ISO/TR 22957:2018
(Main)Document management — Analysis, selection and implementation of enterprise content management (ECM) systems
Document management — Analysis, selection and implementation of enterprise content management (ECM) systems
This document gives guidelines for a set of procedures and activities to be considered and/or performed by organizations when planning, designing and implementing various enterprise content management (ECM) technologies. The aspects or project phases range from initial business analysis through to vendor/integrator selection and technology implementation. The implementation of processes to manage electronically stored information (ESI) requires significant participation from the affected business units, if the content is stored and managed when created/received and controlled through the information life cycle following organizational policies and/or records retention and control policies are applied. As these efforts require multiple people with different disciplines, including technical teams, records managers and organizational management, this document has been prepared taking those perspectives into account. This document is applicable to both in-house and outsourced systems, including cloud solutions. It can also be useful when dealing with specialized business systems. The term "enterprise content management (ECM)" (or "document management") used throughout this document is intended as an all-encompassing term referring to capture technologies [scanning, indexing, optical character recognition (OCR), forms, digital creation, etc.], management technologies (document services, workflow and other work management tools), and storage [primarily non-alterable or write once read many (WORM) technologies]. This document provides information to users related to the technical reports, guidelines and standards that have been developed for technologies commonly available in ECM systems. This document is not intended to be an all-inclusive paper on electronic document or content management and does not attempt to influence any single technology or provide legal guidance or legal opinions. While there are storage technologies other than optical/magnetic currently available (i.e. microfilm, microfiche and hybrid storage systems) that are not included in this document, those technologies can be reviewed if determined to be appropriate by the end-user organization.
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TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 22957
Second edition
2018-12
Document management — Analysis,
selection and implementation of
of enterprise content management
(ECM) systems
Reference number
ISO/TR 22957:2018(E)
©
ISO 2018
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ISO/TR 22957:2018(E)
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© ISO 2018
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ISO/TR 22957:2018(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 ECM technology . 3
4.1 General . 3
4.2 Functional view of ECM systems . 3
4.3 Technical view of ECM systems . 4
4.3.1 Overview . 4
4.3.2 Database services . 5
4.3.3 Storage device drivers . 5
4.3.4 ECM application services . 5
4.4 Core technologies and application-specific modules. 6
4.4.1 Overview . 6
4.4.2 Document/library services technologies . 6
4.4.3 Document imaging technologies . 7
4.4.4 Intelligent document recognition . 8
4.4.5 Workflow technologies . 9
4.4.6 Records management modules . 9
4.4.7 Enterprise report management technologies .10
4.4.8 Forms processing .11
4.4.9 Optical, mark and intelligent character recognition .11
5 ECM guidelines and standards .12
5.1 General .12
5.2 Selecting the appropriate guideline or standard .13
5.2.1 General.13
5.2.2 Industry guidelines .13
5.2.3 Trusted system and legal considerations .13
5.2.4 Technology standards.15
5.2.5 Implementation considerations .15
5.3 Document imaging .17
5.3.1 User guidelines .17
5.3.2 Implementation considerations .20
5.4 Document/library services .23
5.4.1 Technology standards.23
5.4.2 Implementation considerations .23
5.5 Workflow .24
5.5.1 Technology standards.24
5.5.2 Implementation considerations .25
5.6 Records management .27
5.6.1 Overview .27
5.6.2 Records capture .27
5.6.3 Maintenance/use .28
5.6.4 Final disposition of records .30
6 Considerations for hosted solutions — Trusted third-party repository requirements .30
6.1 General .30
6.2 Trusted third-party repository services .31
6.3 Requirements of trusted third-party repositories .32
7 Good practices associated with ECM project phases/activities .33
7.1 Assessing the existing records environment .33
7.2 Change management .33
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ISO/TR 22957:2018(E)
7.2.1 Overview .33
7.2.2 Champion user participation .33
7.2.3 Change management programme .35
7.2.4 Communication .35
7.2.5 Project phases and activities .36
7.3 Process/procedure baselining .42
7.3.1 Overview .42
7.3.2 High-level baseline .42
7.3.3 Detailed process baselining .43
7.3.4 Processing metrics .43
7.4 Anticipated processes/procedures .44
7.5 Technology requirements definition .45
7.6 Document classification and indexing model .45
7.7 Business objectives and requirements .45
7.8 Technology evaluation guidelines .46
7.9 Forms review and design considerations .47
7.10 Legacy data/document conversion methodology considerations .48
7.10.1 General.48
7.10.2 Full back file conversion .48
7.10.3 Partial back file conversion.48
7.10.4 As-needed conversion .48
7.11 Procurement document preparation .49
7.12 Solution/product evaluation guidelines .49
7.13 Project planning and execution .51
7.14 System, unit testing and project monitoring .51
7.15 Acceptance testing criteria .52
7.16 Rollout planning .53
7.17 Business practices documentation .53
Annex A (informative) Recommended standards and guidelines .55
Bibliography .59
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ISO/TR 22957:2018(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 171, Document management applications,
Subcommittee SC 2, Document file formats, EDMS systems and authenticity of information.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TR 22957:2009), which has been
technically revised. The main changes compared with the previous edition are as follows:
— updates have been made to bring the document in line with current generation technologies;
— the references have been revised and updated throughout;
— terms and definitions have been added and the acronyms section has been removed;
— “electronic document management system (EDMS)” has been changed to “enterprise content
management (ECM)” throughout;
— the wording has been improved throughout and the contents have been reorganized to provide
clarifications.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
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ISO/TR 22957:2018(E)
Introduction
This document provides detailed information associated with the analysis, selection and implementation
procedures associated with enterprise content management (ECM) systems. The development of
this document is a result of organizational requests to receive vendor-neutral industry information
associated with technology standards, technical reports and industry best practices for ECM projects.
