IEC/PAS 62111
Specifications for the use of renewable energies in rural decentralised electrification
Specifications for the use of renewable energies in rural decentralised electrification
Is a Publicly Available Specification (PAS) giving guidance for the use of renewable energies in rural decentralized electrification. Describes the functional specifications on which the design, implementation, and exploitation of the constituent parts of these electrification systems should be based. Establishes common standards for use as a reference in assessing the quality of such systems. IEC PAS 62111 is in the process of being re-issued in the form of IEC technical specifications under reference IEC TS 62257.
Specifikacije za uporabo obnovljivih virov energije za decentralizirano elektrifikacijo podeželja
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
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Edition 1.0
1999-07
Specifications for the use
of renewable energies
in rural decentralised
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Reference number
IN TER N A TION AL
E L E C T R OT E CHNI CA L
IEC/PAS 62111
C O MMI S S I O N
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Copyright © 1997, EDF
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
Specifications for the use of renewable energies
in rural decentralised electrification
FOREWORD
A PAS is a technical specification not fulfilling the requirements for a standard, but made
available to the public and established in an organization operating under given procedures.
IEC/PAS 62111 was submitted by Electricité de France and has been processed by IEC
technical committee 82: Solar photovoltaic energy systems.
This PAS is also relevant to the activities of TC 21, Secondary cells and batteries, and TC 88,
Wind turbine systems.
The text of this PAS is based on the This PAS was approved for
following document: publication by the P-members of the
committee concerned as indicated in
the following document:
Draft PAS Report on voting
82/221/PAS 82/224/RVD
Following publication of this PAS, the technical committee or subcommittee concerned will
investigate the possibility of transforming the PAS into an International Standard.
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all
national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in
addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is entrusted to technical
committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory
work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this
preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in
accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested National Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the form of
standards, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any divergence
between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly indicated in the
latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this PAS may be the subject of patent rights.
The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
DRE SPECIFICATIONS June 1997
Title Specifications for the use of REN
in Rural Decentralised Electrification
Summary The General Directives for the use of Renewable Energies in
Decentralised Rural Electrification take the form of 24 documents
describing the functional specifications on which the design,
implementation and exploitation of the constituent parts of these
Produced by ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT DEPARTMENT
1, Ave. du General de Gaulle
© EDF - 1997
Fax : 01 47 65 32 18
Telephone : 01 47 65 34 66
CLAMART CEDEX - FRANCE 92141
Supplies Group
Substations and Lines Branch
electrification systems should be based.
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
- 3 - Specifications
SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE USE OF REN IN RURAL DECENTRALISED
ELECTRIFICATION
"DRE SPECIFICATIONS"
Decentralised Rural Electrification projects are now being implemented in France as well as on the
export market (particularly in developing countries) with no guidelines to enable those involved to
It is for this reason that professionals in the area concerned have decided to pool their experience in
order to establish a set of recommendations which will, when applied, provide a benchmark for the
A list of those who have contributed to the content of these Directives may be found as an appendix.
This document is therefore intended for the use of the Project supervisor and, in general, all those
responsible for establishing calls for tender (e.g. : EDF - GDF Centres, Services or Electrification
Syndicates in France, Independents, Development Aid Associations, etc.), as a guide to analysis of
requirements and to improve the clarity of the responses they receive.
It is also intended for Project Contractor
in developing countries, service companies, companies involved in the electrification of villages, etc.,
as a guide to the presentation of their reasons for the technical options they have made in their
.
Constructor, installers, operators and maintenance contractors will also find proposed product
specifications, recommendations for the design and installation of systems, practical guidelines for
operating and maintaining the installations in these Directives.
The content of these Directives is intended as a guide to the identification of energy requirements, of
products which are technically best suited within the economic context ; it will provide a resource for :
· selecting
· specifying a system for a pre-determined site (architecture, components, energy management,
protection, etc.) ;
· preparations for the
In format, the DRE SPECIFICATIONS are divided into five major sections :
Part A : From Energy Requirements to Electrification System ;
Part B : Guidelines for
Part C : Technical Specification of Components ;
Part D : Guide to Specification of a System for a Specific Site ;
Part E :
Table 1 provides a brief summary of each of the sections.
Product Specifications (planned).
Design and Operation ; System
operation and maintenance of a REN system (guidelines to be applied).
an REN system suited to the installation site (adapting the solution to the needs) ;
response to the call for tender, in a format which would be comprehensible to a Project Supervisor
based in research bureaux, project planners, REN agencies
quality of the installations designed, installed and operated on this basis.
establish common standards for use as a reference in assessing the quality of the installations.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
June 1997
DRE
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
Specifications - 4 -
Table 1 : List of DRE documents
Title
Series A : From Energy Requirements to Electrification System
From the Requirements to be met to the Proposals for a Range of Electrification
A 1
A 2
A 3 Contractual Framework governing the Relationships Involved
A 4 Quality Assurance for Project Design and Implementation
Series B : Guidelines for System Design and Operation
B 1 Architecture of Electrification Systems
B 2
B 3
B 4
B 5 Guidelines for Data Acquisition
B 6 Guidelines for the Protection of Persons and Property from Electrical Hazards
B 7
Series C : Technical Specification of Components
Photovoltaic Array
Building-integration of Photovoltaic Arrays
Wind Generator
Converter
Climatic and Environmental Testing
Series D : Guide to Specification of a System for a Pre-Determined Site
Guidelines for Selecting a System (planned)
Typical Functional Description of a Private Electrification System (planned)
Typical Functional Description of a Public Service Electrification System : Micro
Typical Functional Description of a Public Electrification System : Micro grids
Series E : Product Specifications (planned)
The current 1997 edition will be expanded in 1998 by feedback from the application of these
recommendations to DRE systems now being implemented throughout the world, and by the
development of industrial products where the design, installation and implementation have been
based on the proposed specifications.
