IEC 60335-2-103:2023

Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Part 2-103: Particular requirements for drives for gates, doors and windows

IEC 60335-2-103:2023 deals with the safety of electric drives for horizontally and vertically moving gates, doors, garage doors and windows for household and similar purposes, their rated voltage being not more than 250 V for single-phase drives and 600 V for other drives including direct current (DC) supplied appliances and battery-operated appliances. It also covers the hazards associated with the movement of the driven part.
Drives not intended for normal household use but which nevertheless can be a source of danger to the public, such as drives intended to be used by laymen in shops, offices, hotels, restaurants, hospitals, in industry and on farms, are within the scope of this standard.
Requirements for drives for doors that can be used in emergency routes and exits are given in normative Annex AA.
Examples of drives within the scope of this standard are drives for
– folding doors;
– revolving doors;
– rolling doors;
– roof windows;
– sectional overhead doors;
– swinging and sliding gates or doors.
Drives can be supplied with a driven part.
As far as is practicable, this standard deals with the common hazards presented by drives that are encountered by all persons in and around the home. However, in general, it does not take into account
– persons (including children) whose physical, sensory or mental capabilities; or lack of experience and knowledge prevents them from using the drive safely without supervision or instruction;
– children playing with the drive.
For appliances intended to be used in vehicles or on board ships or aircraft, additional requirements can be necessary. In many countries, additional requirements are specified by the national health authorities, the national authorities responsible for the protection of labour, the national water supply authorities and similar authorities.
This standard does not apply to drives
– for vertically moving garage doors for residential use (60335-2-95);
– for shutters covering doors and windows (including locations where the door is set back from the shutter), awnings, blinds and similar equipment (60335-2-97);
– intended exclusively to be used by trained persons in commercial and industrial premises;
– for specific purposes, such as fire doors;
– for natural smoke exhaust ventilators not used as windows (ISO 21927-2);
– intended to be used in locations where special conditions prevail, such as the presence of a corrosive or explosive atmosphere (dust, vapour or gas).
This standard does not apply to movement of a pedestrian door where such movement is based solely on stored energy.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2015, Amendment 1:2017 and Amendment 2:2019. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) the text has been aligned with IEC 60335-1:2020;
b) scope includes DC-supplied appliances and battery-operated appliances (Clause 1);
c) some notes have been converted to normative text (Clause 1);
d) additional requirements for installation instructions have been incorporated (7.12);
e) application of test probe 18 and test probe 19 have been introduced (8.1.1, 20.2, Annexes BB, CC and DD);
f) addition of surface temperatures for external accessible surfaces (11.3, 11.8);
g) requirements for loading accessible appliance outlets and socket outlets have been added (11.7);
h) requirements for appliances incorporating integral batteries or separable batteries have been added (11.7);
i) requirements have been added for drives intended for permanent connection delivered with a connector to ease the installation (22.108, 24.101, 25.3).
This part 2 is to be used in conjunction with the latest edition of IEC 60335-1 and its amendments unless that edition precludes it; in that case, the latest edition that does not preclude it is used. It was established on the basis of the sixth edition (2020) of tha

Appareils électrodomestiques et analogues - Sécurité - Partie 2-103: Exigences particulières pour les motorisations de portails, portes et fenêtres

