EN 1071-13:2010

Advanced technical ceramics - Methods of test for ceramic coatings - Part 13: Determination of wear rate by the pin-on-disk method

1.1   This part of EN 1071 describes a method for evaluating the wear of ceramic coatings by use of a test in which a flat or spherically ended pin is brought, under load, into contact with the flat surface of a disk and the two are set in relative motion such that the pin describes a circular path on the disk. Depending on the conditions being simulated, either the pin or disk or both may be coated with the material under test, with the other member of the couple being selected for its relevance to the system under evaluation.
1.2   Where suitable equipment is available, the test may be used to determine the friction generated in the sliding contact.
1.3   The method is suitable for evaluating coatings in the thickness range from 1 to more than 100μm, and with suitable choice of conditions might also be applicable to testing thinner coatings.
1.4   Testing may be under either dry or lubricated conditions. However, the test is not designed for evaluating the properties of lubricants except in so far as they affect the wear behaviour of the materials being tested. Related methods for testing lubricants using a reciprocating motion are given in references [4] – [6].
1.5   Testing a materials couple under a range of loading conditions might provide information about the adhesive and/or cohesive strength of the coating, in addition to its wear behaviour.

Hochleistungskeramik - Verfahren zur Prüfung keramischer Schichten - Teil 13: Bestimmung der Verschleißrate mittels Stift-Scheibe-Prüfung

1.1   In diesem Teil von EN 1071 wird ein Prüfverfahren zur Bewertung des Verschleißes keramischer Schichten festgelegt, bei dem ein Prüfstift mit flachem oder kugelförmigem Ende unter Krafteinwirkung mit der ebenen Oberfläche einer Scheibe in Kontakt gebracht und die beiden so relativ zueinander bewegt werden, dass der Stift auf der Scheibe einen kreisförmigen Weg durchläuft. In Abhängigkeit von den zu simulierenden Bedingungen dürfen entweder der Stift oder die Scheibe oder beide mit dem zu prüfenden Werkstoff beschichtet sein, wobei das andere Element der Werkstoffpaarung hinsichtlich seiner Relevanz für das zu untersuchende System ausgewählt wird.
1.2   Wenn eine geeignete Prüfeinrichtung verfügbar ist, darf die Prüfung zur Bestimmung der beim Gleit-kontakt auftretenden Reibung angewendet werden.
1.3   Dieses Verfahren ist zur Bewertung von Schichten mit Dicken von 1 µm bis größer 100 µm geeignet; durch Auswahl entsprechender Bedingungen ist das Verfahren auch auf dünnere Schichten anwendbar.
1.4   Die Prüfung darf trocken oder mit Schmierung durchgeführt werden. Die Prüfung ist jedoch nicht zur Bewertung der Schmierstoffeigenschaften vorgesehen, außer insoweit, wie Schmierstoffe das Verschlei߬ver-halten der zu prüfenden Werkstoffe beeinflussen. Verfahren zur Prüfung von Schmierstoffen unter Anwen-dung einer Hin  und Herbewegung werden in [4] bis [6] angegeben.
1.5   Die Prüfung einer Werkstoffpaarung unter unterschiedlichen Beanspruchungsbedingungen kann außer Informationen zum Verschleißverhalten der Schicht auch Angaben zu ihrer Haft  und/oder Kohäsionsfestigkeit liefern.