D5
Power Stations
D 4
D 3
D 2
Methods for Characterising Needs (planned) D 1
C 8
Energy Management C 7
C 6
Battery C 5
Electrogenerator Set C 4
C 3
C 2
C 1
Guidelines for Operation, Maintenance and Renewal
Energy Management Guidelines
Guidelines for Distribution Sub-System Design (planned)
Guidelines for Production Sub-System Design (planned)
Results expected from the Process of System Design
Systems
Part
June 1997
DRE
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
- 5 - Specifications
The General Directives for the Use of REN for Decentralised Rural Electrification were drawn up for
EDF by :
F.
M.
P.
A.
J. P.
J. C.
E. LAGET
A.
T. EDF - DER - ER - CCT
N.EDF - DER - ERMEL - ME
M. EDF - DER - ERMEL - ME
A. DIET EDF - DER - ERMEL - PEL
C ; EDF - DER - ERMEL - PEL
A.HIRIARTEDF - DER - ERMEL - PEL
G. EDF - DER - ERMEL - PEL
P. EDF - DER - ERMEL - PEL
A. SCHMITT EDF - DER - ERMEL - PEL
R.EDF - DER - ERMEL - PEL
J. EDF - DER - ERMEL - CIMA
te
D.EDF - DPRS - SFP - S Tulle
ces
J. F. EDF - GDF - S - Avignon Grand Delta
ces
Y. EDF - GDF - S - Cornouaille
ces
F. HOFFMAN EDF - GDF - S
ces
G.MARBOEUFEDF - GDF - S - ID
P.
P.
P.MARMIGNON
J. P.
D.GUFFLET
B.
B.
J. Y. QUINETTE
B.MONVERT
R.MISSAOUI
G. MOINE
J.
D.
VERGNET LEFEBVRE
VERGNET BILLEREY
TRANSENERGIE
TRANSENERGIE
TENDANCIEL
TECSOL
SPIE ENERTRANS LAMY
SERT ROCQUEMAUREL
SCHNEIDER-DST-ELEC
PHK Consultants JACQUIN Ph.
JURA ENERGIE SOLAIRE BRESSON
HOUVENAGHEL
GENEC MALBRANCHE
GENEC JOURDE
- Franche Comté Sud
PEDEN
CHARLES
BLANC
ALZIEU
SOLER
MAURAS
HUARD
GELIN
DESSOUDE
BUCHHEIT
DEFLANDRE
EDF - DER - EP - Machines LAALI
APEX
APEX CHABAUD
APAVE Sud Ouest DESPLAT
AINELEC HARDION
ADEME COURTIADE
ADEME COURILLON
ADEME ARMAND
June 1997
DRE
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
DRE SPECIFICATIONS - A 1 June 1997
Title Part A : From Energy Requirements to
Electrification System
Section 1 : From the Requirements to
be met to the Proposals for a Range of
Electrification Systems
Number of pages
Type Specification
Associated Document(s) DRE - B1: "Architecture of Electrification Systems".
Summary This document offers an initial approach to a range of systems for
decentralised rural electrification, based on a theoretical analysis of user
requirements and of data arising from socio-economic surveys. 8 types of
system were selected as responding to three types of need. The electrifi-
Produced by ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT DEPARTMENT
1, Ave. du General de Gaulle
© EDF - 1997
Fax : 01 47 65 32 18
Telephone : 01 47 65 34 66
CLAMART CEDEX - FRANCE 92141
Supplies Group
Substations and Lines Branch
systems, private systems and service systems.
cation systems identified were on stream renewable energy process supply
(including appendices) 14
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
DRE - A 1 - 2 -
CONTENTS
1. Vocation of Decentralised Rural Electrification Systems . . .3
................................ ................................ ................................ .........................3
2.1 Summary of Requirements : Supply . . .3
................................ ................................ ...............5
2.3 Summary of Needs : Quality . . . .5
................................ ................................ .................6
................................ ................................ ................................ ...............................7
................................ ..................9
Appendix 1 : Analysis of the types of device installed for different types of usage - Domestic use .
12
3. Proposing a Range of Decentralised Rural Electrification Systems
Match Needs
2.5 Matching Decentralised Production Capacities to Needs : Selection of Energy Production to
2.4 Types of Energy Production Sub-Systems
2.2 Proposing a Range of Power/Energy Ratios
2. User Requirements
June 1997
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
- 3 - DRE - A 1
1. Vocation of Decentralised Rural Electrification Systems
Decentralised rural electrification systems are intended to supply electricity for use throughout rural
· isolated private dwellings,
· dwellings in village groups,
· public service (public lighting, pumping stations, health centres, places of worship, public
buildings, etc.),
· centres of economic activity (workshops, micro-industries etc.).
seems
· process electrification systems (for example, pumping) ;
· private electrification systems (PES) for single users ;
· public service electrification systems (PSES) for public service users.
· producing electrical energy ;
· consuming
The public service electrification systems, on the other hand, have 3 sub-systems :
· producing electrical energy.
By convention, this section is called a " micro power station", the term "micro" indicating the
modest levels of power produced (from a few kVA) :
· distributing
By convention, this section is called a " micro-grid", the term "micro" indicating the modest
levels of capacity.
· user ribution lectrical equipment.
2. User Requirements
Whatever type of use is being supplied, requirements will be of two types :
· quantitative :
à amounts of energy required over a given period of time and providing the number of
hours of use expected from the equipment installed ;
à power to provide simultaneous use from certain installations, if not all installa-
· qualitative :
à availability
à quality in supply which does not affect the performance nor the life expectancy of instal-
2.1 Summary of Requirements : Supply
Appendix 1 contains an analysis of consumption typical of the devices currently installed for each of
the applications mentioned in §1, and an estimated life expectancy we consider probable for these
1)
devices. This analysis was based on our experience with PV systems in France and surveys of re-
This analysis has lead us to propose separating quantitative requirements into 4 categories (see Ta-
basis of the power specifications of equipment on the market, and on a specific number of hours use
for each application.
ble 1). For each of these categories, requirements in power and in energy have been assessed on the
quirements in Southern Mediterranean countries.
lations.
of energy use : to be able to use energy whenever it is needed ; the
tions.
enough
the
circuits and e isting of user dist cons sub-system a
this power. a sub-system
to a few dozen kVA
a sub-system
this energy. a sub-system
a sub-system
The process electrification systems and private electrification systems have only two sub-systems :
can be sub-divided into three categories : syst The
The type of use is, in most cases, as follows :
areas, to sites not connected to the national grid.
