EN 1915-1:2023
(Main)Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 1: Basic safety requirements
Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 1: Basic safety requirements
This document applies to GSE when used in civil air transport as intended by the manufacturer and contains safety requirements relating to the equipment in general.
This document specifies the technical requirements to minimise the hazards listed in Clause 4 which can arise during the commissioning, operation and maintenance of GSE when used as intended including any reasonably foreseeable misuse by the manufacturer, when carried out in accordance with the specifications given by the manufacturer or his authorised representative. It also takes into account some requirements recognised as essential by authorities, aircraft and ground support equipment (GSE) manufacturers as well as airlines and handling agencies.
This part of EN 1915 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1915-2:2001+A1:2009, EN 1915-3:2004+A1:2009 (for self-propelled GSE) and EN 1915-4:2004+A1:2009, and with the relevant part of EN 12312 to give the requirements for the types of GSE within the scope of EN 12312.
When EN 12312 does not contain a relevant part for a GSE, EN 1915 (all parts) gives general requirements that may apply, although additional machine specific requirements, to be determined by the manufacturer, are likely to be required.
This part of EN 1915 does not apply to automotive parts approved for public vehicles in the EU and EFTA, when used on GSE for the purpose for which they are designed.
This part of EN 1915 does not establish additional requirements for the following:
a) operation elsewhere than in an airport environment;
b) operation in severe conditions, e.g. ambient temperature below -20 °C or over 50 °C, tropical or saturated salty atmospheric environment, strong magnetic or radiation field;
c) operation subject to special rules, e.g. potentially explosive atmosphere except as regards operation in the vicinity of an aircraft fuel tank during fuelling operation;
d) hazards caused by power supply other than from electrical networks;
e) hazards occurring during construction, transportation, decommissioning and disassembly of the GSE;
f) hazards caused by wind velocity in excess of the figures given in this document;
g) direct contact with food stuffs;
h) earthquake, flood, landslide, lightning and more generally any exceptional natural event;
i) electromagnetic compatibility (EMC);
j) hazards caused by noise and vibration, see EN 1915-3:2004+A1:2009 and EN 1915-4:2004+A1:2009.
While this standard gives some basic requirements for wireless remote controls, additional requirements will be necessary.
This part of EN 1915 is not applicable to GSE which are manufactured before the date of publication by CEN of this document.
Luftfahrt-Bodengeräte - Allgemeine Anforderungen - Teil 1: Grundlegende Sicherheitsanforderungen
Dieses Dokument ist anwendbar für GSE, die entsprechend den vom Hersteller festgelegten Betriebsbedingungen im zivilen Luftverkehr eingesetzt werden und enthält die allgemeinen Sicherheitsanforderungen an diese Geräte.
Dieses Dokument legt die technischen Anforderungen zur Minimierung der in Abschnitt 4 aufgelisteten Gefährdungen fest, die bei Inbetriebnahme, Betrieb und Wartung von GSE auftreten können, wenn diese bestimmungsgemäß genutzt werden, einschließlich einer vom Hersteller vernünftigerweise vorhersehbaren Fehlanwendung, wenn diese in Übereinstimmung mit den Anweisungen des Herstellers oder seines Beauftragten ausgeführt werden. Es berücksichtigt auch einige Funktions- und Gestaltungsanforderungen, die von offiziellen Stellen, den Herstellern von Luftfahrzeugen und Luftfahrt-Bodengeräten (GSE) sowie Luftverkehrsgesellschaften, Flughäfen und Abfertigungsgesellschaften als wesentlich erachtet wurden.
Es ist beabsichtigt, diesen Teil von EN 1915 in Verbindung mit EN 1915 2:2001+A1:2009, EN 1915 3:2004+A1:2009 (für selbstfahrende GSE) und EN 1915 4:2004+A1:2009 und mit dem entsprechenden Teil der EN 12312 anzuwenden, um die Anforderungen an GSE innerhalb des Anwendungsbereiches von EN 12312 anzugeben.
Wenn EN 12312 keinen entsprechenden Teil für GSE enthält, gibt EN 1915 (alle Teile) allgemeine Anforderungen an, die gelten können, auch wenn zusätzliche maschinenspezifische Anforderungen erforderlich sein können, die vom Hersteller festzulegen sind.
Dieser Teil von EN 1915 ist nicht anwendbar für Fahrzeugteile, die für den öffentlichen Verkehr in der EU und der EFTA zugelassen sind, wenn sie für GSE entsprechend ihrer konstruktiven Bestimmung unverändert Verwendung finden.
