiquesmonolithiques - Guide de sélection des éprouvettes pourl'évaluation des propriétésHochleistungskeramik - Monolithische Keramik - Leitliniezur Auswahl von Proben für die Beurteilung vonEigenschaftenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 19 June 2009.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels© 2009 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 1006:2009: ESIST EN 1006:2009
2 Contents Foreword . 3 Introduction . 4 1 Scope. 5 2 Terms and definitions . 5 3 Selection of test-pieces . 5 3.1 General . 5 3.2 Material homogeneity and anisotropy . 5 3.3 Test method accuracy . 6 3.4 Sampling schemes for individual manufactured items . 6 3.5 Sampling attributes of physically large units or blocks of material . 7 3.6 Relevant evaluation criteria for ceramic components . 8 Annex A (informative)
Mechanical proof-testing . 9 Bibliography . 10 SIST EN 1006:2009
3Foreword This document (EN 1006:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 184 “Advanced technical ceramics”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2010. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes ENV 1006:2003. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. .SIST EN 1006:2009
4 Introduction Advanced technical ceramics have a wide range of applications and functions and, in the as-manufactured condition, have characteristics which require inspection by a variety of techniques not commonly adopted for other classes of material, e.g. mechanical proof testing. SIST EN 1006:2009
51 Scope This European standard gives guidance on selection of test-pieces for the evaluation of properties. Important factors requiring attention in the preparation of test samples from large components or blocks of material are also described. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this European standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 batch population of manufactured units of a single type, grade, size and composition, manufactured under essentially the same conditions at the same time, from which a sample is to be taken for inspection and/or testing to determine the conformance with acceptability criteria NOTE Sometimes referred to as a 'lot'. 2.2 sample sample consists of one or more manufactured units taken from a batch, these being selected at random without regard for their quality 2.3 sample size number of units in a sample 3 Selection of test-pieces 3.1 General The basis of any inspection of any material or batch of manufactured units is to obtain sound information on their fitness for purpose (quality). Advanced technical ceramics are diverse in material, format and application as are the methods devised to test their fitness for purpose. Before arranging any inspection or testing scheme it is wise to consider in depth the nature of the material, its final format in relation to test-pieces required for tests, the accuracy of test methods and the failure criticality in its application. NOTE It is not the purpose of this European standard to define criteria for fitness for purpose. This is subject to agreement between parties. 3.2 Material homogeneity and anisotropy 3.2.1 Most advanced technical ceramic materials are made by powder technology processes involving the formation of a rigidized powder mass (e.g. pressing, slip casting, etc.) before subjecting this to a densification process (e.g. sintering, reaction bonding, hot pressing). The homogeneity and isotropy of the rigidized powder mass and the control imposed during the subsequent densification process can exert a considerable influence on the homogeneity of the final densified product. Consequently, attributes can vary from one place to another within a component or between components of the same batch.
3.2.2 One of the principal sources of a variation of attributes is density, arising from inhomogeneity of unfired (green) density, which has a subsequent significant effect on many mechanical properties. Large localised variations in unfired density are usually manifest as excessive distortion in firing, porous regions, or cracking. Other varying attributes are grain size (usually resulting from varying heat SIST EN 1006:2009
6 treatment conditions between components) and chemical composition (usually resulting from inhomogeneous interaction between initial powder particles or between particles and the atmosphere, perhaps involving the migration of species).
3.2.3 Material inhomogeneity is most prevalent in large components or blocks of material, or in components requiring special firing conditions. It is frequently met with during material development, but is usually minimised during commercial product development.
Material anisotropy is sometimes encountered in materials which have some form of directional microstructure. This may result, for example, from a combination of the initial powder particle shape and the rigidizing process to make a green shape, or during firing if uniaxial hot pressing is employed. Attributes subsequently determined can be dependent on the direction in which a test-piece is cut and in which the property or characteristic is determined. 3.3 Test method accuracy 3.3.1 Most test methods specifically developed for advanced technical ceramics have associated with them a possible uncertainty of result determined by the accuracy of individual contributions from each parameter involved in the measurement. The potential uncertainties arising shall be taken into account when examining the consistency of a parameter within a batch of units or between batches, or examining whether it meets a given specification level. 3.3.2 It should be noted that in cases where the scatter of results of a test is similar to or less than that attributable to the accuracy of test method, the test is clearly unable to distinguish between individual test-pieces or samples. An improvement of the accuracy level of the chosen test or an alternative test method should be sought.