June 1997
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
DRE - A 1 - 4 -
Table 1 : Quantitative Requirements by Type
Category Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
· private · private · private public services
e-z-
Type of User
economic activities
and
Type of Use low consumption public
services public services public services
· ·
d-
· · · ·
w-· p-· e-
·
Basic
Specifications
·
·
Probable installed Supply < 200 W > 2 kW
Average Supplies required
over 24h < 1 kWh
p
Category 1 : Private lighting and/or
Power and energy requirements are low (P<200 W, E/j<1000 Wh). This category includes a certain
proportion of private dwellings which can be described as “low consumers” using lighting and/or
audio-visual appliances, and public services with the same type of installations. Among the latter are
Category 2 :
Requirements are marginally greater (150W
cludes a proportion of private dwellings (lighting, audio-visual, refrigeration and household appli-
Category 3 :
Energy requirements are more considerable (500W
gory includes the so-called “voracious” private consumers. These consumers may have freezers,
washing machines (which do not heat water), DIY equipment. Public lighting for larger villages may
come under the same category. In effect, and depending on the number of lights required to operate
simultaneously in a village, surge demand and energy requirements in larger villages may be com-
pared with the third type of “private” user.
Category 4 :
Requirements for power and energy are very large (P>2000 W and E/j= n x Wh). This cate-
1
gory includes economic activities such as micro-industry and public services such as pumping sta-
1
1) EDF/DER HM-55/96/025 Technical Note, October 1996 : "Feedback on Photo-Electric Systems in France -
User Perception and Practice", ORHANT I, SAADAOUI L, WAERAAS de SAINT MARTIN G.
tions.
000 10
Process and micro-industry
Category 2 + freezers and/or washing machine
ances) and health centres.
Category 1 + Refrigeration and/or household appliances
included places of worship, community centres, public buildings and communications systems.
audio-visual Requirements
tion) electricity consum
(to satisfy expected
n x 10 kWh 1500 à 4 kWh 0,75 à 1,5 kWh
0,5 à 2 kW 150 à 500 W
profile
"variable" consumer
demand on supplies
surge and possibly high
mand on supplies ment erful “flat” consumer profile
surge and high d some powerful equi devices more po
power devices
powerful installations a lot of equipment a few more devices, few devices low
systems)
ings, communications
schools, public buil
and refrigeration) community centres,
(public lighting) (health centres : lighting (places of worship,
(motors, etc.)
and and
and
ers, DIY, etc.) hold appliances)
and
washing machines, free refrigeration et hous etc.)
(pumping stations, etc.) (same as category 2 + (same as category 1 + (lighting, audio-visual,
June 1997
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
- 5 - DRE - A 1
2.2 Proposing a Range of Power/Energy Ratios
Depending on the one hand, on how users wish to consume energy, and on the other, on their eco-
nomic situation, several levels of service can be proposed in response to the quantitative require-
· availability of daily energy levels ;
·
Table 2 : Energy/Power Range
Requirements Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
E average 24h < 1 kWh
P installed < 0,2 kW > 2 kW
Services offered
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Power Installed
10 W 50 W 100 W 200 W 200 W 500 W 500 W 1 kW 1,5 kW 2 kW ~ 4 kW
Supplies at P
max. over 24 h
2h
2 W 10 W 20 W 40 W 25 W 60 W 40 W 80 W 120 W 160 W ~ 1 kW
Max. sustainable
supply over 24 h
50 Wh 250 Wh 500 Wh 1 kWh 600 Wh 1,5 kWh 1 kWh 2 kWh 3 kWh 4 kWh
Energy supplied
over 24h
2.3 Summary of Needs : Quality
Each type of use can be compared with the increasing demand shown in Table 3, by availability
period
Table 3 : Types of need : qualitative
Regularity and nature of energy requirements Availability
· The user needs an amount E of electric energy over a ·
given period which extends over more than one week time (for example : pumping station linked with a water
· p
· He can do without electric power for several days in the
· several hours of electric power supply at a constant
· e·
With regard to the quality of the supply, user expectation will centre on the points illustrated in Ta-
4.
ble
Cannot (or will not) do without a power supply. ously to use some of the installations simultan
voltage,
year.
Every day, the user needs :
ply. There is no quality requirement for the su
tower) (weekly or monthly)
He can do without energy at any time over this period of
for the energy on demand or required.
n x 10 kWh
~ 7 - 8 h 3 h 5 h
0,5 à 2 kW 0,15 à 0,5 kW
n x 10 kWh 1,5 à 4 kWh 0,75 à 1,5 kWh
A range of energy - power ratios is provided in Table 2.
conditions for the consumption of this energy.
ments presented in Table 1, and with the following features :
June 1997
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
DRE - A 1 - 6 -
Table 4 : Expected quality of supply
Type of equipment Qualitative Expectations
Voltage measured at equipment (U ± D
DC
Distortion of signal
Voltage measured at point of supply (U ± D
DF)
AC
Harmonics
j of grid
2.4 Types of Energy Production Sub-Systems
In order to begin the design of an electrification system for any given site, the technically most suit-
able production sub-system for the level of service required has to be selected.