Céramiques techniques avancées - Méthodes d'essai pour revêtements céramiques - Partie 13 : Détermination du taux d'usure selon la méthode pin-on-disk

1.1 Cette norme européenne décrit une méthode d’évaluation de l’usure des revêtements céramiques à
l’aide d’un essai dans lequel une broche à extrémité plate ou sphérique, sous charge, en contact avec un
disque plat, est mise en mouvement relatif avec ce dernier de sorte que la broche décrive un chemin circulaire
sur la surface plane du disque. Selon les conditions simulées, la broche ou le disque, ou les deux, peuvent
être revêtues du matériau soumis à essai, l’autre membre du couple étant sélectionné pour sa pertinence par
rapport au système soumis à évaluation.
1.2 Lorsque les équipements appropriés sont disponibles, l’essai peut être utilisé pour déterminer le
frottement généré dans le contact de glissement.
1.3 La méthode est adaptée à l’évaluation des revêtements dans une plage d’épaisseur comprise entre
1 μm et plus de 100 μm, et en choisissant des conditions appropriées, elle peut également s’appliquer aux
essais réalisés sur des revêtements plus minces.
1.4 Les essais peuvent être effectués à l'état sec ou lubrifié. Néanmoins, les essais ne sont pas destinés à
évaluer les propriétés des lubrifiants, sauf dans la mesure où celles-ci influencent le comportement à l'usure
des matériaux soumis à essai. Les méthodes d’essai associées des lubrifiants par un mouvement de va-etvient
sont données dans les références [4] à [6].
1.5 L’essai effectué sur un couple de matériaux dans une plage de conditions de charge peut fournir des
informations relatives à la résistance adhésive et/ou cohésive du revêtement, outre son comportement à
l’usure.

Sodobna tehnična keramika - Metode za preskušanje keramičnih prevlek - 13. del: Ugotavljanje stopnje obrabe (metoda pin-on-disk)

Ta evropski standard opisuje metodo za ocenjevanje obrabe keramičnih prevlek z uporabo preskusa, pri katerem plosko ali kroglasto zaključeno iglo privedemo v stik, pod obtežbo, z ravno površino diska, nato pa oba poženemo v relativno gibanje tako, da igla opiše krožno pot na disku. V odvisnosti od simuliranih pogojev sta lahko bodisi igla ali disk, ali oba, prevlečena z materialom, ki se preskuša, pri čemer je drugi del para izbran zaradi svoje pomembnosti za sistem, ki se ocenjuje. Kadar je na voljo ustrezna oprema, se preskus lahko uporablja za določevanje trenja, ki nastaja pri drsečem stiku. Metoda je primerna za ocenjevanje prevlek v razponu debeline od 1 μm do več kot 100 μm, z ustreznim izborom pogojev pa se lahko uporablja tudi za preskušanje tanjših prevlek. Preskus se lahko opravi bodisi pod suhimi ali mazanimi pogoji. Vendar pa preskus ni zasnovan za ocenjevanje lastnosti maziv, razen v kolikor vplivajo na obnašanje preskušanih materialov pri obrabi. Povezane metode za preskušanje maziv z uporabo izmeničnega gibanja so podane v referencah [4] - [6]. Preskušanje para materialov pod razponom obtežbenih pogojev lahko zagotovi podatke o sprijemni in/ali kohezijski trdnosti prevleke, poleg njegovega obnašanja glede obrabe.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 23-Mar-2010
• Withdrawal Date: 29-Sep-2010
• ICS: 81.060.30 - Advanced ceramics
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 184 - Advanced technical ceramics
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 184/WG 5 - Ceramic coatings
• Current Stage: 9060 - Closure of 2 Year Review Enquiry - Review Enquiry
• Start Date: 02-Sep-2025
• Completion Date: 02-Sep-2025
• Ref Project: SIST EN 1071-13:2010 - Advanced technical ceramics - Methods of test for ceramic coatings - Part 13: Determination of wear rate by the pin-on-disk method

Overview

EN 1071-13:2010 - published by CEN - specifies a standardized pin-on-disk test method for determining the wear rate of ceramic coatings. The procedure evaluates wear and, where instrumentation is available, friction in sliding contacts where a flat or spherically-ended pin is loaded against a rotating flat disk. The method applies to coatings from about 1 µm to >100 µm (and potentially thinner coatings with adapted conditions) and supports testing under dry or lubricated conditions. Results can be reported as mass wear rate or volume wear rate and are intended to help predict coating performance in tribological applications.

