EN 1915-1:2013

Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 1: Basic safety requirements

This European Standard applies to GSE when used in civil air transport as intended by the manufacturer and contains safety requirements relating to the equipment in general.
This European Standard specifies the technical requirements to minimise the hazards listed in Clause 4 which can arise during the commissioning, operation and maintenance of GSE when used as intended including misuse reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer, when carried out in accordance with the specifications given by the manufacturer or his authorised representative. It also takes into account some requirements recognised as essential by authorities, aircraft and ground support equipment (GSE) manufacturers as well as airlines and handling agencies.
This part of EN 1915 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1915-2, EN 1915-3 (for self-propelled GSE) and EN 1915-4, and with the relevant part of EN 12312 to give the requirements for the types of GSE within the scope of EN 12312.
When EN 12312 does not contain a relevant part for a GSE, EN 1915 (all parts) gives general requirements that may apply, although additional machine specific requirements, to be determined by the manufacturer, are likely to be required.
This part of EN 1915 does not apply to automotive parts approved for public vehicles in the EU and EFTA, when used on GSE for the purpose for which they are designed.
This part of EN 1915 does not establish additional requirements for the following:
a)   operation elsewhere than in an airport environment;
b)   operation in severe conditions, e.g. ambient temperature below -20 °C or over 50 °C, tropical or saturated salty atmospheric environment, strong magnetic or radiation field;
c)   operation subject to special rules, e.g. potentially explosive atmosphere except as regards operation in the vicinity of an aircraft fuel tank during fuelling operation;
d)   hazards caused by power supply other than from electrical networks;
e)   hazards occurring during construction, transportation, commissioning and decommissioning of the GSE;
f)   hazards caused by wind velocity in excess of the figures given in this European Standard;
g)   direct contact with food stuffs;
h)   earthquake, flood, landslide, lightning and more generally any exceptional natural event;
i)   electromagnetic compatibility (EMC); hazards caused by noise and vibration, see EN 1915-3 and EN 1915-4.
While this standard gives some basic requirements for wireless remote controls, additional requirements will be necessary.
This part of EN 1915 is not applicable to GSE which are manufactured before the date of publication by CEN of this Standard.

Luftfahrt-Bodengeräte - Allgemeine Anforderungen - Teil 1: Grundlegende Sicherheitsanforderungen

Diese Europäische Norm gilt für GSE, die entsprechend den vom Hersteller festgelegten Betriebs-bedingungen im zivilen Luftverkehr eingesetzt werden und enthält die allgemeinen Sicherheitsanforderungen an diese Geräte.
Diese Europäische Norm legt die technischen Anforderungen an GSE zur Verminderung der in Abschnitt 4 aufgelisteten Gefährdungen fest, die bei Inbetriebnahme, Betrieb und Wartung auftreten können, wenn diese in Übereinstimmung mit den Anweisungen des Herstellers oder dessen Beauftragten, ausgeführt werden, einschließlich vom Hersteller vernünftigerweise vorhersehbarer Missbrauch. Sie berücksichtigt auch einige Funktions- und Gestaltungsanforderungen, die von offiziellen Stellen, den Herstellern von Luftfahrzeugen und Bodengeräten (GSE) sowie Luftverkehrs- und Abfertigungsgesellschaften als wesentlich erachtet wurden.
Es ist beabsichtigt, diesen Teil von EN 1915 in Verbindung mit EN 1915-2, EN 1915-3 (für selbstfahrende Fahrzeuge) und EN 1915-4 und mit dem entsprechenden Teil der EN 12312 anzuwenden, um die Anforderungen an GSE innerhalb des Anwendungsbereiches von EN 12312 anzugeben.
Wenn EN 12312 keinen entsprechenden Teil für GSE enthält, gibt EN 1915 (alle Teile) allgemeine Anforde-rungen an, die gelten können, auch wenn zusätzliche maschinenspezifische Anforderungen erforderlich sein können, die vom Hersteller festzulegen sind.
Dieser Teil von EN 1915 gilt nicht für fahrzeugtechnische Teile, die für Fahrzeuge freigegeben sind, in der EU und der EFTA, die an GSE entsprechend ihrer konstruktiven Bestimmung unverändert Verwendung finden.
In diesem Teil von EN 1915 sind für folgende Aspekte keine zusätzlichen Festlegungen enthalten:
a) Betrieb außerhalb des Flughafens;
b) Betrieb unter erschwerten Bedingungen, z. B. bei Umgebungstemperaturen unter −20 °C oder über 50 °C, in tropischer oder gesättigter Salzatmosphäre oder in starken magnetischen oder Strahlungsfeldern;
c) Betrieb, der besonderen Regelungen unterliegt, z. B. in potentiell explosionsfähiger Atmosphäre, mit Ausnahme des Betriebs in der Nähe eines Flugzeugtanks beim Betanken;
d) Gefährdungen aus anderer Energieversorgung als der aus elektrischen Stromnetzen;
e) Gefährdungen, die während Bau, Transport, Inbetriebnahme und Außerbetriebnahme von GSE auftreten;
f) Gefährdungen aus Windgeschwindigkeiten oberhalb der in dieser Europäischen Norm angegebenen Werte;
g) direkter Kontakt mit Nahrungsmitteln;
h) Erdbeben, Überschwemmungen, Erdrutsche, Blitze und allgemein jede Art von Naturkatastrophen;
i) elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit (EMV);
j) durch Lärm und Vibration verursachte Gefährdungen, siehe EN 1915-3 und EN 1915-4.