In the field of decentralised rural electrification (DRE), the various production sub-systems practicable
Table 5 : Types of production sub-systems
Sub -system Description of production sub- Constraints
Type of use Comments
system
REN, no storage, with REN avail-
This mode of production provides daily
In this case, the storage associated with
c-
ity buffer battery. Resistance is S2, as the
Hybrid with synchronous coupling
(REN + electrogenerator set) and produced by the REN but to stabilise the
production variations while the set is start-
unreliable supplies for several days a
year
With this mode of production, the storage
allied to renewable energy is more flexible
than for the above solutions. Because of
the vagaries of the climate, this type of
system may not be available for several
Hybrid (REN + Electrogenerator secure supplies :
The use of the electrogenerator set elimi-
nates cuts in supplies due to climate. It
·
· use of electrogenerator set in public service systems operating 24 hrs a day, linking up with a
The following conclusions may be drawn with regard to the various production sub-systems selected :
conventional power station.
use of electrogenerator set only for single-user systems ;
The following have not been considered :
S6
Electrogenerator set with storage
guarantees continuity of supply.
set) with storage of energy S5
energy storage
Flexible
days a year. Production with
REN with energy storage S4
ing up.
voltage for consumption and to compensate Solid buffer storage
S3
role of the battery is not to store the energy buffer storage
Production with
the REN is nothing more than a low capa
(multi-customer systems)
supplies over a fixed period of time
Solid S2
Electrogenerator set with no storage
on availability of the REN resources ability
Random S1 Production
Production is random and depends entirely
are shown in Table 5.
cos
Frequency (F ±
U)
U)
June 1997
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
- 7 - DRE - A 1
· The use of renewable energy alone makes for unreliable production depending on weather
· Use of the electrogenerator set provides a production unit which completely protects the user
from unreliable weather. It guarantees supply. In multi-user systems, used alone (S2) or in
conjunction with pseudo on-line production using REN and buffer battery (S3), it only supplies
energy over a specific period of time, thus creating rigid conditions of use. (The option of diesel
· Storage of energy adds flexibility for users :
à combined with REN alone (S4), it means the user has adequate reserves of power to
compensate for the lack of suitable natural resources. However, only over capacity from
REN and storage can guarantee continued availability of supplies for the user throughout
à combined with a set with or without REN production, it enables the user to consume en-
ergy at will, without restrictions as to the period of time. The choice between a
+ tion (S5) and a {set + storage} solution (S6) is the result either of a
political decision to use REN or of a decision to minimise operating and maintenance
2.5 Matching Decentralised Production Capacities to Needs : Selection of Energy Production
to Match Needs
Figure 1 illustrates how the possibilities offered by the various production sub-systems possible can
Where user is satisfied by weekly or monthly energy supplies, with no demands as to quality, produc-
Where the user requires daily supplies and accepts several days a year without operation because of
Where the user requires daily supplies completely protected from weather changes (implying the use
· an electrogenerator set (for multi-user systems) or a hybrid solution (set + REN), with synchro-
the user will first have to accept that supplies will be provided over a set period of time.
· production with storage, consisting either of a set on its own or of hybrid production (set + REN)
or of REN alone with, in this case, over- capacity from the REN, plus storage. These solutions
provide the user with operational flexibility for his system. He can consume his energy quota at
will, any time of the day or night.
nous coupling and buffer storage (set combined with pseudo-continuous REN). If this is the case,
of a set or of over capacity with REN, plus storage) several solutions would be suitable :
weather changes, a solution consisting of storage combined with renewable energy would be suitable.
tion based on renewable energy (REN) would be suitable.
be matched to user requirements.
costs.
storage} solu {hybrid
the year,
power stations operating 24 hours a day is not discussed in this document).
conditions.
June 1997
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
DRE - A 1 - 8 -
with no quality requirement for a period of electricity at a constant voltage every day
about a week or a month
Will do without power for
Cannot (will not) do
without a power supply
i-The user will not accept in-
use supplies 24 hrs a day
Rigid Rigid
y-
Hybrid Hybrid
set only
*
Production Production with
Production
without storage
with storage
*
Figure 1 : Matching production possibilities to needs in decentralised systems
: Overproduction of REN and storage
buffer storage
+ storage
REN + storage
coupled REN only
brid + storage REN
Flexible
Unreliable
Set + storage H
Flexible
period
flexible supplies and wishes to ble supplies over a fixed
The user accepts inflex
several days a year
with concurrent usage.
The user needs several hours supply of The user needs a given power supply
June 1997
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
- 9 - DRE - A 1
3. Proposing a Range of Decentralised Rural Electrification Systems
Selection of the production sub-system is carried out on the basis of the qualitative requirements in
energy availability and acceptance by the user of the constraints connected with the proposal. Sec-
capacity of the production and distribution sub-systems must be adjusted to meet the
qualitative requirements.
Once the production sub-system matching the requirements has been selected, the type of electrifi-
cation system (single or multi-user) adopted is the economically acceptable one with respect to the
overall costs of investment, operation, maintenance and/or replacement, adapted to the required
operational timescales. Of course, other criteria must also be born in mind, environmental protection
for example.
The various types of production sub-system considered lead to the identification of eight types of
system for decentralised rural electrification. Table 6 introduces the eight types and for each of them
The architectures of these systems are described in document DRE - B1: "Architecture of Electrifica-
tion Systems". The different types of decentralised electrification systems are set out in Table 6.
Table 6 : Types of decentralised electrification systems
System Category Type System Description Proposed Agreement between
Site Foreman and Project Contractor
Commitment to supply for x months out of 12,
Supplies from RENs-T1
tem supplies (or their equivalent in terms of results)
T2 Private REN production system
Commitment to supply :
Þ n days out of 365 (or n weeks out of 52) a
Private electrification
systems (PES) weekly (or monthly) contractually agreed
Hybrid private production system
T3
Þ
T4 REN micro-power station with
Commitment to supply :
energy storage, supplying a
Þ n days out of 365 (or n weeks out of 52) a
micro-grid
daily contractually agreed energy supply for
a minimum of a certain number of hours.
Hybrid micro-power station with
T5
energy storage supplying a mi-Þ
cro-grid
i-
Hybrid micro-power station with
T6
fication systems
synchronous coupling and buffer
battery supplying a micro-grid.
Diesel micro-power station with
storage, supplying a micro-grid
T7
T8 Diesel micro-power station sup-
Commitment to supply a contractually agreed
plying a micro-grid
power supply 365 days a year over a set time-
scales between time 0 and time 1.