Key topics and requirements

• Test configuration: pin (flat or spherically ended) sliding on a flat disk; either or both members may be coated depending on the tribosystem being simulated.
• Wear metrics:
  • Volume wear rate - volume removed per 1 m sliding distance under 1 N normal load.
  • Mass wear rate - mass removed per 1 m sliding distance under 1 N normal load.
  • Instantaneous coefficient of friction - friction force divided by applied load.
• Apparatus essentials:
  • Holders for pin and disk, drive system for relative motion, loading mechanism, and means to determine total sliding distance.
  • Optional lubricant delivery/collection and friction measurement (e.g., load cell, spring deflection, torque). Friction measurement accuracy recommended at about ±1% of applied load.
  • For flat-ended pins, means to ensure reproducible contact conformance between pin and disk.
• Measurement methods: weight loss, profilometry, linear measurement, or combinations; annexes describe profilometry for pins and ball-crater techniques for disks.
• Testing conditions: orientation (horizontal/vertical) must be reported; tests may be used to probe adhesive/cohesive strength by varying load.
• Reporting and repeatability: procedures for setup, wear-scars evaluation, calculation of wear coefficients and reporting are defined to ensure consistent results.

Applications

• Evaluating wear resistance and friction of advanced ceramic coatings used in stamping, molding, blanking, tooling, and sliding machine components.
• Screening coating formulations and deposition processes for tribological performance.
• Supporting product development, quality control, failure analysis, and comparative benchmarking of coatings.

Who uses this standard

• Materials scientists, tribologists, and mechanical engineers
• Coating manufacturers and process engineers
• Testing and calibration laboratories (aligned with EN ISO/IEC 17025)
• Product designers and OEMs assessing coating durability in sliding contacts

Related standards

• Other parts of the EN 1071 series (e.g., Part 6 micro-abrasion, Part 12 reciprocating wear) provide complementary test methods.
• EN ISO/IEC 17025 is referenced for laboratory competence.

Keywords: EN 1071-13:2010, pin-on-disk, ceramic coatings, wear rate, advanced technical ceramics, tribology, friction measurement, profilometry, CEN.

Standards Content (Sample)

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Hochleistungskeramik - Verfahren zur Prüfung keramischer Schichten - Teil 13: Bestimmung der Verschleißrate mittels Stift-Scheibe-PrüfungCéramiques techniques avancées - Méthodes d'essai pour revêtements céramiques - Partie 13 : Détermination du taux d'usure selon la méthode pin-on-diskAdvanced technical ceramics - Methods of test for ceramic coatings - Part 13: Determination of wear rate by the pin-on-disk method81.060.30Sodobna keramikaAdvanced ceramics25.220.99Druge obdelave in prevlekeOther treatments and coatingsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 1071-13:2010SIST EN 1071-13:2010en,de01-maj-2010SIST EN 1071-13:2010SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 1071-13
March 2010 ICS 81.060.30 English Version
Advanced technical ceramics - Methods of test for ceramic coatings - Part 13: Determination of wear rate by the pin-on-disk method
Céramiques techniques avancées - Méthodes d'essai pour revêtements céramiques - Partie 13 : Détermination du taux d'usure selon la méthode pin-on-disk
Hochleistungskeramik - Verfahren zur Prüfung keramischer Schichten - Teil 13: Bestimmung der Verschleißrate mittels Stift-Scheibe-Prüfung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 January 2010.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1071-13:2010: ESIST EN 1071-13:2010

Methods for the determination of coating properties likely to be relevant to coating performance in a pin-on-disk wear test . 18A.1 Relevant properties . 18A.2 Phase composition and preferred orientation. . 18A.3 Residual stress . 18A.4 Hardness . 18Annex B (informative)
Determination of volume loss from the pin using profilometry . 19Annex C (informative)
Determination of wear of coated disk by ball crater technique . 20Bibliography . 23 SIST EN 1071-13:2010