Obgleich diese Norm einige grundlegende Anforderungen an drahtlose Fernbedienungen angibt, werden zusätzliche Anforderungen erforderlich sein.
Dieser Teil von EN 1915 ist nicht auf GSE anzuwenden, die vor der Veröffentlichung dieser Norm durch CEN hergestellt wurden.
Dieser Teil von EN 1915 ist nicht auf GSE anzuwenden, die vor der Veröffentlichung dieser Norm durch CEN hergestellt wurden.

Matériels au sol pour aéronefs - Exigences générales - Partie 1 : Exigences fondamentales de sécurité

La présente Norme Européenne s’applique aux GSE lorsqu’ils sont utilisés dans le transport aérien civil tel
qu’indiqué par le fabricant et contient les exigences de sécurité relatives aux matériels en général.
La présente Norme Européenne spécifie les exigences techniques pour réduire les phénomènes dangereux
énumérés à l’Article 4 qui peuvent survenir lors de l’exploitation et de la maintenance des GSE lorsque cellesci
sont utilisées comme prévu y compris une mauvaise utilisation raisonnablement prévisible par le fabricant,
lorsqu’elles sont réalisées conformément aux spécifications données par le fabricant ou son représentant
légal. Elle prend aussi en compte certaines exigences jugées essentielles par les autorités, les fabricants
d’aéronefs et de matériels au sol pour aéronefs (GSE) ainsi que par les compagnies aériennes et les agences
de manutention.
La présente partie de l’EN 1915 est destinée à être utilisée conjointement avec les EN 1915-2, EN 1915-3
(pour les GSE automoteurs) et l’EN 1915-4, et avec la partie appropriée de l’EN 12312 pour fournir les
exigences concernant les types de GSE dans le cadre de l’EN 12312.
Lorsque l’EN ne contient pas une partie appropriée pour un GSE, l’EN 1915 (toutes les parties) fournit les
exigences qui peuvent s’appliquer, bien que des exigences supplémentaires spécifiques aux machines, à
définir par le fabricant, soient susceptibles d’être exigées.
La présente partie de l’EN 1915 ne s’applique pas aux parties d’origine automobile approuvées pour les
véhicules publics dans l'UE et l'EFTA lorsque celles-ci sont utilisées conformément à l’usage pour lequel elles
ont été conçues.
La présente partie de l’EN 1915 n’établit pas d’exigences supplémentaires pour :
a) l’utilisation en dehors d’un environnement aéroportuaire ;
b) l’utilisation dans des conditions exceptionnelles, par exemple température ambiante inférieure à - 20 °C
ou supérieure à 50 °C, un environnement atmosphérique tropical ou salin saturé, un important champ
magnétique ou de rayonnement ;
c) l’utilisation soumise à des règles spécifiques, par exemple atmosphère explosible à l’exception d’utilisation
au voisinage d’un réservoir de carburant d’aéronef lors des opérations d’avitaillement en carburant ;
d) les phénomènes dangereux entraînés par une alimentation électrique autre qu’en provenance des
réseaux électriques ;
e) les phénomènes dangereux survenant lors de la construction, du transport, de la mise en et hors service des
GSE ;
f) les phénomènes dangereux entraînés par une vitesse de vent supérieure aux données fournies dans la
présente Norme Européenne ;
g) le contact direct avec des produits alimentaires ;
h) les tremblements de terre, les inondations, les glissements de terrain, la foudre et plus généralement, les
catastrophes naturelles ;
i) la compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) ;
j) les phénomènes dangereux entraînés par le bruit et les vibrations, voir l’EN 1915-3 et l’EN 1915-4.
Bien que cette norme donne quelques exigences de base pour les commandes à distance sans fil, des
exigences supplémentaires seront nécessaires.
La présente partie de l’EN 1915 ne s’applique pas aux GSE fabriqués avant la date de publication de la
présente norme par le CEN.