Dieser Teil von EN 1915 legt keine zusätzlichen Anforderungen für folgende Bereiche fest:
a) Betrieb außerhalb des Flughafens;
b) Betrieb unter erschwerten Bedingungen, z. B. bei Umgebungstemperaturen unter −20 °C oder über 50 °C, in tropischer oder gesättigter Salzatmosphäre oder in starken Magnet- oder Strahlungsfeldern;
c) Betrieb, der besonderen Regelungen unterliegt, z. B. in potentiell explosionsfähiger Atmosphäre, mit Ausnahme des Betriebs in der Nähe eines Flugzeugtanks beim Betanken;
d) Gefährdungen aus anderer Energieversorgung als der aus elektrischen Stromnetzen;
e) Gefährdungen, die während Bau, Transport, Außerbetriebnahme und Demontage von GSE auftreten;
f) Gefährdungen aus Windgeschwindigkeiten oberhalb der in diesem Dokument angegebenen Werte;
g) direkter Kontakt mit Nahrungsmitteln;
h) Erdbeben, Überschwemmungen, Erdrutsche, Blitze und allgemein jede Art von Naturkatastrophen;
i) elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit (EMV);
j) durch Lärm und Vibration verursachte Gefährdungen, siehe EN 1915 3:2004+A1:2009 und EN 1915 4:2004+A1:2009.
Obgleich dieses Dokument einige grundlegende Anforderungen an drahtlose Fernbedienungen angibt, werden zusätzliche Anforderungen erforderlich sein.
Dieser Teil von EN 1915 ist nicht auf GSE anwendbar, die hergestellt wurden, bevor dieses Dokuments durch CEN veröffentlicht wurde.
Diese besondere Risikobeurteilung ist Teil der allgemeinen Risikobeurteilung für diejenigen Gefährdungen, die nicht in dieser Typ-C-Norm behandelt werden.
Matériels au sol pour aéronefs - Exigences générales - Partie 1 : Exigences fondamentales de sécurité
Le présent document s’applique aux GSE lorsqu’ils sont utilisés dans le transport aérien civil tel qu’indiqué par le fabricant et contient les exigences de sécurité relatives aux matériels en général.
Le présent document spécifie les exigences techniques pour réduire à un minimum les phénomènes dangereux énumérés à l’Article 4 qui peuvent survenir lors de la mise en service, l'exploitation et la maintenance des GSE lorsqu'ils sont utilisés tel que préconisé, y compris toute mauvaise utilisation raisonnablement prévisible par le fabricant, lorsqu'elles sont réalisées selon les spécifications émises par le constructeur ou son représentant autorisé. Il prend également en compte certaines exigences reconnues comme essentielles par les autorités, les constructeurs d’aéronefs et de matériel au sol (GSE, ground support equipment), ainsi que par les compagnies aériennes et les agences de manutention.
Cette partie de l’EN 1915 est destinée à être utilisée conjointement avec l’EN 1915 2:2001+A1:2009, l’EN 1915 3:2004+A1:2009 (pour les GSE autotractés) et l’EN 1915 4:2004+A1:2009, et avec la partie appropriée de l’EN 12312 pour fournir les exigences concernant les types de GSE dans le cadre de l’EN 12312.
Lorsque l’EN 12312 ne contient pas une partie appropriée pour un GSE, l’EN 1915 (toutes les parties) fournit les exigences qui peuvent s’appliquer, bien que des exigences supplémentaires spécifiques aux machines, à déterminer par le fabricant, soient susceptibles d’être requises.
La présente partie de l’EN 1915 ne s’applique pas aux pièces d’origine automobile approuvées pour les véhicules publics dans l'UE et l'EFTA lorsque celles-ci sont utilisées conformément à l’usage pour lequel elles ont été conçues.
La présente partie de l’EN 1915 n’établit pas d’exigences supplémentaires pour :
a) l’utilisation en dehors d’un environnement aéroportuaire ;
b) l’utilisation dans des conditions exceptionnelles, par exemple une température ambiante inférieure à -20 °C ou supérieure à 50 °C, un environnement atmosphérique tropical ou salin saturé, un important champ magnétique ou de rayonnement ;
c) l’utilisation soumise à des règles spécifiques, par exemple une atmosphère potentiellement explosive à l’exception d’une utilisation à proximité du réservoir de carburant d’un aéronef lors de l’avitaillement en carburant ;
d) les phénomènes dangereux engendrés par une alimentation électrique autre que celle des réseaux électriques ;
e) les phénomènes dangereux survenant lors de la construction, du transport, de la mise hors service et du désassemblage des GSE ;
f) les phénomènes dangereux engendrés par une vitesse de vent supérieure aux chiffres fournis dans le présent document ;
g) le contact direct avec des produits alimentaires ;
h) les tremblements de terre, les inondations, les glissements de terrain, la foudre et plus généralement, les catastrophes naturelles ;
i) la compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) ;
j) les phénomènes dangereux dus au bruit et aux vibrations, voir l’EN 1915 3:2004+A1:2009 et l’EN 1915 4:2004+A1:2009.