(PSES)
Public service electr
a contractually agreed level of power
a contractually agreed level of power.
with energy storage
energy supply
with energy storage
every month, week, etc.
sources
and y week out of 52, the contracted power REN dependent production sy
proposes contrac
...
SLOVENSKI SIST-TS IEC/PAS 62111:2006
STANDARD
maj 2006
Specifikacije za uporabo obnovljivih virov energije za decentralizirano
elektrifikacijo podeželja
Specifications for the use of renewable energies in rural decentralised electrification
ICS 27.190 Referenčna številka
SIST-TS IEC/PAS 62111:2006(en)
© Standard je založil in izdal Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje ali kopiranje celote ali delov tega dokumenta ni dovoljeno
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Edition 1.0
1999-07
Specifications for the use
of renewable energies
in rural decentralised
electrification
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Reference number
IN TER N A TION AL
E L E C T R OT E CHNI CA L
IEC/PAS 62111
C O MMI S S I O N
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Copyright © 1997, EDF
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
Specifications for the use of renewable energies
in rural decentralised electrification
FOREWORD
A PAS is a technical specification not fulfilling the requirements for a standard, but made
available to the public and established in an organization operating under given procedures.
IEC/PAS 62111 was submitted by Electricité de France and has been processed by IEC
technical committee 82: Solar photovoltaic energy systems.
This PAS is also relevant to the activities of TC 21, Secondary cells and batteries, and TC 88,
Wind turbine systems.
The text of this PAS is based on the This PAS was approved for
following document: publication by the P-members of the
committee concerned as indicated in
the following document:
Draft PAS Report on voting
82/221/PAS 82/224/RVD
Following publication of this PAS, the technical committee or subcommittee concerned will
investigate the possibility of transforming the PAS into an International Standard.
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all
national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in
addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is entrusted to technical
committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory
work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this
preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in
accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested National Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the form of
standards, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any divergence
between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly indicated in the
latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this PAS may be the subject of patent rights.
The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
DRE SPECIFICATIONS June 1997
Title Specifications for the use of REN
in Rural Decentralised Electrification
Summary The General Directives for the use of Renewable Energies in
Decentralised Rural Electrification take the form of 24 documents
describing the functional specifications on which the design,
implementation and exploitation of the constituent parts of these
Produced by ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT DEPARTMENT
1, Ave. du General de Gaulle
© EDF - 1997
Fax : 01 47 65 32 18
Telephone : 01 47 65 34 66
CLAMART CEDEX - FRANCE 92141
Supplies Group
Substations and Lines Branch
electrification systems should be based.
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
- 3 - Specifications
SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE USE OF REN IN RURAL DECENTRALISED
ELECTRIFICATION
"DRE SPECIFICATIONS"
Decentralised Rural Electrification projects are now being implemented in France as well as on the
export market (particularly in developing countries) with no guidelines to enable those involved to
It is for this reason that professionals in the area concerned have decided to pool their experience in
order to establish a set of recommendations which will, when applied, provide a benchmark for the
A list of those who have contributed to the content of these Directives may be found as an appendix.
This document is therefore intended for the use of the Project supervisor and, in general, all those
responsible for establishing calls for tender (e.g. : EDF - GDF Centres, Services or Electrification
Syndicates in France, Independents, Development Aid Associations, etc.), as a guide to analysis of
requirements and to improve the clarity of the responses they receive.
It is also intended for Project Contractor
in developing countries, service companies, companies involved in the electrification of villages, etc.,
as a guide to the presentation of their reasons for the technical options they have made in their
.
Constructor, installers, operators and maintenance contractors will also find proposed product
specifications, recommendations for the design and installation of systems, practical guidelines for
operating and maintaining the installations in these Directives.
The content of these Directives is intended as a guide to the identification of energy requirements, of
products which are technically best suited within the economic context ; it will provide a resource for :
· selecting
· specifying a system for a pre-determined site (architecture, components, energy management,
protection, etc.) ;
· preparations for the
In format, the DRE SPECIFICATIONS are divided into five major sections :
Part A : From Energy Requirements to Electrification System ;
Part B : Guidelines for
Part C : Technical Specification of Components ;
Part D : Guide to Specification of a System for a Specific Site ;
Part E :
Table 1 provides a brief summary of each of the sections.
Product Specifications (planned).
Design and Operation ; System
operation and maintenance of a REN system (guidelines to be applied).
an REN system suited to the installation site (adapting the solution to the needs) ;
response to the call for tender, in a format which would be comprehensible to a Project Supervisor
based in research bureaux, project planners, REN agencies
quality of the installations designed, installed and operated on this basis.
establish common standards for use as a reference in assessing the quality of the installations.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
June 1997
DRE
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
Specifications - 4 -
Table 1 : List of DRE documents
Title
Series A : From Energy Requirements to Electrification System
From the Requirements to be met to the Proposals for a Range of Electrification
A 1
A 2
A 3 Contractual Framework governing the Relationships Involved
A 4 Quality Assurance for Project Design and Implementation
Series B : Guidelines for System Design and Operation
B 1 Architecture of Electrification Systems
B 2
B 3
B 4
B 5 Guidelines for Data Acquisition
B 6 Guidelines for the Protection of Persons and Property from Electrical Hazards
B 7
Series C : Technical Specification of Components
Photovoltaic Array
Building-integration of Photovoltaic Arrays
Wind Generator
Converter
Climatic and Environmental Testing
Series D : Guide to Specification of a System for a Pre-Determined Site
Guidelines for Selecting a System (planned)
Typical Functional Description of a Private Electrification System (planned)
Typical Functional Description of a Public Service Electrification System : Micro
Typical Functional Description of a Public Electrification System : Micro grids
Series E : Product Specifications (planned)
The current 1997 edition will be expanded in 1998 by feedback from the application of these
recommendations to DRE systems now being implemented throughout the world, and by the
development of industrial products where the design, installation and implementation have been
based on the proposed specifications.