Podporna oprema na tleh za letalski promet - Splošne zahteve - 1. del: Osnovne varnostne zahteve

Ta evropski standard se uporablja za podporno opremo na tleh, kadar se uporablja za civilni zračni prevoz, kot ga je predvidel proizvajalec, in vsebuje varnostne zahteve glede opreme na splošno. Ta evropski standard določa tehnične zahteve za zmanjšanje nevarnosti, navedenih v točki 4, do katerih lahko pride pri začetku uporabe, delovanju in vzdrževanju podporne opreme na tleh pri nameravani uporabi, vključno s pričakovano nepravilno uporabo, ki jo določa proizvajalec, ko jih v skladu s specifikacijami izvaja proizvajalec ali njegov zakoniti zastopnik. Upošteva tudi nekatere zahteve, ki jih organi, proizvajalci letal in podporne opreme na tleh, letalske družbe in agencije za oskrbo letal priznavajo za bistvene. Ta del standarda EN 1915 je namenjen za uporabo skupaj s standardi EN 1915-2, EN 1915-3 (podporna oprema na tleh z lastnim pogonom) in EN 1915-4 ter z ustreznim delom standarda EN 12312, da se zagotovijo zahteve za vrste podporne opreme na tleh v okviru standarda EN 12312. Kadar standard EN 12312 ne vsebuje ustreznega dela za podporno opremo na tleh, se lahko uporabljajo splošne zahteve iz standarda EN 1915 (vsi deli), čeprav bodo najverjetneje zahtevane dodatne posebne zahteve glede na posamezni stroj, ki jih določi proizvajalec. Ta del standarda EN 1915 se ne uporablja za avtomobilske dele, odobrene za javna vozila v EU in EFTA, kadar se uporabljajo pri podporni opremi na tleh za namen, za katerega so bili načrtovani. Ta del standarda EN 1915 ne določa dodatnih zahtev za naslednje:
a) delovanje izven okolja letališča;
b) delovanje v neugodnih razmerah, npr. pri temperaturi okolja, nižji od –20 °C ali nad 50 °C, v tropskem okolju ali nasičenem slanem okolju, v okolju z močnim magnetnim poljem ali poljem sevanja;
c) delovanje po posebnih pravilih, npr. v potencialno eksplozivnem okolju, razen kadar gre za delovanje v bližini rezervoarja za gorivo letala med polnjenjem;
d) nevarnosti, ki jih povzroči energetska oskrba iz omrežij, ki niso električna;
e) nevarnosti, ki se pojavijo med gradnjo, prevozom, začetkom uporabe in prenehanjem uporabe podporne opreme na tleh;
f) nevarnosti, ki jih povzroči hitrost vetra, ki presega vrednosti iz tega evropskega standarda;
g) neposreden stik s hrano;
h) potres, poplava, plaz, bliskanje in na splošno kateri koli izjemen naravni pojav;
i) elektromagnetna združljivost (EMC);
j) nevarnosti, ki jih povzročijo hrup in vibracije, glej standarda EN 1915-3 in EN 1915-4.
Ta standard določa nekaj osnovnih zahtev glede brezžičnega daljinskega vodenja, vendar so potrebne dodatne zahteve. Ta del standarda EN 1915 se ne uporablja za podporno opremo na tleh, izdelano pred datumom objave tega standarda s strani CEN.

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 22-Jan-2013
• Withdrawal Date: 22-Sep-2025
• ICS: 49.100 - Ground service and maintenance equipment
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 274 - Aircraft ground support equipment
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 274/SC 1/WG 1 - Basic safety requirements
• Current Stage: 9960 - Withdrawal effective - Withdrawal
• Start Date: 19-Jul-2023
• Completion Date: 23-Sep-2025
• Directive: 2006/42/EC - Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC (recast)
• Mandate: M/396 - Mandate to CEN and Cenelec for standardisation in the field of machinery
• Ref Project: SIST EN 1915-1:2013 - Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 1: Basic safety requirements

Relations

• Replaces: EN 1915-1:2001+A1:2009 - Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 1: Basic safety requirements
• Effective Date: 30-Jan-2013
• Replaced By: EN 1915-1:2023 - Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 1: Basic safety requirements
• Effective Date: 16-Sep-2020

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2013
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 1915-1:2002+A1:2009
Podporna oprema na tleh za letalski promet - Splošne zahteve - 1. del: Osnovne
varnostne zahteve
Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 1: Basic safety
requirements
Luftfahrt-Bodengeräte - Allgemeine Anforderungen - Teil 1: Grundlegende
Sicherheitsanforderungen
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1915-1:2013
ICS:
49.100 Oprema za servis in Ground service and
vzdrževanje na tleh maintenance equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 1915-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
January 2013
ICS 49.100 Supersedes EN 1915-1:2001+A1:2009
English Version
Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part
1: Basic safety requirements
Matériels au sol pour aéronefs - Exigences générales - Luftfahrt-Bodengeräte - Allgemeine Anforderungen - Teil 1:
Partie 1 : Exigences fondamentales de sécurité Grundlegende Sicherheitsanforderungen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 24 November 2012.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1915-1:2013: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword . 4
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 List of hazards . 11
5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures. 11
5.1 General . 11
5.2 Accommodation for driver and other persons . 12
5.3 Driver's cabin . 12
5.4 Controls . 13
5.5 Safety related parts . 15
5.6 Monitoring devices and displays . 15
5.7 Steering devices . 15
5.8 Brakes for travelling purposes or equivalent devices . 16
5.9 Wheel assemblies - Centre split rims . 17
5.10 Touchable surfaces - Exhaust . 17
5.11 Lights and reflectors for traffic purposes . 17
5.12 Auditory signal devices . 18
5.13 Standing areas and walkways on GSE . 18
5.14 Means of access . 20
5.15 Crushing and shearing points . 20
5.16 Securing of load . 21
5.17 Moveable bodies, assemblies and attachments . 21
5.18 Hydraulic and pneumatic systems . 21
5.19 Stability and strength . 22
5.20 Lifting systems . 23
5.21 Lifting devices . 23
5.22 Lifting/work platforms . 24
5.23 Operating speeds . 24
5.24 Towing couplings, drawbars and towbars . 25
5.25 Service connections . 25
5.26 Electrical design, components and batteries . 25