Bien que cette norme donne quelques exigences de base pour les commandes à distance sans fil, des exigences supplémentaires seront nécessaires.
La présente partie de l’EN 1915 ne s’applique pas aux GSE fabriqués avant la date de publication du présent document par le CEN.
Podporna oprema na tleh za letalski promet - Splošne zahteve - 1. del: Osnovne varnostne zahteve
Ta dokument se uporablja za podporno opremo na tleh, kadar se uporablja za civilni zračni prevoz, kot ga je predvidel proizvajalec, in vsebuje varnostne zahteve glede opreme na splošno.
Ta dokument določa tehnične zahteve za zmanjšanje nevarnosti, navedenih v točki 4, do katerih lahko pride pri začetku uporabe, delovanju in vzdrževanju podporne opreme na tleh pri nameravani uporabi, vključno s kakršno koli pričakovano nepravilno uporabo, ki jo določa proizvajalec, ko jih v skladu s specifikacijami izvaja proizvajalec ali njegov zakoniti zastopnik. Upošteva tudi nekatere zahteve, ki jih organi, proizvajalci letal in podporne opreme na tleh ter letalske družbe in agencije za oskrbo letal obravnavajo kot bistvene.
Ta del standarda EN 1915 je namenjen za uporabo skupaj s standardi EN 1915-2:2001+A1:2009, EN 1915-3:2004+A1:2009 (podporna oprema na tleh z lastnim pogonom) in EN 1915-4:2004+A1:2009 ter z ustreznim delom standarda EN 12312, da se zagotovijo zahteve za vrste podporne opreme na tleh v okviru standarda EN 12312.
Kadar standard EN 12312 ne vsebuje ustreznega dela za podporno opremo na tleh, se lahko uporabljajo splošne zahteve iz standarda EN 1915 (vsi deli), čeprav bodo najverjetneje zahtevane dodatne posebne zahteve glede na posamezni stroj, ki jih določi proizvajalec.
Ta del standarda EN 1915 se ne uporablja za avtomobilske dele, odobrene za javna vozila v EU in EFTA, kadar se uporabljajo pri podporni opremi na tleh za namen, za katerega so bili načrtovani.
Ta del standarda EN 1915 ne določa dodatnih zahtev za naslednje:
a) delovanje izven okolja letališča;
b) delovanje v neugodnih razmerah, npr. pri temperaturi okolja, pod –20 °C ali nad 50 °C, v tropskem okolju ali nasičenem slanem okolju, v okolju z močnim magnetnim poljem ali poljem sevanja;
c) delovanje po posebnih pravilih, npr. v potencialno eksplozivnem okolju, razen kadar gre za delovanje v bližini rezervoarja za gorivo letala med polnjenjem;
d) nevarnosti, ki jih povzroči energetska oskrba iz omrežij, ki niso električna;
e) nevarnosti, ki se pojavijo med gradnjo, prevozom, prenehanjem uporabe in razgradnjo podporne opreme na tleh;
f) nevarnosti, ki jih povzroči hitrost vetra, ki presega vrednosti iz tega dokumenta;
g) neposreden stik z živili;
h) potres, poplava, plaz, bliskanje in na splošno kateri koli izjemen naravni pojav;
i) elektromagnetna združljivost (EMC);
j) nevarnosti, ki jih povzročijo hrup in vibracije, glej standarde EN 1915-3:2004+A1:2009 in EN 1915-4:2004+A1:2009.
Ta standard določa nekaj osnovnih zahtev glede brezžičnega daljinskega vodenja, vendar so potrebne dodatne zahteve.