D5
Power Stations
D 4
D 3
D 2
Methods for Characterising Needs (planned) D 1
C 8
Energy Management C 7
C 6
Battery C 5
Electrogenerator Set C 4
C 3
C 2
C 1
Guidelines for Operation, Maintenance and Renewal
Energy Management Guidelines
Guidelines for Distribution Sub-System Design (planned)
Guidelines for Production Sub-System Design (planned)
Results expected from the Process of System Design
Systems
Part
June 1997
DRE
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
- 5 - Specifications
The General Directives for the Use of REN for Decentralised Rural Electrification were drawn up for
EDF by :
F.
M.
P.
A.
J. P.
J. C.
E. LAGET
A.
T. EDF - DER - ER - CCT
N.EDF - DER - ERMEL - ME
M. EDF - DER - ERMEL - ME
A. DIET EDF - DER - ERMEL - PEL
C ; EDF - DER - ERMEL - PEL
A.HIRIARTEDF - DER - ERMEL - PEL
G. EDF - DER - ERMEL - PEL
P. EDF - DER - ERMEL - PEL
A. SCHMITT EDF - DER - ERMEL - PEL
R.EDF - DER - ERMEL - PEL
J. EDF - DER - ERMEL - CIMA
te
D.EDF - DPRS - SFP - S Tulle
ces
J. F. EDF - GDF - S - Avignon Grand Delta
ces
Y. EDF - GDF - S - Cornouaille
ces
F. HOFFMAN EDF - GDF - S
ces
G.MARBOEUFEDF - GDF - S - ID
P.
P.
P.MARMIGNON
J. P.
D.GUFFLET
B.
B.
J. Y. QUINETTE
B.MONVERT
R.MISSAOUI
G. MOINE
J.
D.
VERGNET LEFEBVRE
VERGNET BILLEREY
TRANSENERGIE
TRANSENERGIE
TENDANCIEL
TECSOL
SPIE ENERTRANS LAMY
SERT ROCQUEMAUREL
SCHNEIDER-DST-ELEC
PHK Consultants JACQUIN Ph.
JURA ENERGIE SOLAIRE BRESSON
HOUVENAGHEL
GENEC MALBRANCHE
GENEC JOURDE
- Franche Comté Sud
PEDEN
CHARLES
BLANC
ALZIEU
SOLER
MAURAS
HUARD
GELIN
DESSOUDE
BUCHHEIT
DEFLANDRE
EDF - DER - EP - Machines LAALI
APEX
APEX CHABAUD
APAVE Sud Ouest DESPLAT
AINELEC HARDION
ADEME COURTIADE
ADEME COURILLON
ADEME ARMAND
June 1997
DRE
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
DRE SPECIFICATIONS - A 1 June 1997
Title Part A : From Energy Requirements to
Electrification System
Section 1 : From the Requirements to
be met to the Proposals for a Range of
Electrification Systems
Number of pages
Type Specification
Associated Document(s) DRE - B1: "Architecture of Electrification Systems".
Summary This document offers an initial approach to a range of systems for
decentralised rural electrification, based on a theoretical analysis of user
requirements and of data arising from socio-economic surveys. 8 types of
system were selected as responding to three types of need. The electrifi-
Produced by ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT DEPARTMENT
1, Ave. du General de Gaulle
© EDF - 1997
Fax : 01 47 65 32 18
Telephone : 01 47 65 34 66
CLAMART CEDEX - FRANCE 92141
Supplies Group
Substations and Lines Branch
systems, private systems and service systems.
cation systems identified were on stream renewable energy process supply
(including appendices) 14
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
DRE - A 1 - 2 -
CONTENTS
1. Vocation of Decentralised Rural Electrification Systems . . .3
................................ ................................ ................................ .........................3
2.1 Summary of Requirements : Supply . . .3
................................ ................................ ...............5
2.3 Summary of Needs : Quality . . . .5
................................ ................................ .................6
................................ ................................ ................................ ...............................7
................................ ..................9
Appendix 1 : Analysis of the types of device installed for different types of usage - Domestic use .
12
3. Proposing a Range of Decentralised Rural Electrification Systems
Match Needs
2.5 Matching Decentralised Production Capacities to Needs : Selection of Energy Production to
2.4 Types of Energy Production Sub-Systems
2.2 Proposing a Range of Power/Energy Ratios
2. User Requirements
June 1997
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
- 3 - DRE - A 1
1. Vocation of Decentralised Rural Electrification Systems
Decentralised rural electrification systems are intended to supply electricity for use throughout rural
· isolated private dwellings,
· dwellings in village groups,
· public service (public lighting, pumping stations, health centres, places of worship, public
buildings, etc.),
· centres of economic activity (workshops, micro-industries etc.).
seems
· process electrification systems (for example, pumping) ;
· private electrification systems (PES) for single users ;
· public service electrification systems (PSES) for public service users.
· producing electrical energy ;
· consuming
The public service electrification systems, on the other hand, have 3 sub-systems :
· producing electrical energy.
By convention, this section is called a " micro power station", the term "micro" indicating the
modest levels of power produced (from a few kVA) :
· distributing
By convention, this section is called a " micro-grid", the term "micro" indicating the modest
levels of capacity.
· user ribution lectrical equipment.
2. User Requirements
Whatever type of use is being supplied, requirements will be of two types :
· quantitative :
à amounts of energy required over a given period of time and providing the number of
hours of use expected from the equipment installed ;
à power to provide simultaneous use from certain installations, if not all installa-
· qualitative :
à availability
à quality in supply which does not affect the performance nor the life expectancy of instal-
2.1 Summary of Requirements : Supply
Appendix 1 contains an analysis of consumption typical of the devices currently installed for each of
the applications mentioned in §1, and an estimated life expectancy we consider probable for these
1)
devices. This analysis was based on our experience with PV systems in France and surveys of re-
This analysis has lead us to propose separating quantitative requirements into 4 categories (see Ta-
basis of the power specifications of equipment on the market, and on a specific number of hours use
for each application.
ble 1). For each of these categories, requirements in power and in energy have been assessed on the
quirements in Southern Mediterranean countries.
lations.
of energy use : to be able to use energy whenever it is needed ; the
tions.
enough
the
circuits and e isting of user dist cons sub-system a
this power. a sub-system
to a few dozen kVA
a sub-system
this energy. a sub-system
a sub-system
The process electrification systems and private electrification systems have only two sub-systems :
can be sub-divided into three categories : syst The
The type of use is, in most cases, as follows :
areas, to sites not connected to the national grid.