5.27 Fire protection . 26
5.28 Lasers . 26
6 Information for use . 26
6.1 Marking . 26
6.2 Instructions . 28
7 Verification of safety requirements and/or measures . 28
7.1 General . 28
7.2 Guard rails . 29
7.3 Ladders . 29
Annex A (normative) List of hazards . 30
Annex B (informative) Trilingual list of GSE . 34
Annex C (normative) Design of service brakes . 35
C.1 Self-propelled GSE . 35
C.2 GSE trains .3 6
Annex D (normative) Types of access to GSE .3 7
D.1 Rung type and ladder steps .3 7
D.2 Stepladders.4 0
D.3 Stairs .4 1
D.4 Footholds .4 2
Annex E (informative) Examples of safety measures to reduce the risk of crushing and shearing
under the load carrier when it is not possible to meet the requirements in 5.15 . 44
Annex F (informative) Examples for hose and fittings installation . 45
F.1 General .4 5
F.2 Avoidance of external damage .4 7
F.3 Reducing bending stress .4 7
F.4 Avoidance of torsional stress .4 7
F.5 Installation aids .4 8
F.6 Protection against external temperature rises .4 9
Annex G (normative)  Falling hazard symbol .5 0
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC on machinery . 51
Bibliography .5 2

Foreword
This document (EN 1915-1:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 274 “Aircraft ground
support equipment”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
latest by July 2013.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 1915-1:2001+A1:2009.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
EN 1915, Aircraft ground support equipment ― General requirements, consists of the following parts:
 Part 1: Basic safety requirements (the present document);
 Part 2: Stability and strength requirements, calculations and test methods;
 Part 3: Vibration measurement methods and reduction;
 Part 4: Noise measurement methods and reduction.
EN 12312, Aircraft ground support equipment ― Specific requirements, consists of the following parts:
 Part 1: Passenger stairs;
 Part 2: Catering vehicles;
 Part 3: Conveyor belt vehicles;
 Part 4: Passenger boarding bridges;
 Part 5: Aircraft fuelling equipment;
 Part 6: Deicers and deicing/antiicing equipment;
 Part 7: Air-craft movement equipment;
 Part 8: Maintenance stairs and platforms;
 Part 9: Container/Pallet loaders;
 Part 10: Container/Pallet transfer transporters;
 Part 11: Container/Pallet dollies and loose load trailers;
 Part 12: Potable water service equipment;
 Part 13: Lavatory service equipment;
 Part 14: Disabled/incapacitated passenger boarding vehicles;
 Part 15: Baggage and equipment tractors;
 Part 16: Air start equipment;
 Part 17: Air conditioning equipment;
 Part 18: Nitrogen or Oxygen units;
 Part 19: Aircraft jacks, axle jacks and hydraulic tail stanchions;
 Part 20: Electrical ground power units.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are:
a) Amendment A1:2009 was incorporated;
b) the Scope was updated;
c) Clause 2, Normative references, was updated;
d) more terms and definitions were added;
e) List of hazards was moved to Annex A (the following Annexes were re-numbered);
f) 5.2, 5.3, 5.4 were changed;
g) 5.5, Safety related parts, was inserted, thus making it necessary to re-number the following clauses;
h) 5.6 to 5.28 were changed and re-numbered;
i) 6.2 was changed;
j) Clause 7 was changed;
k) a term was added to the trilingual list of GSE in Annex B;
l) Clauses D.2, D.3 and D.4 were added;
m) Annex G was added;
n) Annex ZA referring to the Machinery directive 98/37/EC was replaced by Annex ZA referring to the new
Machinery directive 2006/42/EC;
o) the Bibliography was updated.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Introduction
The abbreviation GSE means a complete item of aircraft ground support equipment in the context of this
European Standard.
When compiling this European Standard it was assumed that:
a) GSE is operated only by competent persons on the airport ramp;
b) components without specific requirements are:
1) designed in accordance with good engineering practice and calculation codes;
2) of sound mechanical and electrical construction;
3) made of materials with adequate strength and of suitable quality;
4) made of materials free of defects;
c) materials known to be harmful, such as asbestos, are not used as part of GSE;
d) components are kept in good repair and working order, so that the required characteristics remain despite
wear;
e) by design of the load bearing elements, a safe operation of the machine is assured for loading ranges
from zero to 100 % of the rated possibilities and during tests;
f) the particular conditions of use and place of use have been established;
g) the place of operation allows a safe use of GSE.
The extent to which hazards are covered is indicated in the scope of this European Standard.
Enumerations in this European Standard are not to be considered exclusive, they are compiled according to
the present state of the art.
The minimum essential criteria are considered to be of primary importance in providing safe, economical and
usable GSE. Deviations should occur only after careful consideration, extensive testing and thorough in
service evaluation have shown alternative methods or conditions to be satisfactory. Such deviations are
outside the scope of this standard and a manufacturer should be able to demonstrate an equivalent level of
protection.
This European Standard is a Type C standard as defined in EN ISO 12100.
1 Scope
This European Standard applies to GSE when used in civil air transport as intended by the manufacturer and
contains safety requirements relating to the equipment in general.
This European Standard specifies the technical requirements to minimise the hazards listed in Clause 4 which
can arise during the commissioning, operation and maintenance of GSE when used as intended including
misuse reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer, when carried out in accordance with the specifications
given by the manufacturer or his authorised representative. It also takes into account some requirements
recognised as essential by authorities, aircraft and ground support equipment (GSE) manufacturers as well as
airlines and handling agencies.