Ta del standarda EN 1915 se ne uporablja za podporno opremo na tleh, izdelano pred datumom objave tega dokumenta s strani CEN.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2023
Podporna oprema na tleh za letalski promet - Splošne zahteve - 1. del: Osnovne
varnostne zahteve
Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 1: Basic safety
requirements
Luftfahrt-Bodengeräte - Allgemeine Anforderungen - Teil 1: Grundlegende
Sicherheitsanforderungen
Matériels au sol pour aéronefs - Exigences générales - Partie 1 : Exigences
fondamentales de sécurité
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1915-1:2023
ICS:
49.100 Oprema za servis in Ground service and
vzdrževanje na tleh maintenance equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 1915-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
July 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 49.100 Supersedes EN 1915-1:2013
English Version
Aircraft ground support equipment - General
requirements - Part 1: Basic safety requirements
Matériels au sol pour aéronefs - Exigences générales - Luftfahrt-Bodengeräte - Allgemeine Anforderungen -
Partie 1 : Exigences fondamentales de sécurité Teil 1: Grundlegende Sicherheitsanforderungen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 June 2023.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1915-1:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 5
Introduction . 8
1 Scope . 10
2 Normative references . 11
3 Terms and definitions . 14
4 List of hazards . 16
5 Safety requirements and/or protective/risk reduction measures . 16
5.1 General . 16
5.2 Accommodation for driver and other persons . 17
5.2.1 General requirements . 17
5.2.2 Driver accommodation . 17
5.2.3 Accommodation for other persons . 17
5.3 Driver's cabin where provided . 18
5.3.1 Requirements for driver's cabins of GSE . 18
5.3.2 Additional requirements for fully enclosed driver's cabins with door . 18
5.4 Controls . 19
5.4.1 Control device actuators . 19
5.4.2 Safeguards against unauthorised use . 19
5.4.3 Multiple control positions for movements . 19
5.4.4 Location of control positions . 19
5.4.5 Electrical controls . 20
5.4.6 Direction of movements . 20
5.5 Safety related parts . 20
5.6 Monitoring devices and displays . 21
5.7 Steering devices . 21
5.7.1 General requirements . 21
5.7.2 Actuating force requirements . 21
5.7.3 Hydraulic steering . 21
5.7.4 Complex electronic steering systems of GSE . 22
5.7.5 Hybrid steering . 22
5.8 Brakes for travelling purposes or equivalent devices . 22
5.8.1 Service brake . 22
5.8.2 Parking brake or equivalent devices . 22
5.8.3 Complex electronic braking systems of GSE . 23
5.9 Wheel assemblies - Centre split rims . 23
5.10 Touchable surfaces - Exhaust . 23
5.10.1 Touchable surfaces . 23
5.10.2 Exhaust . 23
5.11 Lights and reflectors for traffic purposes . 24
5.11.1 Self-propelled GSE . 24
5.11.2 Towed GSE . 24
5.11.3 Position of lights and reflectors . 24
5.12 Auditory danger signals . 24
5.13 Standing areas and walkways on GSE . 25
5.13.1 General requirements . 25
5.13.2 Safeguards against falling . 25
5.14 Means of access . 27
5.15 Crushing and shearing points . 27
5.16 Securing of load . 28
5.17 Moveable bodies, assemblies and attachments . 28
5.17.1 Safeguarding of tilting or lifting bodies . 28
5.17.2 Assemblies and attachments . 28
5.17.3 Safeguarding of moveable attachments . 28
5.18 Hydraulic and pneumatic systems . 28
5.18.1 General requirements . 28
5.18.2 Installation and fittings . 28
5.18.3 Safeguarding against excess pressure . 28
5.18.4 Covering of hydraulic hose assemblies . 29
5.18.5 Special requirements for hydraulic systems . 29
5.19 Stability and strength . 29
5.19.1 General requirements . 29
5.19.2 Stabilizers . 29
5.20 Lifting systems . 30
5.20.1 General requirements . 30
5.20.2 Safety devices . 30
5.20.3 Emergency lowering devices . 30
5.21 Lifting devices . 30
5.21.1 Lifting device parts . 30
5.21.2 Lifting devices with mechanical drive, or ropes or chains as lifting elements . 31
5.21.3 Lifting devices with particular requirements . 31
5.22 Lifting/work platforms . 31
5.22.1 Lifting/work platforms with horizontal and vertical movement . 31
5.22.2 Lifting/work platforms with guided vertical movement only . 31
5.23 Operating speeds . 31
5.23.1 Travelling speed . 31
5.23.2 Platform movement speed . 32
5.24 Towing couplings, drawbars and towbars . 32
5.24.1 General requirements . 32
5.24.2 Towbars, drawbars . 32
5.25 Service connections . 32
5.26 Electrical design, components and batteries . 32
5.26.1 Electrical design . 32
5.26.2 Electrical components . 33
5.26.3 Batteries . 33
5.27 Fire protection . 33
5.28 Lasers . 33
6 Verification of the safety requirements and/or protective/risk reduction measures . 34
6.1 General . 34