June 1997
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
DRE - A 1 - 4 -
Table 1 : Quantitative Requirements by Type
Category Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
· private · private · private public services
e-z-
Type of User
economic activities
and
Type of Use low consumption public
services public services public services
· ·
d-
· · · ·
w-· p-· e-
·
Basic
Specifications
·
·
Probable installed Supply < 200 W > 2 kW
Average Supplies required
over 24h < 1 kWh
p
Category 1 : Private lighting and/or
Power and energy requirements are low (P<200 W, E/j<1000 Wh). This category includes a certain
proportion of private dwellings which can be described as “low consumers” using lighting and/or
audio-visual appliances, and public services with the same type of installations. Among the latter are
Category 2 :
Requirements are marginally greater (150W
cludes a proportion of private dwellings (lighting, audio-visual, refrigeration and household appli-
Category 3 :
Energy requirements are more considerable (500W
gory includes the so-called “voracious” private consumers. These consumers may have freezers,
washing machines (which do not heat water), DIY equipment. Public lighting for larger villages may
come under the same category. In effect, and depending on the number of lights required to operate
simultaneously in a village, surge demand and energy requirements in larger villages may be com-
pared with the third type of “private” user.
Category 4 :
Requirements for power and energy are very large (P>2000 W and E/j= n x Wh). This cate-
1
gory includes economic activities such as micro-industry and public services such as pumping sta-
1
1) EDF/DER HM-55/96/025 Technical Note, October 1996 : "Feedback on Photo-Electric Systems in France -
User Perception and Practice", ORHANT I, SAADAOUI L, WAERAAS de SAINT MARTIN G.
tions.
000 10
Process and micro-industry
Category 2 + freezers and/or washing machine
ances) and health centres.
Category 1 + Refrigeration and/or household appliances
included places of worship, community centres, public buildings and communications systems.
audio-visual Requirements
tion) electricity consum
(to satisfy expected
n x 10 kWh 1500 à 4 kWh 0,75 à 1,5 kWh
0,5 à 2 kW 150 à 500 W
profile
"variable" consumer
demand on supplies
surge and possibly high
mand on supplies ment erful “flat” consumer profile
surge and high d some powerful equi devices more po
power devices
powerful installations a lot of equipment a few more devices, few devices low
systems)
ings, communications
schools, public buil
and refrigeration) community centres,
(public lighting) (health centres : lighting (places of worship,
(motors, etc.)
and and
and
ers, DIY, etc.) hold appliances)
and
washing machines, free refrigeration et hous etc.)
(pumping stations, etc.) (same as category 2 + (same as category 1 + (lighting, audio-visual,
June 1997
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
- 5 - DRE - A 1
2.2 Proposing a Range of Power/Energy Ratios
Depending on the one hand, on how users wish to consume energy, and on the other, on their eco-
nomic situation, several levels of service can be proposed in response to the quantitative require-
· availability of daily energy levels ;
·
Table 2 : Energy/Power Range
Requirements Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
E average 24h < 1 kWh
P installed < 0,2 kW > 2 kW
Services offered
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Power Installed
10 W 50 W 100 W 200 W 200 W 500 W 500 W 1 kW 1,5 kW 2 kW ~ 4 kW
Supplies at P
max. over 24 h
2h
2 W 10 W 20 W 40 W 25 W 60 W 40 W 80 W 120 W 160 W ~ 1 kW
Max. sustainable
supply over 24 h
50 Wh 250 Wh 500 Wh 1 kWh 600 Wh 1,5 kWh 1 kWh 2 kWh 3 kWh 4 kWh
Energy supplied
over 24h
2.3 Summary of Needs : Quality
Each type of use can be compared with the increasing demand shown in Table 3, by availability
period
Table 3 : Types of need : qualitative
Regularity and nature of energy requirements Availability
· The user needs an amount E of electric energy over a ·
given period which extends over more than one week time (for example : pumping station linked with a water
· p
· He can do without electric power for several days in the
· several hours of electric power supply at a constant
· e·
With regard to the quality of the supply, user expectation will centre on the points illustrated in Ta-
4.
ble
Cannot (or will not) do without a power supply. ously to use some of the installations simultan
voltage,
year.
Every day, the user needs :
ply. There is no quality requirement for the su
tower) (weekly or monthly)
He can do without energy at any time over this period of
for the energy on demand or required.
n x 10 kWh
~ 7 - 8 h 3 h 5 h
0,5 à 2 kW 0,15 à 0,5 kW
n x 10 kWh 1,5 à 4 kWh 0,75 à 1,5 kWh
A range of energy - power ratios is provided in Table 2.
conditions for the consumption of this energy.
ments presented in Table 1, and with the following features :
June 1997
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
DRE - A 1 - 6 -
Table 4 : Expected quality of supply
Type of equipment Qualitative Expectations
Voltage measured at equipment (U ± D
DC
Distortion of signal
Voltage measured at point of supply (U ± D
DF)
AC
Harmonics
j of grid
2.4 Types of Energy Production Sub-Systems
In order to begin the design of an electrification system for any given site, the technically most suit-
able production sub-system for the level of service required has to be selected.