This part of EN 1915 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1915-2, EN 1915-3 (for self-propelled
GSE) and EN 1915-4, and with the relevant part of EN 12312 to give the requirements for the types of GSE
within the scope of EN 12312.
When EN 12312 does not contain a relevant part for a GSE, EN 1915 (all parts) gives general requirements
that may apply, although additional machine specific requirements, to be determined by the manufacturer, are
likely to be required.
This part of EN 1915 does not apply to automotive parts approved for public vehicles in the EU and EFTA,
when used on GSE for the purpose for which they are designed.
This part of EN 1915 does not establish additional requirements for the following:
a) operation elsewhere than in an airport environment;
b) operation in severe conditions, e.g. ambient temperature below -20 °C or over 50 °C, tropical or saturated
salty atmospheric environment, strong magnetic or radiation field;
c) operation subject to special rules, e.g. potentially explosive atmosphere except as regards operation in
the vicinity of an aircraft fuel tank during fuelling operation;
d) hazards caused by power supply other than from electrical networks;
e) hazards occurring during construction, transportation, commissioning and decommissioning of the GSE;
f) hazards caused by wind velocity in excess of the figures given in this European Standard;
g) direct contact with food stuffs;
h) earthquake, flood, landslide, lightning and more generally any exceptional natural event;
i) electromagnetic compatibility (EMC);
j) hazards caused by noise and vibration, see EN 1915-3 and EN 1915-4.
While this standard gives some basic requirements for wireless remote controls, additional requirements will
be necessary.
This part of EN 1915 is not applicable to GSE which are manufactured before the date of publication by CEN
of this Standard.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 894-1, Safety of machinery ― Ergonomic requirements for the design of displays and control actuators ―
Part 1: General principles for human interactions with displays and control actuators
EN 894-3, Safety of machinery ― Ergonomic requirements for the design of displays and control actuators ―
Part 3: Control actuators
EN 953, Safety of machinery ― Guards ― General requirements for the design and construction of fixed and
moveable guards
EN 982, Safety of machinery ― Safety requirements for fluid power systems and their components ―
Hydraulics
EN 983, Safety of machinery ― Safety requirements for fluid power systems and their components ―
Pneumatics
EN 1915-2, Aircraft ground support equipment ― General requirements ― Part 2: Stability and strength
requirements, calculations and test methods
EN 1915-3, Aircraft ground support equipment ― General requirements ― Part 3: Vibration measurement
methods and reduction
EN 1915-4, Aircraft ground support equipment ― General requirements ― Part 4: Noise measurement
methods and reduction
EN 12312 (all parts), Aircraft ground support equipment ― Specific requirements
EN 13501-1:2007, Fire classification of construction products and building elements ― Part 1: Classification
using data from reaction to fire tests
EN 60073, Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and identification ― Coding
principles for indicators and actuators (IEC 60073)
EN 60204-1, Safety of machinery ― Electrical equipment of machines ― Part 1: General requirements
(IEC 60204-1:2005, modified)
1)
EN 60529:1991, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code) (IEC 60529:1989)
EN 60825-1, Safety of laser products ― Part 1: Equipment classification and requirements
(IEC 60825-1)
EN ISO 3411, Earth-moving machinery ― Physical dimensions of operators and minimum operator space
envelope (ISO 3411)
EN ISO 3457, Earth-moving machinery ― Guards ― Definitions and requirements (ISO 3457)
EN ISO 6682, Earth-moving machinery ― Zones of comfort and reach for controls (ISO 6682)
EN ISO 7731:2008, Ergonomics ― Danger signals for public and work areas ― Auditory danger signals
(ISO 7731:2003)
1) This document is impacted by the draft amendment EN 60529:1991/A1:2000.
EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery ― General principles for design ― Risk assessment and risk
reduction (ISO 12100:2010)
EN ISO 13732-1, Ergonomics of the thermal environment ― Methods for the assessment of human
responses to contact with surfaces ― Part 1: Hot surfaces (ISO 13732-1)
EN ISO 13849-1:2008, Safety of machinery ― Safety-related parts of control systems ― Part 1: General
principles for design (ISO 13849-1:2006)
EN ISO 13850, Safety of machinery ― Emergency stop ― Principles for design (ISO 13850)
EN ISO 13857, Safety of machinery ― Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper and
lower limbs (ISO 13857)
EN ISO 14122-1:2001, Safety of machinery ― Permanent means of access to machinery ― Part 1: Choice of
fixed means of access between two levels (ISO 14122-1:2001)
EN ISO 14122-2:2001, Safety of machinery ― Permanent means of access to machinery ― Part 2: Working
platforms and walkways (ISO 14122-2:2001)
EN ISO 14122-3:2001, Safety of machinery ― Permanent means of access to machinery ― Part 3: Stairs,
stepladders and guard rails (ISO 14122-3:2001)
EN ISO 14122-4:2004, Safety of machinery ― Permanent means of access to machinery ― Part 4: Fixed
ladders (ISO 14122-4:2004)
ISO 3795, Road vehicles, and tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry ― Determination of burning
behaviour of interior materials
ISO 3864 (all parts), Graphical symbols ― Safety colours and safety signs
ISO 6966-1:2005, Aircraft ground equipment ― Basic requirements ― Part 1: General design requirements
ISO 11228-2, Ergonomics ― Manual handling ― Part 2: Pushing and pulling
DIN 51130:2004, Testing of floor coverings ― Determination of the anti-slip property ― Workrooms and fields
of activities with slip danger, walking method ― Ramp test
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100:2010,
EN ISO 14122-1:2001, EN ISO 14122-2:2001, EN ISO 14122-3:2001 and EN ISO 14122-4:2004 and the
following apply.