6.2 Guard rails . 34
6.3 Ladders . 35
7 Information for use . 36
7.1 Labels and markings . 36
7.1.1 Data on the name-plate . 36
7.1.2 Additional data . 36
7.1.3 Safety signs . 37
7.1.4 Marking of fluid replenishment points . 37
7.2 Instructions . 38
Annex A (normative) List of significant hazards . 39
Annex B (informative) Trilingual list of GSE . 44
Annex C (normative) Design of service brakes . 46
C.1 Self-propelled GSE . 46
C.2 GSE trains . 48
Annex D (normative) Footholds . 49
Annex E (informative) Examples of safety measures to reduce the risk of crushing and
shearing under the load carrier when it is not possible to meet the requirements in
5.15 . 51
Annex F (informative) Examples for hose and fittings installation . 52
F.1 General . 52
F.2 Avoidance of external damage . 54
F.3 Reducing bending stress . 54
F.4 Avoidance of torsional stress . 55
F.5 Installation aids . 55
F.6 Protection against external temperature rises . 56
Annex G (normative) Falling hazard symbol . 58
Annex H (normative) Slip resistance and drainage ability classifications . 59
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of Directive 2006/42/EC aimed to be covered . 60
Bibliography . 67
European foreword
This document (EN 1915-1:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 274 “Aircraft
ground support equipment”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2024, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by January 2024.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 1915-1:2013.
EN 1915, Aircraft ground support equipment ― General requirements, consists of the following parts:
— Part 1: Basic safety requirements (the present document);
— Part 2: Stability and strength requirements, calculations and test methods;
— Part 3: Vibration measurement methods and reduction;
— Part 4: Noise measurement methods and reduction.
EN 12312, Aircraft ground support equipment ― Specific requirements, consists of the following parts:
— Part 1: Passenger stairs;
— Part 2: Catering vehicles;
— Part 3: Conveyor belt vehicles;
— Part 4: Passenger boarding bridges;
— Part 5: Aircraft fuelling equipment;
— Part 6: Deicers and deicing/antiicing equipment;
— Part 7: Aircraft movement equipment;
— Part 8: Maintenance or service stairs and platforms;
— Part 9: Container/Pallet loaders;
— Part 10: Container/Pallet transfer transporters;
— Part 11: Container/Pallet dollies and loose load trailers;
— Part 12: Potable water service equipment;
— Part 13: Lavatory service equipment;
— Part 14: Disabled/incapacitated passenger boarding vehicles;
— Part 15: Baggage and equipment tractors;
— Part 16: Air start equipment;
— Part 17: Air conditioning equipment;
— Part 18: Nitrogen or Oxygen units;
— Part 19: Aircraft jacks, axle jacks and hydraulic tail stanchions;
— Part 20: Electrical ground power units.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are:
a) the Introduction was updated in relation to new terms, stakeholder relevance and other;
b) the Scope was updated;
c) Clause 2, Normative references, was updated;
d) Clause 3, Terms and definitions, was updated, with 3.20 braking ratio being added;
e) Clause 5, Safety requirements and/or protective/risk reduction measures, has been revised,
including the following;
f) 5.4, Controls, has been completely revised, with part 5.4.6, Direction of movements, being added;
g) 5.8, Brakes for travelling purposes or equivalent devices, has been updated with the addition of part
5.8.3, Complex electronic braking systems of GSE, concerning the requirements of braking systems
for GSE > 15 km/h and GSE ≤ 15 km/h;
h) 5.12, Warning auditory signals, was updated;
i) 5.13, Standing areas and walkways of GSE, was updated;
j) 5.14, Means of access, has been revised with the addition of new requirements to ladder systems;
k) Clause 6, Verification of the safety requirements and/or protective/risk reduction measures, was
updated;
l) Clause 7, Information for use, was updated in relation to the part Instructions;
m) Annex A, List of significant hazards, was updated;
n) Annex D, Footholds, was updated and all subclauses except of the subclause, Footholds, were deleted;
o) Annex H, Slip resistance and drainage ability classifications, was added;
p) the Bibliography was updated.
This document has been prepared under a Standardization Request given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU
Directive(s) / Regulation(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s) / Regulation(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part
of this document.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the United
Kingdom.
Introduction
The abbreviation GSE means a complete item of aircraft ground support equipment in the context of this
document.