3.3.3 Certain tests for advanced technical ceramics produce a wide scatter of results as a consequence, for example, of the influence of occasional flaws or other defects, e.g. a strength test or dielectric breakdown test. The results from such tests shall be treated statistically (see e.g. EN 843-5 for strength tests), and the confidence level of the mean result or other parameters should be calculated such that the degree of discrimination between results from different batches, or between a set of results and a specification value, is clearly understood. 3.4 Sampling schemes for individual manufactured items 3.4.1 Sampling schemes are conventionally divided into those for inspection by attributes, e.g. ISO 2859-1, or by variables, e.g. ISO 3951 (all parts).
NOTE See the Bibliography for these and other ISO standards on statistics. The selection of an appropriate scheme should be subject to agreement between parties. 3.4.2 Inspection by attributes consists of examining a sampled unit and deciding whether or not it achieves an appropriate criterion. A decision on the fitness for purpose of a batch is by counting the number of non-achieving units in the batch sample. An example might be the presence of cracks (see EN 623-1) or surface blisters in an as-fired ceramic component. Sampling plans for inspection by attributes are given in ISO 2859-1.
3.4.3 Inspection by variables involves the measurement of a property or properties using a recognised test method producing numerical values for each unit in the sample. These values are used in conjunction with the sampling plan to decide on the fitness for purpose of a batch compared with a pre-set criterion. Typical properties measured in this type of inspection are density (see EN 623-2) and flexural strength (see EN 843-1). Schemes for sampling by variables are given in ISO 3951 (all parts). NOTE ISO 5022 contains methods of sampling for shaped refractory products which can have some relevance to some types of advanced technical ceramic components. SIST EN 1006:2009
73.4.4 Some tests involving determination of properties may be used to inspect by attributes by placing an upper or lower acceptance limit on the design value, e.g. a lower limit on density in any unit. The permitted deviation from the design value, based on known uncertainties in test result from manufacturing, selection and testing, should also be defined, e.g. if the known uncertainty in measurement of density is ± 20 kg m-3 at the 90 % confidence level, a unit would be deemed to have a satisfactory attribute if the measured density is not more than 20 kg m-3 below the selected design value. 3.4.5 In either type of inspection, it should be emphasised that the samples chosen have a random chance of selection, i.e. not selecting the most conveniently accessible units, and that the data provided also include elements of test method uncertainty (see ISO 5725 (all parts)). The latter is assumed to be reduced to a minimum by the standardisation of methods, but nevertheless is still inevitably present to varying degrees in most tests for advanced technical ceramics. Equally, it should be noted that sampling schemes do not guarantee that the test data are truly indicative of the quality of the sampled batch. They indicate only a probability, and thus contain an element of risk that a sample apparently meeting a given criterion may have been selected from a batch which overall does not, or that a sample apparently not meeting a given criterion may have been selected from a batch which overall does so. The important point is that the level of risk is calculated and known. The degree of risk may be different for supplier and customer but decreases with increasing severity of inspection, either by increased sample size or by testing more than one attribute and/or property. 3.4.6 Sampling for production consistency should be made at a time during production when it is known from process indications that the product is likely to have stable attributes. This clearly does not apply to small batch supplies of ceramic components.
3.5 Sampling attributes of physically large units or blocks of material 3.5.1 In some circumstances, test-pieces will need to be cut from large units or from supplied blanks or blocks of material. Consideration should be given not only to the position from which the test-pieces can be cut, but also the means for doing this, and the relationship the cut test-pieces have to the unit or block as a whole. 3.5.2 Many ceramic materials when supplied in an as-fired and unmachined condition possess a surface skin, which may be of different composition or have
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