3.1
aircraft ground support equipment
GSE
mobile equipment built for the special requirements of aviation
Note 1 to entry: The "special requirements" result from the specific design and turnaround procedure of aircraft, giving
rise to designs not generally used in other areas, in particular:
 GSE for passenger, baggage and cargo handling;
 GSE for aircraft ground handling and servicing;
 mobile parts of passenger boarding bridges (PBB).
Note 2 to entry: A trilingual list of GSE is given at Annex B.
3.2
passenger
person other than a crew member, an employee of the carrier in an official capacity, an authorised
representative of a national authority or a person accompanying a cargo consignment, who is carried aboard a
flight handled by the GSE
Note 1 to entry: Passengers exclusively use those types of GSE specifically designed for their access to and from the
aircraft.
3.3
lifting/work platform
platform, cabin or workplace which is designed for lifting loads and/or persons
3.4
workplace
area occupied by operators during normal operation e.g. driver/co-driver seats, passageways, fixed walkways,
stairs, ladders, platforms, standing areas
3.5
standing area
area on GSE where a person stands or works in an upright position during operation
3.6
walkway
area on GSE intended to be used by persons moving from one place to another
3.7
stabiliser
support used to maintain and/or increase the stability and capable of supporting and/or levelling the GSE
3.8
friction-type safeguard
safety equipment which restricts or prevents movement of parts in relation to each other by the use of
frictional forces e.g. brakes, safety gears
3.9
instructions
documents supplied by the manufacturer or supplier describing the intended use of the GSE and containing
information for safe operation, installation, transport and maintenance
3.10
operational use
activities, effects, processes or movements that result from intended use of the GSE
3.11
unintentional movement
movement without operator's conscious intent e.g. caused by failure of the GSE
3.12
unit load device
ULD
assembly of components comprising one of either e.g. an aircraft pallet and pallet net, an aircraft pallet, a
container with integral pallet or an aircraft container
3.13
steering system
all parts of steering equipment providing the means of transmitting steering forces including control devices
and energy supply
Note 1 to entry: It includes all parts from the point where the steering control effort is transformed by mechanical,
hydraulic, electric or combined means.
3.14
steering control
part of the steering equipment through which the driver or operator controls steering operation
3.15
steering control effort
force applied to the steering control in order to steer the GSE
3.16
steering forces
all forces operating in the steering transmission
3.17
steering angle
angle of a given position of steerable wheels with the neutral position
3.18
electric steering
steering transmission in which steering forces, somewhere in the transmission, are transmitted only by electric
means
3.19
hybrid steering
steering transmission in which steering forces are transmitted by more than one means
4 List of hazards
This list of risks and hazards (given at Annex A) is based on EN ISO 12100 and contains the hazards and
hazardous situations, as far as they are dealt with in this European Standard, identified by risk assessment as
significant for this type of machinery and which require action to eliminate or reduce risks. See also the
complementary list of hazards in the other parts of EN 1915 and in the different parts of EN 12312.
5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures
5.1 General
GSE shall comply with the safety requirements and/or protective measures of this clause, with the
requirements of EN 1915-2, EN 1915-3 and EN 1915-4 as relevant, as well as with the requirements of the
relevant part of EN 12312. In addition, the machine shall be designed according to the principles of
EN ISO 12100 for relevant but not significant hazards, which are not dealt with by this document.
For the application of EN ISO 13849-1, EN 953, EN 982 and EN 983, the manufacturer shall carry out an
adequate risk assessment for the requirements thereof where choice is necessary and that are not dealt with
in the part of EN 12312 for specific type of GSE.
NOTE This specific risk assessment is part of the general risk assessment relating to the hazards not covered by this
Type C standard.
Fixed guards and guard rails that have to be removed for routine servicing or adjustment shall be secured by
fixings that are retained in the guard or machine when the guard is removed.
5.2 Accommodation for driver and other persons
5.2.1 General requirements
Accommodation for driver and other persons shall have adequate space. Sharp corners and edges in the
working area shall be avoided by design or cushioned by covers.
Seats shall be designed so that damage to the human body is avoided taking into account duration, purpose
and conditions of use, size and weight of the drivers, e.g. seats of commercial vehicles when used on a
vehicle for which they were designed. Specific requirements are given in the parts of EN 12312, where
applicable.
Vibration assessments shall be based on measurements according to EN 1915-3.
5.2.2 Driver accommodation
The minimum size of the driver's envelope shall conform to the requirements of EN ISO 3411. This
requirement applies with seats in their extreme positions.
The driver shall be protected against interference from vehicle wheels.
Restraint systems are required for any GSE capable of moving at a speed over 25 km/h. The requirement for
restraint systems is given in the part of EN 12312 for the appropriate type of GSE, where applicable.