When compiling this document it was assumed that:
a) GSE is operated only by trained persons on the airport ramp;
b) components without specific requirements are:
1) designed in accordance with good engineering practice and calculation codes;
2) of sound mechanical and electrical construction;
3) made of materials with adequate strength and of suitable quality;
4) made of materials free of defects;
c) materials known to be harmful, such as asbestos, are not used as part of GSE;
d) components are kept in good repair and working order as given in the manufacturer's instructions,
so that the required characteristics remain despite wear;
e) by design of the load bearing elements, a safe operation of the machine is ensured for loading ranges
from zero to 100 % of the rated possibilities and during tests;
f) the particular conditions of use and place of use have been established;
g) the place of operation allows a safe use of GSE;
h) The GSE are designed for the intended use and any reasonable foreseeable misuse.
The extent to which hazards are covered is indicated in the scope of this document.
Enumerations in this document are not to be considered exclusive; they are compiled according to the
present state of the art.
The minimum essential criteria are considered to be of primary importance in providing safe, economical
and usable GSE. Deviations should occur only after careful consideration, extensive testing and thorough
in service evaluation have shown alternative methods or conditions to be satisfactory. Such deviations
are outside the scope of this document and a manufacturer should be able to demonstrate an equivalent
level of protection.
This document is a Type C standard as specified in EN ISO 12100:2010.
This document is of relevance, in particular, for the following stakeholder groups representing the market
players with regard to machinery safety:
— machine manufacturers (small, medium and large enterprises);
— health and safety bodies (regulators, accident prevention organizations, market surveillance etc.).
Others can be affected by the level of machinery safety achieved with the means of the document by the
above-mentioned stakeholder groups:
— machine users/employers (small, medium and large enterprises);
— machine users/employees (e.g. trade unions, organizations for people with special needs);
— service providers, e.g. for maintenance (small, medium and large enterprises);
— consumers (in case of machinery intended for use by consumers).
The above-mentioned stakeholder groups have been given the possibility to participate at the drafting
process of this document.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations or hazardous events are
covered are indicated in the Scope of this document.
When requirements of this type-C standard are different from those which are stated in type-A or type-B
standards, the requirements of this type-C standard take precedence over the requirements of the other
standards for machines that have been designed and built according to the requirements of this type-C
standard.
1 Scope
This document is applicable to GSE when used in civil air transport as intended by the manufacturer and
contains safety requirements relating to the equipment in general.
This document specifies the technical requirements to minimize the hazards listed in Clause 4 which can
arise during the commissioning, operation and maintenance of GSE when used as intended including any
reasonably foreseeable misuse by the manufacturer, when carried out in accordance with the
specifications given by the manufacturer or his authorized representative. It also takes into account some
requirements recognized as essential by authorities, aircraft and ground support equipment (GSE)
manufacturers as well as airlines, airports and ground handling agencies.
This part of EN 1915 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1915-2:2001+A1:2009, EN 1915-
3:2004+A1:2009 (for self-propelled GSE) and EN 1915-4:2004+A1:2009, and with the relevant part of
EN 12312 to give the requirements for the types of GSE within the scope of EN 12312.
When EN 12312 does not contain a relevant part for a GSE, EN 1915 (all parts) gives general
requirements that may apply, although additional machine specific requirements, to be determined by
the manufacturer, are likely to be required.
This part of EN 1915 does not apply to automotive parts approved for public vehicles in the EU and EFTA,
when used on GSE for the purpose for which they are designed.
This part of EN 1915 does not establish additional requirements for the following:
a) operation elsewhere than in an airport environment;
b) operation in severe conditions, e.g. ambient temperature below −20 °C or over 50 °C, tropical or
saturated salty atmospheric environment, strong magnetic or radiation field;
c) operation subject to special rules, e.g. potentially explosive atmosphere except as regards operation
in the vicinity of an aircraft fuel tank during fuelling operation;
d) hazards caused by power supply other than from electrical networks;
e) hazards occurring during construction, transportation, decommissioning and disassembly of the GSE;
f) hazards caused by wind velocity in excess of the figures given in this document;
g) direct contact with food stuffs;
h) earthquake, flood, landslide, lightning and more generally any exceptional natural event;
i) electromagnetic compatibility (EMC);
j) hazards caused by noise and vibration, see EN 1915-3:2004+A1:2009 and EN 1915-4:2004+A1:2009.
While this document gives some basic requirements for wireless remote controls, additional
requirements will be necessary.
This part of EN 1915 is not applicable to GSE which are manufactured before the date of publication by
CEN of this document.