In the field of decentralised rural electrification (DRE), the various production sub-systems practicable
Table 5 : Types of production sub-systems
Sub -system Description of production sub- Constraints
Type of use Comments
system
REN, no storage, with REN avail-
This mode of production provides daily
In this case, the storage associated with
c-
ity buffer battery. Resistance is S2, as the
Hybrid with synchronous coupling
(REN + electrogenerator set) and produced by the REN but to stabilise the
production variations while the set is start-
unreliable supplies for several days a
year
With this mode of production, the storage
allied to renewable energy is more flexible
than for the above solutions. Because of
the vagaries of the climate, this type of
system may not be available for several
Hybrid (REN + Electrogenerator secure supplies :
The use of the electrogenerator set elimi-
nates cuts in supplies due to climate. It
·
· use of electrogenerator set in public service systems operating 24 hrs a day, linking up with a
The following conclusions may be drawn with regard to the various production sub-systems selected :
conventional power station.
use of electrogenerator set only for single-user systems ;
The following have not been considered :
S6
Electrogenerator set with storage
guarantees continuity of supply.
set) with storage of energy S5
energy storage
Flexible
days a year. Production with
REN with energy storage S4
ing up.
voltage for consumption and to compensate Solid buffer storage
S3
role of the battery is not to store the energy buffer storage
Production with
the REN is nothing more than a low capa
(multi-customer systems)
supplies over a fixed period of time
Solid S2
Electrogenerator set with no storage
on availability of the REN resources ability
Random S1 Production
Production is random and depends entirely
are shown in Table 5.
cos
Frequency (F ±
U)
U)
June 1997
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
- 7 - DRE - A 1
· The use of renewable energy alone makes for unreliable production depending on weather
· Use of the electrogenerator set provides a production unit which completely protects the user
from unreliable weather. It guarantees supply. In multi-user systems, used alone (S2) or in
conjunction with pseudo on-line production using REN and buffer battery (S3), it only supplies
energy over a specific period of time, thus creating rigid conditions of use. (The option of diesel
· Storage of energy adds flexibility for users :
à combined with REN alone (S4), it means the user has adequate reserves of power to
compensate for the lack of suitable natural resources. However, only over capacity from
REN and storage can guarantee continued availability of supplies for the user throughout
à combined with a set with or without REN production, it enables the user to consume en-
ergy at will, without restrictions as to the period of time. The choice between a
+ tion (S5) and a {set + storage} solution (S6) is the result either of a
political decision to use REN or of a decision to minimise operating and maintenance
2.5 Matching Decentralised Production Capacities to Needs : Selection of Energy Production
to Match Needs
Figure 1 illustrates how the possibilities offered by the various production sub-systems possible can
Where user is satisfied by weekly or monthly energy supplies, with no demands as to quality, produc-
Where the user requires daily supplies and accepts several days a year without operation because of
Where the user requires daily supplies completely protected from weather changes (implying the use
· an electrogenerator set (for multi-user systems) or a hybrid solution (set + REN), with synchro-
the user will first have to accept that supplies will be provided over a set period of time.
· production with storage, consisting either of a set on its own or of hybrid production (set + REN)
or of REN alone with, in this case, over- capacity from the REN, plus storage. These solutions
provide the user with operational flexibility for his system. He can consume his energy quota at
will, any time of the day or night.
nous coupling and buffer storage (set combined with pseudo-continuous REN). If this is the case,
of a set or of over capacity with REN, plus storage) several solutions would be suitable :
weather changes, a solution consisting of storage combined with renewable energy would be suitable.
tion based on renewable energy (REN) would be suitable.
be matched to user requirements.
costs.
storage} solu {hybrid
the year,
power stations operating 24 hours a day is not discussed in this document).
conditions.
June 1997
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
DRE - A 1 - 8 -
with no quality requirement for a period of electricity at a constant voltage every day
about a week or a month
Will do without power for
Cannot (will not) do
without a power supply
i-The user will not accept in-
use supplies 24 hrs a day
Rigid Rigid
y-
Hybrid Hybrid
set only
*
Production Production with
Production
without storage
with storage
*
Figure 1 : Matching production possibilities to needs in decentralised systems
: Overproduction of REN and storage
buffer storage
+ storage
REN + storage
coupled REN only
brid + storage REN
Flexible
Unreliable
Set + storage H
Flexible
period
flexible supplies and wishes to ble supplies over a fixed
The user accepts inflex
several days a year
with concurrent usage.
The user needs several hours supply of The user needs a given power supply
June 1997
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Copyright (C) 1997, EDF
- 9 - DRE - A 1
3. Proposing a Range of Decentralised Rural Electrification Systems
Selection of the production sub-system is carried out on the basis of the qualitative requirements in
energy availability and acceptance by the user of the constraints connected with the proposal. Sec-
capacity of the production and distribution sub-systems must be adjusted to meet the
qualitative requirements.
Once the production sub-system matching the requirements has been selected, the type of electrifi-
cation system (single or multi-user) adopted is the economically acceptable one with respect to the
overall costs of investment, operation, maintenance and/or replacement, adapted to the required
operational timescales. Of course, other criteria must also be born in mind, environmental protection
for example.
The various types of production sub-system considered lead to the identification of eight types of
system for decentralised rural electrification. Table 6 introduces the eight types and for each of them
The architectures of these systems are described in document DRE - B1: "Architecture of Electrifica-
tion Systems". The different types of decentralised electrification systems are set out in Table 6.
Table 6 : Types of decentralised electrification systems
System Category Type System Description Proposed Agreement between
Site Foreman and Project Contractor
Commitment to supply for x months out of 12,
Supplies from RENs-T1
tem supplies (or their equivalent in terms of results)
T2 Private REN production system
Commitment to supply :
Þ n days out of 365 (or n weeks out of 52) a
Private electrification
systems (PES) weekly (or monthly) contractually agreed
Hybrid private production system
T3
Þ
T4 REN micro-power station with
Commitment to supply :
energy storage, supplying a
Þ n days out of 365 (or n weeks out of 52) a
micro-grid
daily contractually agreed energy supply for
a minimum of a certain number of hours.
Hybrid micro-power station with
T5
energy storage supplying a mi-Þ
cro-grid
i-
Hybrid micro-power station with
T6
fication systems
synchronous coupling and buffer
battery supplying a micro-grid.
Diesel micro-
...
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