5.2.3 Accommodation for other persons
GSE intended to transport persons other than the driver shall be equipped as a minimum with suitable:
a) seats, with restraint systems, a lap type seat belt as a minimum, for any GSE capable of moving at a
speed exceeding 25 km/h; or when this is not applicable;
b) standing accommodation within an enclosed cabin having adequate handholds; or when this is not
appropriate;
c) standing accommodation outside the cabin provided with adequate devices for protection against falling.
At least a combination of handholds and padded guard rails shall be provided.
5.3 Driver's cabin
NOTE See the relevant GSE standard (EN 12312 series).
5.3.1 Requirements for driver's cabins of GSE
a) Shape and arrangement of the driver's cabin shall not restrict the direct field of view for travel or
operation. Where this cannot be directly achieved, additional means, e.g. mirrors, closed circuit TV, shall
be provided.
NOTE 1 A method for test and verification is given in prEN ISO 13564-1.
b) There shall at least be mirrors designed and fitted in such a way that the driver is able to observe the rear
sideward areas.
c) The windshield shall have at least one power-operated windshield wiper for travelling. Additional
windshield wipers shall be provided as necessary to give the driver/operator an adequate view of the
operations to be controlled.
A windshield washing unit should be provided when agreed between manufacturer and user.
d) Glass in doors and windows shall be safety glass, or alternative material with at least the same
performance characteristics, particularly as regards the avoidance of scratches.
NOTE 2 Technical requirements for safety glass on vehicles intended to be used on public roads are given in ECE 43.
e) All windows important for the operator's field of view shall be transparent and as distortion-free so far as
practicable.
f) Lighting shall be arranged in such a way that no disturbing dazzling effect is caused in conjunction with
the windshield and other windows that are in the driver's field of view.
g) Corners or edges shall be chamfered or rounded with a minimum radius of 3 mm.
h) The floor, upholstery and insulation of enclosed drivers' cabins shall consist of flame retardant material
that has a horizontal burning rate of not greater than 250 mm per minute in accordance with ISO 3795, or
classes A or B of EN 13501-1:2007.
5.3.2 Additional requirements for fully enclosed driver's cabins with door
a) Devices, e.g. wiper, washing units, demister, window heating systems, shall be provided to keep all
windows clear that are necessary for operating the GSE, taking into account all operational and climatic
conditions of the intended place of use for the GSE.
b) All doors shall be provided with securing devices to retain them in the closed and, where required, in the
open position. These devices shall be installed so that they do not create a risk of injury when the doors
are open.
c) Door mechanisms shall be designed and fitted in such a way that opening is only possible with intended
manual action and risk of injury is avoided.
d) An adequately sized system for ventilation shall be provided. Where appropriate provisions shall be made
for heating and/or air conditioning facilities.
NOTE 1 Due to the fact that GSE are used in a wide range of temperatures and environmental conditions it is not
possible to give precise technical requirements in this European Standard.
e) Combustion air for the heating units shall not be taken from the interior of the cabin; it shall not be
possible for exhaust fumes to escape into the heating air. In case of burner flame-out, the fuel supply
shall be cut off.
NOTE 2 EU Directive 78/548/EEC gives requirements for combustion heating appliances.
f) Self-propelled vehicles with driver's cabin with only one access shall have an alternative means of exit in
the event of an emergency.
5.4 Controls
5.4.1 Control device actuators
Control device actuators shall meet the requirements of EN 894-1 and EN 894-3. They shall be positioned
within the reach of the operator in accordance with EN ISO 6682 and their purpose shall be marked clearly
and visible in accordance with EN 60073. They shall be constructed and mounted so as to minimise the risk of
inadvertent operation.
Control device actuators for movements except travelling functions shall be designed so that when they have
been released, the energy initiating the movement is cut off (hold-to-run type). Control device actuators with a
lock-on facility shall be used only if this is required for functional reasons and when other measures have been
taken in order to reduce the risk.
Illumination of controls shall be of anti-glare and non-reflecting quality.
5.4.2 Safeguards against unauthorised use
Self-propelled GSE shall be equipped with means to safeguard them against unauthorised use. It shall not be
possible to render these safeguards ineffective by simple means, e.g. tape, nails.
Electronic control circuitry, software, adjustable safety devices and adjustable safety related equipment shall
be made inaccessible to unauthorised persons, e.g. by use of access codes, special tools.
5.4.3 Multiple control positions for movements
When more than one control station is provided, only one control station shall be enabled at a given time. The
interlock system to achieve this requirement shall achieve the performance level in accordance with
EN ISO 13849-1 assigned to the related safety function. This requirement does not apply to emergency stops.
5.4.4 Location of control positions
Control device actuators shall be positioned so that the operator:
a) is not subjected to hazards created by the load(s) or any part of the GSE;
b) is not subjected to risks of falling, or is located at least 1 m away from such risk; and
c) is able to observe the controlled movements at all times.
5.4.5 Electrical controls
5.4.5.1 General
Electrical controls shall conform to EN 60204-1.
5.4.5.2 Cable-linked remote controls
Remotely controlled GSE shall be so designed that movement is stopped automatically and the GSE shall
remain immobile:
a) if actuation of the controls has ceased;
b) when the power supply is interrupted.