This specific risk assessment is part of the general risk assessment relating to the hazards not covered by
this Type C standard.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 894-1:1997+A1:2008, Safety of machinery - Ergonomics requirements for the design of displays and
control actuators - Part 1: General principles for human interactions with displays and control actuators
EN 894-3:2000+A1:2008, Safety of machinery - Ergonomics requirements for the design of displays and
control actuators - Part 3: Control actuators
EN 1915-2:2001+A1:2009, Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 2: Stability
and strength requirements, calculations and test methods
EN 1915-3:2004+A1:2009, Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 3: Vibration
measurement methods and reduction
EN 1915-4:2004+A1:2009, Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 4: Noise
measurement methods and reduction
EN 12312-1:2013, Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 1: Passenger stairs
EN 12312-2:2014, Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 2: Catering vehicles
EN 12312-3:2017+A1:2020, Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 3: Conveyor
belt vehicles
EN 12312-4:2014, Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 4: Passenger boarding
bridges
EN 12312-5:2021, Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 5: Aircraft fuelling
equipment
EN 12312-6:2017, Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 6: Deicers and de-
icing/anti-icing equipment
EN 12312-7:2020, Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 7: Aircraft movement
equipment
EN 12312-8:2018, Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 8: Maintenance or
service stairs and platforms
EN 12312-9:2013, Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 9: Container/Pallet
loaders
EN 12312-10:2005+A1:2009, Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 10:
Container/Pallet transfer transporters
EN 12312-11:2005, Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 11: Container/Pallet
dollies and loose load trailers
EN 12312-12:2017, Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 12: Potable water
service equipment
EN 12312-13:2017, Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 13: Lavatory service
equipment
EN 12312-14:2014, Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 14:
Disabled/incapacitated passenger boarding vehicles
EN 12312-15:2020+A1:2022, Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 15:
Baggage and equipment tractors
EN 12312-16:2005+A1:2009, Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 16: Air
start equipment
EN 12312-17:2004+A1:2009, Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 17: Air
conditioning equipment
EN 12312-18:2005+A1:2009, Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 18:
Nitrogen or Oxygen units
EN 12312-19:2005+A1:2009, Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 19: Aircraft
jacks, axle jacks and hydraulic tail stanchions
EN 12312-20:2005+A1:2009, Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 20:
Electrical ground power units
EN 13501-1:2018, Fire classification of construction products and building elements - Part 1: Classification
using data from reaction to fire tests
EN 16165:2021, Determination of slip resistance of pedestrian surfaces - Methods of evaluation
EN 60073:2002, Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and identification - Coding
principles for indicators and actuators (IEC 60073:2002)
EN 60204-1:2018, Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines - Part 1: General requirements
(IEC 60204-1:2016)
EN 60529:1991, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code) (IEC 60529:1989)
EN 60825-1:2014, Safety of laser products - Part 1: Equipment classification and requirements (IEC 60825-
1:2014)
EN 62745:2017, Safety of machinery - Requirements for cableless control systems of machinery (IEC
62475:2017)
EN ISO 3411:2007, Earth-moving machinery - Physical dimensions of operators and minimum operator
space envelope (ISO 3411:2007)
EN ISO 3457:2008, Earth-moving machinery - Guards - Definitions and requirements (ISO 3457:2003)
As impacted by EN 60529:1991/AC:2006-12, EN 60529:1991/A1:2000, EN 60529:1991/A2:2013 and EN
60529:1991/A2:2013/AC:2019-02.
As impacted by EN 62745:2017/A11:2020.