L'IEC 60335-2-103:2023 traite de la sécurité des motorisations électriques de portails, portes et portes de garage et fenêtres, à déplacement horizontal ou vertical pour usage domestique et analogue, dont la tension assignée n'est pas supérieure à 250 V pour les motorisations monophasées et à 600 V pour les autres motorisations, y compris les appareils alimentés en courant continu et les appareils alimentés par batteries. Elle couvre également les dangers liés au mouvement de la partie entraînée.
Les motorisations non destinées à un usage domestique normal, mais qui néanmoins peuvent constituer une source de danger pour le public, telle que les motorisations destinées à être utilisées par des utilisateurs non avertis dans des magasins, des bureaux, des hôtels, des restaurants, des hôpitaux, dans l'industrie et dans des fermes, sont comprises dans le domaine d'application de la présente norme.
Les motorisations applicables aux éléments suivants sont des exemples de motorisations qui entrent dans le domaine d'application de la présente norme:
– portes pliantes;
– portes tournantes;
– portes à enroulement;
– fenêtres de toit;
– portes sectionnelles relevantes;
– portails ou portes de type battant et coulissant.
Dans la mesure du possible, la présente norme traite des dangers ordinaires présentés par les motorisations, encourus par toutes les personnes à l'intérieur et autour de l'habitation. Cependant, elle ne tient pas compte en général
– des personnes (y compris des enfants) dont les capacités physiques, sensorielles ou mentales; ou le manque d'expérience et de connaissance les empêchent d'utiliser la motorisation en toute sécurité sans surveillance ou instruction;
– de l'utilisation de la motorisation comme jouet par des enfants.
Pour les appareils destinés à être utilisés dans des véhicules ou à bord de navires ou d'avions, des exigences supplémentaires peuvent être nécessaires. Dans de nombreux pays, des exigences supplémentaires sont spécifiées par les organismes nationaux de la santé, par les organismes nationaux responsables de la protection des travailleurs, par les organismes nationaux responsables de l'alimentation en eau et par des organismes similaires.
La présente norme ne s'applique pas aux motorisations
– des portes de garage à ouverture verticale pour usage résidentiel (IEC 60335-2-95);
– des volets qui couvrent les portes et les fenêtres (y compris dans les cas où la porte est en retrait par rapport au volet), des stores, des rideaux et des équipements analogues (IEC 60335-2-97);
– destinées exclusivement à une utilisation par des personnes averties dans des locaux à usage commercial et industriel;
– pour des usages spécifiques, comme les portes coupe-feu;
– pour des dispositifs d'évacuation naturelle des fumées non utilisés comme fenêtres (ISO 21927-2);
– destinées à être utilisées dans des locaux présentant des conditions particulières, telles que la présence d'une atmosphère corrosive ou explosive (poussière, vapeur ou gaz).
La présente norme ne s'applique pas au mouvement d'une porte piétonne lorsque ce mouvement repose uniquement sur l'énergie stockée.
Cette quatrième édition annule et remplace la troisième édition parue en 2015, l'Amendement 1:2017 et l'Amendement 2:2019. Cette édition constitue une révision technique.
Cette édition inclut les modifications techniques majeures suivantes par rapport à l'édition précédente:
a) le texte a été aligné sur l'IEC 60335-1:2020;
b) le domaine d'application comprend les appareils alimentés en courant continu et les appareils alimentés par batteries (Article 1);
c) certaines notes ont été converties en texte normatif (Article 1);
d) des exigences supplémentaires relatives aux instructions d'installation ont été incorporées (7.12);
e) l'application du calibre d'essai 18 et du calibre d'essai 19 a été introduite (8.1.1, 20.2, Annexes BB, CC et DD);
f) des températures de surface ont été ajoutées pour les surfaces accessibles extérieures (11.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 14-Dec-2023
• ICS: 13.120 - Domestic safety
• ICS: 91.060.50 - Doors and windows
• Technical Committee: TC 61 - Safety of household and similar electrical appliances
• Drafting Committee: MT 25 - TC 61/MT 25
• Current Stage: PPUB - Publication issued
• Start Date: 29-Dec-2023
• Completion Date: 15-Dec-2023

Relations

• Revises: IEC 60335-2-103:2015 - Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Part 2-103: Particular requirements for drives for gates, doors and windows
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023
• Revises: IEC 60335-2-103:2015/AMD1:2017 - Amendment 1 - Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Part 2-103: Particular requirements for drives for gates, doors and windows
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023
• Revises: IEC 60335-2-103:2015/AMD2:2019 - Amendment 2 - Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Part 2-103: Particular requirements for drives for gates, doors and windows
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC 60335-2-103 ®
Edition 4.0 2023-12
COMMENTED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Household and similar electrical appliances – Safety –
Part 2-103: Particular requirements for drives for gates, doors and windows
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
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copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
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IEC 60335-2-103 ®
Edition 4.0 2023-12
COMMENTED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Household and similar electrical appliances – Safety –
Part 2-103: Particular requirements for drives for gates, doors and windows
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 13.120, 91.060.50 ISBN 978-2-8322-8058-4
– 2 – IEC 60335-2-103:2023 CMV © IEC 2023
CONTENTS
FOREWORD .4
INTRODUCTION .7
1 Scope .8
2 Normative references .9
3 Terms and definitions .9
4 General requirement . 11
5 General conditions for the tests . 11
6 Classification . 12
7 Marking and instructions . 12
8 Protection against access to live parts . 15
9 Starting of motor-operated appliances . 15
10 Power input and current . 15
11 Heating . 16
12 Void Charging of metal-ion batteries . 17
13 Leakage current and electric strength at operating temperature . 17
14 Transient overvoltages . 17
15 Moisture resistance . 17
16 Leakage current and electric strength . 18
17 Overload protection of transformers and associated circuits . 18
18 Endurance . 18
19 Abnormal operation . 18
20 Stability and mechanical hazards . 19
21 Mechanical strength . 20
22 Construction . 20
23 Internal wiring . 21
24 Components . 21
25 Supply connection and external flexible cords . 21
26 Terminals for external conductors . 22
27 Provision for earthing . 22
28 Screws and connections . 22
29 Clearances, creepage distances and solid insulation . 22
30 Resistance to heat and fire . 23
31 Resistance to rusting. 23
32 Radiation, toxicity and similar hazards . 23
Annexes . 28
Annex B (normative) Battery-operated appliances, separable batteries and detachable
batteries for battery-operated appliances . 29
Annex R (normative) Software evaluation . 30
Annex AA (normative) Drives for powered pedestrian doors used in emergency routes
and emergency exits . 31
Annex BB (normative) Drives for windows . 33
Annex CC (normative) Drives for pedestrian doors . 38