Advanced technical ceramics
Methods of test for ceramic coatings, consists of the following 13 parts:  Part1: Determination of coating thickness by contact probe filometer  Part 2: Determination of coating thickness by the crater grinding method  Part 3: Determination of adhesion and other mechanical failure modes by a scratch test  Part 4: Determination of chemical composition by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA)  Part 5: Determination of porosity (withdrawn)  Part 6: Determination of the abrasion resistance of coatings by a micro-abrasion wear test  Part 7: Determination of hardness and Young's modulus by instrumented indentation (withdrawn)  Part 8: Rockwell indentation test for evaluation of adhesion  Part 9: Determination of fracture strain  Part 10: Determination of coating thickness by cross sectioning  Part 11: Determination of internal stress by the Stoney formula  Part 12: Reciprocating wear test  Part 13: Determination of wear rate by the pin-on-disk method Part 7 was a Technical Specification and Parts 8 to 11 are Technical Specifications. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 1071-13:2010

Introduction The determination of the wear resistance of thin ceramic coatings used in sliding contacts is of high importance in several industrial fields such as stamping, moulding, blanking and in many situations where two mechanical components slide on each other. This part of EN 1071 describes a method for evaluating the wear of ceramic coatings by use of a test in which a flat or spherically ended pin is brought, under load, into contact with a flat disk and the two are set in relative motion such that the pin describes a circular path on the flat surface of the disk. Depending on the information required, either the disk or pin or both may be coated with the material under test, with the other member of the couple being selected for its relevance to the tribosystem under evaluation. Wear is determined by weight loss, by profilometry, by linear measurement or by a combination of these.
Testing may be carried out under dry or lubricated conditions. Where suitable instrumentation is available, the test can provide important information about the friction generated in the system. In addition to providing data on the frictional interaction in the system, monitoring of the friction can, by detecting changes in the level or trend of the friction force, provide important information about changes occurring during the test, e.g. removal or fracture of the coating, changes in wear mechanisms, etc. The test for use with bulk materials sliding under non-lubricated conditions is well described in [1]. This standard identifies the basic equipment requirements and the test critical parameters for testing ceramic coatings, and provides for appropriate operating procedures and measurement protocols to ensure their proper control. In addition, it provides for consistency in the analysis of data and in the treatment of errors.
This part of EN 1071 complements parts 6 [2] and 12 [3], which describe techniques for micro-scale abrasion wear testing and reciprocating wear testing of ceramic coatings respectively. SIST EN 1071-13:2010

1 Scope 1.1 This European Standard describes a method for evaluating the wear of ceramic coatings by use of a test in which a flat or spherically ended pin is brought, under load, into contact with the flat surface of a disk and the two are set in relative motion such that the pin describes a circular path on the disk. Depending on the conditions being simulated, either the pin or disk or both may be coated with the material under test, with the other member of the couple being selected for its relevance to the system under evaluation.
1.2 Where suitable equipment is available, the test may be used to determine the friction generated in the sliding contact. 1.3 The method is suitable for evaluating coatings in the thickness range from 1 µm to more than 100 µm, and with suitable choice of conditions might also be applicable to testing thinner coatings. 1.4 Testing may be under either dry or lubricated conditions. However, the test is not designed for evaluating the properties of lubricants except insofar as they affect the wear behaviour of the materials being tested. Related methods for testing lubricants using a reciprocating motion are given in references [4] – [6]. 1.5 Testing a materials couple under a range of loading conditions might provide information about the adhesive and/or cohesive strength of the coating, in addition to its wear behaviour. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025:2005) ISO 31-0, Quantities and units
Part 0: General principles 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
volume wear rate
volume wear coefficient
specific wear rate volume of material removed from a surface in a sliding distance of 1 m under a normal load of 1 N 3.2
mass wear rate
mass wear coefficient mass of material removed from a surface in a sliding distance of 1 m under a normal load of 1 N 3.3
instantaneous coefficient of friction instantaneous value of the friction force divided by the instantaneous value of the applied load
NOTE This is often approximated to the instantaneous value of the friction force divided by the mean applied load. SIST EN 1071-13:2010