EN ISO 4413:2010, Hydraulic fluid power - General rules and safety requirements for systems and their
components (ISO 4413:2010)
EN ISO 4414:2010, Pneumatic fluid power - General rules and safety requirements for systems and their
components (ISO 4414:2010)
EN ISO 6682:2008, Earth-moving machinery - Zones of comfort and reach for controls (ISO 6682:1986,
including Amd 1:1989)
EN ISO 7731:2008, Ergonomics - Danger signals for public and work areas - Auditory danger signals (ISO
7731:2003)
EN ISO 11532:2020, Aircraft ground equipment — Graphical symbols (ISO 11532:2018)
EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery - General principles for design - Risk assessment and risk reduction
(ISO 12100:2010)
EN ISO 13732-1:2008, Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Methods for the assessment of human
responses to contact with surfaces - Part 1: Hot surfaces (ISO 13732-1:2006)
EN ISO 13849-1:2023, Safety of machinery - Safety-related parts of control systems - Part 1: General
principles for design (ISO 13849-1:2023)
EN ISO 13850:2015, Safety of machinery - Emergency stop function - Principles for design (ISO 13850:2015)
EN ISO 13854:2019, Safety of machinery - Minimum gaps to avoid crushing of parts of the human body (ISO
13854:2017)
EN ISO 13857:2019, Safety of machinery - Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper
and lower limbs (ISO 13857:2019)
EN ISO 14120:2015, Safety of machinery - Guards - General requirements for the design and construction
of fixed and movable guards (ISO 14120:2015)
EN ISO 14122-1:2016, Safety of machinery - Permanent means of access to machinery - Part 1: Choice of
fixed means and general requirements of access (ISO 14122-1:2016)
EN ISO 14122-2:2016, Safety of machinery - Permanent means of access to machinery - Part 2: Working
platforms and walkways (ISO 14122-2:2016)
EN ISO 14122-3:2016, Safety of machinery - Permanent means of access to machinery - Part 3: Stairs,
stepladders and guard-rails (ISO 14122-3:2016)
EN ISO 14122-4:2016, Safety of machinery - Permanent means of access to machinery - Part 4: Fixed
ladders (ISO 14122-4:2016)
ISO 3795:1989, Road vehicles, and tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry — Determination of
burning behaviour of interior materials
ISO 3864-1:2011, Graphical symbols - Safety colours and safety signs - Part 1: Design principles for safety
signs and safety markings
ISO 3864-2:2016, Graphical symbols - Safety colours and safety signs - Part 2: Design principles for product
safety labels
ISO 3864-3:2012, Graphical symbols - Safety colours and safety signs - Part 3: Design principles for
graphical symbols for use in safety signs
ISO 7000:2019, Graphical symbols for use on equipment — Registered symbols
ISO 11228-2:2007, Ergonomics — Manual handling — Part 2: Pushing and pulling
ISO 10254:2016, Air cargo and ground equipment — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100, EN ISO 14122-1,
EN ISO 14122-2, EN ISO 14122-3, EN ISO 14122-4, ISO 10254 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
aircraft ground support equipment
GSE
piece of moveable equipment, whether or not powered or self-propelled, purpose designed, built and
used for ground handling, servicing or field maintenance of civil transport aircraft on the ramp area of an
airport
Note 1 to entry: The “special requirements” result from the specific design and turnaround procedure of aircraft,
giving rise to designs not generally used in other areas, in particular:
— GSE for passenger, baggage and cargo handling;
— GSE for aircraft ground handling and servicing;
Note 2 to entry: A trilingual list of GSE is given at Annex B, Table B.1.
3.2
passenger
person other than a crew member, an employee of the carrier in an official capacity, an authorised
representative of a national authority or a person accompanying a cargo consignment, who is carried
aboard a flight handled by the GSE
Note 1 to entry: Passengers exclusively use those types of GSE specifically designed for their access to and from
the aircraft.
3.3
lifting/work platform
platform, cabin or workplace which is designed for lifting loads and/or persons
3.4
workplace
area occupied by operators during normal operation e.g. driver/co-driver seats, passageways, fixed
walkways, stairs, ladders, platforms, standing areas
3.5
standing area
area on GSE where a person stands or works in an upright position during operation
3.6
walkway
area on GSE intended to be used by persons moving from one place to another
3.7
stabiliser
support used to maintain and/or increase the stability and capable of supporting and/or levelling the
GSE
3.8
friction-type safeguard
safety equipment which restricts or prevents movement of parts in relation to each other by the use of
frictional forces e.g. brakes, safety gears
3.9
instructions
documents supplied by the manufacturer or supplier describing the intended use of the GSE and
containing information for safe operation, installation, transport and maintenance
3.10
operational use
activities, effects, processes or movements that result from intended use of the GSE
3.11
unintentional movement
movement without operator's conscious intent
3.12
unit load device
ULD
assembly of components comprising one of either e.g. an aircraft pallet and pallet net, an aircraft pallet, a
container with integral pallet or an aircraft container
3.13
steering system
all parts of steering equipment providing the means of transmitting steering forces including control
devices and energy supply
Note 1 to entry: It includes all parts from the point where the steering control effort is transformed by
mechanical, hydraulic, electric or combined means.
3.14
steering control
part of the steering equipment through which the driver or operator controls steering operation
3.15
steering control effort
force applied to the steering control in order to steer the GSE
3.16
steering forces
all forces operating in the steering transmission
3.17
steering angle
angle of a given position of steerable wheels with the neutral position
3.18
complex electronic steering systems of GSE
steering system where the steering command (set point from operator) is transmitted to the wheels via
complex electronic components managed by software
3.19
hydraulic steering
steering transmission in which steering forces are transmitted by hydraulic means only
3.20
hybrid steering
steering transmission in which steering forces are transmitted by more than one means
3.21
braking ratio
ratio (in percent) of the sum of the braking forces on the wheel circumference divided
...
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