Annex DD (normative) Drives for horizontally and vertically moving doors and gates . 43
Annex EE (normative) Measuring point for protective devices of horizontally moving
pedestrian doors . 50
Annex FF (normative) Reference bodies . 59
Annex GG (normative) Test method of entrapment protection system of drives for
revolving doors . 61
Annex HH (normative) Limitation of impact forces of pedestrian doors . 62
Annex II (normative) Measuring points for limitation of impact forces of pedestrian
doors . 65
Annex JJ (normative) Low energy movement of pedestrian doors . 68
Annex KK (normative) Speed setting for low energy movement of pedestrian doors. 69
Annex LL (normative) Safeguarding of swing pedestrian doors . 71
Bibliography . 73
List of comments . 74

Figure 101 – Examples of driven parts . 25
Figure 102 – Inactive floor areas of pressure-sensitive pads . 26
Figure 103 – Probe for measuring surface temperatures . 27
Figure CC.1 – Safety distances for opening movement of swing door . 42
Figure EE.1 – Single-leaf sliding doorset. 50
Figure EE.2 – Double-leaf sliding doorset . 50
Figure EE.3 – Single-leaf swing doorset . 51
Figure EE.4 – Double-leaf swing doorset . 51
Figure EE.5 – Folding doorset . 52
Figure EE.6 – Revolving doorset, two leaves. 54
Figure EE.7 – Revolving doorset, three leaves . 56
Figure EE.8 – Revolving doorset, four leaves . 58
Figure FF.1 – Reference bodies. 60
Figure HH.1 – Force versus time . 63
Figure II.1 – Single-leaf sliding doorset . 65
Figure II.2 – Double-leaf sliding doorset . 65
Figure II.3 – Folding doorset . 66
Figure II.4 – Revolving doorset, 2-leaf . 66
Figure II.5 – Revolving doorset, 3-leaf . 67
Figure II.6 – Revolving doorset, 4-leaf . 67
Figure LL.1 – Areas of the door sweep . 71

Table 101 – Maximum temperature rises for specified external accessible surfaces
under normal operating conditions . 17
Table HH.1 – Permissible dynamic forces . 62
Table KK.1 – Speed settings . 69
Table KK.2 – Minimum travelling time per doorset leaf vs. mass of door leaf . 70
Table LL.1 – Minimum width of door leaf to be protected vs. radius of doorset and
doorset travelling time . 72

– 4 – IEC 60335-2-103:2023 CMV © IEC 2023
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
HOUSEHOLD AND SIMILAR ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES –
SAFETY –
Part 2-103: Particular requirements for drives for gates, doors and
windows
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus
...

IEC 60335-2-103 ®
Edition 4.0 2023-12
EXTENDED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
This extended version of IEC 60335-2-103:2023 includes the content of the references made to
IEC 60335-1:2020
Household and similar electrical appliances – Safety –
Part 2-103: Particular requirements for drives for gates, doors and windows
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.

IEC Secretariat Tel.: [phone]
3, rue de Varembé [e-mail]
CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.