Although it is relatively easy in a pin-on-disk wear test to reproduce the contact stress experienced in a specific tribological contact, it might be necessary to use additional heating to ensure that the contact temperature approximates to that of the contact being simulated. The recommended test conditions in this standard should be used when the objective of the testing is to compare the performance of materials in the absence of well defined application conditions. 5 Principle The test consists in sliding a loaded pin against a flat disk such that the pin describes a circular path on the disk, and determining the wear of one or both. Depending on the wearing system being simulated, either the pin or disk or both may be coated with the ceramic coating under test, and testing may be either with or without lubrication. The pin contact face may have either a flat or rounded geometry. If the former is chosen, great care is necessary in order to ensure that the contact faces of pin and disk both lie in the same plane, as any variation from this will produce substantially different contact conditions from those expected for a plane contact. The high contact stress generated by misalignment can be particularly damaging to brittle ceramic materials and can lead to spurious and un-reproducible results. If a rounded geometry is chosen, then the contact conditions will vary throughout the test and affect the analysis of the results. 6 Apparatus
6.1 Pin-on-disk method testing apparatus
The testing apparatus shall consist of:  the holders for the disk and for the pin;  the drive system for rotating the disk or for letting the pin slide in a circular path on the fixed disk surface;  the loading mechanism for pushing the pin and the disk onto each other;
 means to determine the total sliding distance travelled by the pin over the surface of the disk during the test, e.g. rev counter, timer, etc. Depending on the equipment selected, the test face of the disk may be oriented in either a horizontal or vertical plane and, for the former the pin may be positioned either above or below the disk. Report the orientation used for the test. SIST EN 1071-13:2010

Where flat-ended pins are to be used, means shall be provided to ensure conformance between the pin and the disk so that the contact conditions are reproducible and the contact stress can be calculated, if required. NOTE 2 One technique that has been used to ensure conformance between a flat ended pin and the surface of the disk has been to grind a flat onto a spherical ball and to mount the ball into a spherical cavity, of the same diameter as the ball, which has been machined into the end of the pin – see Figure 1. Contacting the flat on the ball with the surface of the disk will ensure that conformance is obtained. The use of a pin with a spherical cavity will enable a ball of the same radius of curvature to be accommodated and to act as a ball-ended pin.
In all cases where the geometry referred to in Note 2 is used, the centre of curvature of the cavity shall lie on the, extended, axis of the pin. Equipment may be provided with a means to deliver lubricant to the contact zone and means to collect used lubricant to enable the isolation and analysis of wear debris. The testing apparatus may also have a mechanism for measuring the friction force during the test. This can be done e.g. by means of a load cell, a distortion measurement of a leaf spring, or a measurement of rotational torque. The measurement method should not affect any of the test conditions including the frictional condition and the applied load. It is recommended that the accuracy of friction measurement be ± 1 %, or better, of the applied load. The test system may also be fitted with a normal load cell to measure the applied normal load. The introduction of a normal load cell should not affect any of the test conditions. 12 Key 1 Cylindrical pin with spherical cavity of same radius as ball and centred on extended axis of pin 2 Ball with ground flat Figure 1
Diagram showing possible arrangement to obtain conformity between flat ended pin and disk 6.2 Test apparatus design requirements The apparatus shall be rigid such that during operation, the axis of the pin remains orthogonal to the plane of the test surface of the disk at all times. Any fluctuations in the position of the test surface of the disk relative to the mean position of the pin will result in fluctuations in the testing conditions and in particular in the applied load. Any such fluctuations in the applied load shall be less than 1 % of the nominal applied load. SIST EN 1071-13:2010