Plugs of cable-linked remote controls shall be unmistakable in order to prevent erroneous interchange. When
plugged in, the requirement of 5.4.3 shall be applied. The length of the cable shall be sufficient to ensure safe
operation under all intended use conditions.
Remote control units shall be designed so that a mechanical shock (e.g. falling to the ground) does not initiate
a signal.
Remote control shall be designed to enable control only from locations where the operator has direct full sight
of the GSE or any moving parts of it, and the area where the GSE or part of it is to move into.
Where applicable, the remote control shall achieve a performance level in accordance with EN ISO 13849-1
assigned to the related safety function.
Pictograms or markings identifying each actuator on remote control boxes shall be unambiguous as to the
directions of the activated functions, regardless of the control box's position.
While this standard gives basic requirements that may be applicable to wireless remote controls, additional
requirements will be necessary.
5.5 Safety related parts
Safety devices, e.g. trip devices, ultimate-position switches, over speed governors, interlocking switches,
emergency stop devices, shall be designed, selected, located, and/or protected to meet intended site
conditions, and the various applications of the equipment, e.g. ice build-up.
Safety related parts of control systems shall be designed in accordance with EN ISO 13849-1, and shall
achieve the appropriate performance level determined by risk assessment (Annex A of
EN ISO 13849-1:2008). The minimum performance level values stated in the GSE specific parts of EN 12312
shall be complied with.
5.6 Monitoring devices and displays
GSE shall have monitoring devices and displays necessary for safe operation. They shall be clearly arranged,
easy-to-read and be protected against damage during intended use.
Illumination of displays shall be of anti-glare and non-reflecting quality.
5.7 Steering devices
5.7.1 General requirements
The steering system shall ensure easy and safe handling of the GSE up to its maximum design speed and
under all intended use conditions. Manual control devices shall be designed and dimensioned so that under
intended use conditions they will not cause injuries and withstand expected operating forces.
All parts of the steering transmission shall be amply dimensioned readily accessible for maintenance such as
they are not liable to breakage or significant distortion.
If one energy source is intended to supply not only the steering system, the supply to the steering system shall
have priority over other systems linked to the same power source.
GSE capable of a driving speed higher than 50 km/h shall have either a dual-circuit steering system or a
power assisted mechanical steering system. Steering systems with pneumatics transmission means are not
permitted.
In case of power cut off on power-assisted steering equipment it shall be possible to maintain the towability of
the GSE (e.g. realised by an emergency pump systems).
5.7.2 Actuating force requirements
The maximum permitted steering control effort with intact steering equipment shall not exceed 250 N and in
case of power steering failure shall not exceed 600 N.
It is recommended not to exceed 100 N for normal use or 250 N in the case of power steering failure.
Where the maximum design speed is over 15 km/h reaction forces shall give the driver a satisfactory
feedback, thus making the behaviour of the GSE predictable for the driver.
5.7.3 Hydraulic steering
GSE with hydraulic steering circuit shall have:
a) A pressure relief valve that is actuated at the maximum permissible operating pressure "P" which is
installed in the primary (supply) circuit to protect the whole unit or parts of the unit against overpressure.
b) A pressure relief valve set at a pressure of at least 5 MPa above the maximum permissible operating
pressure „P“ or 2,2 „P“, whichever is the least, which is installed in the secondary (steering) circuit.
c) In order to exclude failure the bursting pressure of all hydraulic hoses shall be four times higher than the
maximum operating pressure.
Loss of oil pressure shall not prevent towing of the GSE.
5.7.4 Complex electronic parts of GSE steering systems
5.7.4.1 Requirement for GSE > 15 km/h
All complex electronic parts of steering systems intended to ensure a safety function shall achieve
performance level "d" in accordance with EN ISO 13849-1. Complex electronic parts are defined in
EN ISO 13849-1.
When a single fault occurs in “complex electronic parts of GSE steering systems”, the prescribed steering
function shall always be performed at least until stop of driving movement.
5.7.4.2 Requirement for GSE ≤ 15 km/h
Safety related parts of electronic steering control systems for GSE having a maximum speed less than or
equal 15 km/h shall achieve performance level "c" in accordance with EN ISO 13849-1. Complex electronic
parts are defined in EN ISO 13849-1.
NOTE This requirement includes the possibility of total steering failure.
Unless otherwise specified in EN 12312 (all parts), it is assumed that for the purposes of this Standard, not
more than one failure can occur in the steering equipment at any one time.
5.7.5 Hybrid steering
Components of hybrid steering systems shall fulfil the specific requirement given above.
NOTE Requirement for steering devices of vehicles intended to be used on public roads and a method of verification
are given in ECE-R 79.
5.8 Brakes for travelling purposes or equivalent devices
5.8.1 Service brake
The minimum braking values of self-propelled GSE are given in Table C.1 of Annex C (normative).
In the case of GSE with hydrostatic drive, the drive may be used as a service brake if there is no short-circuit
valve in the hydraulic circuit or if the short-circuit valve is located in such a manner as to prevent direct access
by the operator.
5.8.2 Parking brake or equivalent devices
GSE shall have a parking brake or equivalent device which prevents the GSE with its permissible maximum
gross mass from rolling away on a slope of at least 7%.
Self-propelled GSE designed for towing other GSE shall be eq
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