About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
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IEC 60335-2-103 ®
Edition 4.0 2023-12
EXTENDED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
This extended version of IEC 60335-2-103:2023 includes the content of the references made to
IEC 60335-1:2020
Household and similar electrical appliances – Safety –
Part 2-103: Particular requirements for drives for gates, doors and windows
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 13.120, 91.060.50 ISBN 978-2-8322-8061-4

IEC 60335-1:2020/ISH1:2021 – 1 –
© IEC 2021
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
IEC 60335-1
Edition 6.0  2020-09
HOUSEHOLD AND SIMILAR ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES – SAFETY –

Part 1: General requirements
INTERPRETATION SHEET 1
This interpretation sheet has been prepared by IEC technical committee 61: Safety of
household and similar electrical appliances.
The text of this Interpretation Sheet is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
61/5999/DISH 61/6009/RVDISH
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
___________
INTRODUCTION
Edition 6 of IEC 60335-1:2020 defines and introduces requirements for a detachable
power supply part of an appliance. In the document, 24.2 prohibits the use of a power
supply in a flexible cord.
QUESTION:
Does Subclause 24.2 prohibit the use of a detachable power supply part?
ANSWER
No, a "detachable power supply part" is a defined term and is not captured by the term
"power supply" as used in Subclause 24.2.
NOTE A detachable power supply part is captured by the defined term when the output of the power supply
part is detachable from the class III construction part of the appliance at:
– the power supply part, or
– the class III construction part of the appliance.
However, the supply cord (if any) does not have to be detachable from the detachable power supply part.
ICS 13.120; 97.030
IEC 60335-1:2020-09/ISH1:2021-11(en)

– 2 – IEC 60335-2-103:2023 EXV © IEC 2023
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 7
INTRODUCTION . 10
1 Scope . 11
2 Normative references . 12
3 Terms and definitions . 17
4 General requirement . 29
5 General conditions for the tests . 29
6 Classification . 34
7 Marking and instructions . 34
8 Protection against access to live parts . 45
9 Starting of motor-operated appliances . 47
10 Power input and current . 47
11 Heating . 49
12 Charging of metal-ion batteries . 55
13 Leakage current and electric strength at operating temperature . 57
14 Transient overvoltages . 59
15 Moisture resistance . 60
16 Leakage current and electric strength . 63
17 Overload protection of transformers and associated circuits . 65
18 Endurance . 65
19 Abnormal operation . 65
20 Stability and mechanical hazards . 76
21 Mechanical strength . 77
22 Construction . 78
23 Internal wiring . 92
24 Components . 94
25 Supply connection and external flexible cords . 99
26 Terminals for external conductors . 107
27 Provision for earthing . 110
28 Screws and connections . 112
29 Clearances, creepage distances and solid insulation . 114
30 Resistance to heat and fire . 122
31 Resistance to rusting . 127
32 Radiation, toxicity and similar hazards . 127
Annex A (informative) Routine tests . 145
Annex B (normative) Battery-operated appliances, separable batteries and detachable
batteries for battery-operated appliances . 147
Annex C (normative) Ageing test on motors . 168
Annex D (normative) Thermal motor protectors . 169
Annex E (normative) Needle-flame test . 170
Annex F (normative) Capacitors . 171
Annex G (normative) Safety isolating transformers . 173

Annex H (normative) Switches . 174
Annex I (normative) Motors having basic insulation that is inadequate for the rated
voltage of the appliance . 176
Annex J (normative) Coated printed circuit boards . 178
Annex K (informative) Overvoltage categories . 179
Annex L (informative) Guidance for the measurement of clearances and creepage
distances . 180
Annex M (informative) Pollution degree . 183
Annex N (normative) Proof tracking test . 184
Annex O (informative) Selection and sequence of the tests of Clause 30 . 185
Annex P (informative) Guidance for the application of this standard to appliances
used in tropical climates . 190
Annex Q (informative) Sequence of tests for the evaluation of electronic circuits . 192
Annex R (normative) Software evaluation . 195
Annex S (informative) Guidance for the application of this standard on measurement
of power input and current based on the requirements of 10.1 and 10.2 concerning the
representative period . 209
Annex T (normative) UV-C radiation effect on non-metallic materials . 210
Annex U (normative) Appliances intended for remote communication through public
networks . 213
Annex AA (normative) Drives for powered pedestrian doors used in emergency routes
and emergency exits . 217
Annex BB (normative) Drives for windows . 219
Annex CC (normative) Drives for pedestrian doors. 224
Annex DD (normative) Drives for horizontally and vertically moving doors and gates . 229
Annex EE (normative) Measuring point for protective devices of horizontally moving
pedestrian doors . 236
Annex FF (normative) Reference bodies . 245
Annex GG (normative) Test method of entrapment protection system of drives for
revolving doors . 247
Annex HH (normative) Limitation of impact forces of pedestrian doors . 248
Annex II (normative) Measuring points for limitation of impact forces of pedestrian
doors . 251
Annex JJ (normative) Low energy movement of pedestrian doors . 254
Annex KK (normative) Speed setting for low energy movement of pedestrian doors . 255
Annex LL (normative) Safeguarding of swing pedestrian doors . 257
Bibliography . 259
Index of defined terms . 262

Figure 1 – Circuit diagram for leakage current measurement at operating temperature
for single-phase connection of class II appliances and for parts of class ll construction . 1
...