Although precise temperature and humidity conditions are not prescribed in this standard, typical ambient operating conditions are: temperature = (23 ± 2) °C; and humidity = (50 ±10) %.
NOTE 2
The use of a constant environment is necessary to help ensure the stable operation of the test equipment. It should not be considered a requirement of this standard that the tribological contact itself should be maintained under the same fixed conditions. Indeed, there are many situations where additional heating of the contact will be necessary to help ensure the conditions approximate to those in the contact being simulated.
NOTE 3
It has been found for some ceramic materials, see [7] and [8], that variations in humidity, particularly at low levels of humidity (< 40 %), can have far greater influence on the test results than variations in temperature. Report the conditions used during the test in the test report. 7 Preparation of test pieces 7.1 Substrate material and preparation Where the test is used to simulate the working conditions in a mechanical device it is recommended that the substrate materials chosen for both pin and plate be representative of the couple in that device. The materials should, where practical, have the same heat-treatment and surface preparation as the components being simulated so as to ensure that they possess the same load bearing capacity and surface texture.
In cases where the test is being used to rank coatings without a specific application in mind, both pin and plate shall be made from materials that will have minimum elastic and zero plastic deformation under the test conditions used. Depending on the test conditions to be investigated, suitable materials might be cemented carbide, cermets, SiC, alumina (> 96 %), hardened and tempered high speed steel, e.g. UNS T 11302 (AISI M2), hardened and tempered bearing steel, e.g. UNS G52986 (AISI E 52100 or 100Cr6), or stainless steel, e.g. UNS S41000 (AISI 410) but this list is by no means exhaustive and other materials might also be suitable. The materials shall be selected with due consideration to the influence of the subsequent coating operation on the final hardness.
Where a flat-ended pin is used, the flat end shall be orthogonal to the axis of the pin. Where a spherically-ended pin is used, the centre of curvature of the contact face shall lie on the axis of the pin. NOTE 2 Where a spherically-ended (ball-ended) pin is used, the ball radius should be selected so that, at the nominal applied load, the necessary contact pressure is produced. NOTE 3 Balls may be used in place of spherically-ended pins provided that they are held rigidly throughout the duration of the test. Pin and disk dimensions shall be such that no bending of the pin or test surface of the disk occurs during the test. 7.2 Coating deposition Where the test is being used to simulate the working conditions in a mechanical device, the substrate cleaning and deposition conditions selected for the coating shall be as near as practical the same as those that would be used for the components in that device. In particular, those process conditions that might influence the adhesion, chemical phase, preferred orientation or residual stress of the material being deposited shall be carefully monitored and controlled. In all cases, all relevant deposition conditions shall be recorded and this record shall form part of the test report. NOTE 1 In view of the likely influence of the adhesion, chemical phase, preferred orientation and residual stress on the coating performance, it is recommended that determination of these properties of the coating be made and the results reported. Techniques for determining these additional properties of ceramic coatings are reviewed in Annex A. In cases where the test is being used to rank coatings without a specific application in mind, deposition of the coating should follow procedures previously established for the material under investigation. If no established conditions exist, for example because the test forms part of a coatings development programme, then care should be taken to ensure that the conditions used are reproducible. Coating thickness should, where practical, be the same as that used in the device being simulated.
NOTE 2 If no device is being simulated then, depending on the purpose of the test, it is recommended that a range of coating thickness be evaluated. 7.3 Post-coating preparation In some instances, e.g. where the deposited coating is rough, the surface of the coating should be prepared in some way, e.g. by polishing, following its deposition. All procedures that modify the surface of the coating shall be documented in such a way that they are completely reproducible and this record shall form part of the test report. Where post-deposition preparation of the coating surface is used, care should be taken to remove all extraneous materials from the surface after treatment. SIST EN 1071-13:2010

Care should be taken to minimise material removal during any polishing operatio
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