IEC 60335-2-103 ®
Edition 4.0 2023-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Household and similar electrical appliances – Safety –
Part 2-103: Particular requirements for drives for gates, doors and windows

Appareils électrodomestiques et analogues – Sécurité –
Partie 2-103: Exigences particulières pour les motorisations de portails, portes
et fenêtres
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
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About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.

About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigendum or an amendment might have been published.

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containing more than 22 300 terminological entries in English
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and French, with equivalent terms in 19 additional languages.
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IEC 60335-2-103 ®
Edition 4.0 2023-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Household and similar electrical appliances – Safety –

Part 2-103: Particular requirements for drives for gates, doors and windows

Appareils électrodomestiques et analogues – Sécurité –

Partie 2-103: Exigences particulières pour les motorisations de portails, portes

et fenêtres
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 13.120, 91.060.50 ISBN 978-2-8322-7918-2

– 2 – IEC 60335-2-103:2023 © IEC 2023
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 7
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 General requirement . 11
5 General conditions for the tests . 11
6 Classification . 11
7 Marking and instructions . 12
8 Protection against access to live parts . 14
9 Starting of motor-operated appliances . 15
10 Power input and current . 15
11 Heating . 15
12 Charging of metal-ion batteries . 17
13 Leakage current and electric strength at operating temperature . 17
14 Transient overvoltages . 17
15 Moisture resistance . 17
16 Leakage current and electric strength . 18
17 Overload protection of transformers and associated circuits . 18
18 Endurance . 18
19 Abnormal operation . 18
20 Stability and mechanical hazards . 19
21 Mechanical strength . 19
22 Construction . 19
23 Internal wiring . 21
24 Components . 21
25 Supply connection and external flexible cords . 21
26 Terminals for external conductors . 22
27 Provision for earthing . 22
28 Screws and connections . 22
29 Clearances, creepage distances and solid insulation . 22
30 Resistance to heat and fire . 22
31 Resistance to rusting . 22
32 Radiation, toxicity and similar hazards . 23
Annexes . 27
Annex B (normative) Battery-operated appliances, separable batteries and detachable
batteries for battery-operated appliances . 28
Annex R (normative) Software evaluation . 29
Annex AA (normative) Drives for powered pedestrian doors used in emergency routes
and emergency exits . 30
Annex BB (normative) Drives for windows . 32
Annex CC (normative) Drives for pedestrian doors . 37

Annex DD (normative) Drives for horizontally and vertically moving doors and gates . 42
Annex EE (normative) Measuring point for protective devices of horizontally moving
pedestrian doors . 49
Annex FF (normative) Reference bodies . 58
Annex GG (normative) Test method of entrapment protection system of drives for

revolving doors . 60
Annex HH (normative) Limitation of impact forces of pedestrian doors . 61
Annex II (normative) Measuring points for limitation of impact forces of pedestrian
doors . 64
Annex JJ (normative) Low energy movement of pedestrian doors . 67
Annex KK (normative) Speed setting for low energy movement of pedestrian doors . 68
Annex LL (normative) Safeguarding of swing pedestrian doors . 70
Bibliography . 72

Figure 101 – Examples of driven parts . 24
Figure 102 – Inactive floor areas of pressure-sensitive pads . 25
Figure 103 – Probe for measuring surface temperatures . 26
Figure CC.1 – Safety distances for opening movement of swing door . 41
Figure EE.1 – Single-leaf sliding doorset . 49
Figure EE.2 – Double-leaf sliding doorset . 49
Figure EE.3 – Single-leaf swing doorset. 50
Figure EE.4 – Double-leaf swing doorset . 50
Figure EE.5 – Folding doorset. 51
Figure EE.6 – Revolving doorset, two leaves . 53
Figure EE.7 – Revolving doorset, three leaves . 55
Figure EE.8 – Revolving doorset, four leaves . 57
Figure FF.1 – Reference bodies . 59
Figure HH.1 – Force versus time. 62
Figure II.1 – Single-leaf sliding doorset . 64
Figure II.2 – Double-leaf sliding door
...