Terms and acronyms associated with various aspects of ECM technologies commonly change over
time, as technology developers and vendors update product lines and solutions to address customer
requirements. In most cases, the new terms and acronyms reflect updates and changes to how these
technologies are used, typically by incorporating additional levels of functionality and very rarely
resulting in an entirely new core technology. This is important to note as the core ECM technologies
are constantly maturing, and solution providers are identifying not only new approaches to addressing
organizational issues and requirements, but also expanding the use of these technologies into areas
previously unconsidered. As such, organizations are constantly challenged to keep pace with how
an updated technology is currently being referenced, especially when the same core technology is
referenced differently between vendors and, at times, various groups of suppliers.
For the purposes of this document, the terms “document management” and “content management”
can be considered to be synonymous. As the ECM industry (previously referred to as the “document
management” or “electronic content management” industry) has matured over the years the ability
to store electronic information has greatly expanded from hard copy document scanning into digital
images in the early 1980s to the management of any digital or electronic document that today is referred
to as “electronically stored information (ESI)”.
Clause 4 provides detailed information describing each of these technologies, and how they operate and
inter-operate.
Clause 5 provides detailed information associated with currently available industry standards and
technical reports.
Clause 7 provides detailed information related to industry best practices associated with all the
customary project phases for ECM technology analysis, selection and implementation. These project
activities are considered to be industry best practices. It has been demonstrated over the past 10 years
that organizations following all the recommended steps and activities have a much greater level of
project success while greatly decreasing, and in most cases eliminating, unnecessary technologies,
user licences, etc. This is very important, especially with most organizations carefully examining all
expenditures related to all aspects of technology procurements.
This document provides detailed guidance to organizations considering the use of any of those
technologies that comprise ECM [document imaging, document/library services, routing/business
process management (BPM)/workflow, records management applications (RMAs), forms management,
enterprise report management (ERM), etc.]. It should be noted and acknowledged that a complete
records management programme set up against ISO 15489-1 is critical to any organization and is
integral to any complete and thorough management plan associated with electronic information
regardless of whether it is referred to as a “document”, “record”, “audio”, “video”, etc., internally by the
organization.
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 22957:2018(E)
Document management — Analysis, selection and
implementation of of enterprise content management
(ECM) systems
1 Scope
This document gives guidelines for a set of procedures and activities to be considered and/or performed
by organizations when planning, designing and implementing various enterprise content management
(ECM) technologies. The aspects or project phases range from initial business analysis through to
vendor/integrator selection and technology implementation. The implementation of processes to
manage electronically stored information (ESI) requires significant participation from the affected
business units, if the content is stored and managed when created/received and controlled through the
information life cycle following organizational policies and/or records retention and control policies
are applied. As these efforts require multiple people with different disciplines, including technical
teams, records managers and organizational management, this document has been prepared taking
those perspectives into account.
This document is applicable to both in-house and outsourced systems, including cloud solutions.
It can also be useful when dealing with specialized business systems. The term “enterprise content
management (ECM)” (or “document management”) used throughout this document is intended as an all-
encompassing term referring to capture technologies [scanning, indexing, optical character recognition
(OCR), forms, digital creation, etc.], management technologies (document services, workflow and other
work management tools), and storage [primarily non-alterable or write once read many (WORM)
technologies]. This document provides information to users related to the technical reports, guidelines
and standards that have been developed for technologies commonly available in ECM systems.
This document is not intended to be an all-inclusive paper on electronic document or content
management and does not attempt to influence any single technology or provide legal guidance or
legal opinions. While there are storage technologies other than optical/magnetic currently available
(i.e. microfilm, microfiche and hybrid storage systems) that are not included in this document, those
technologies can be reviewed if determined to be appropriate by the end-user organization.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 12651-1, Electronic document management — Vocabulary — Part 1: Electronic document imaging
ISO 12651-2, Electronic document management — Vocabulary — Part 2: Workflow management
ISO 15489-1, Information and documentation — Records management — Part 1: Concepts and principles
ISO/TR 15801, Document management — Electronically stored information — Recommendations for
trustworthiness and reliability
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12651-1, ISO 12651-2,
ISO 15489-1 and ISO/TR 15801 and the following apply.
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ISO/TR 22957:2018(E)
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
library services
administrative components of the ECM system that handle access to information
3.2
expungement
process of removing a document from a system and leaving no evidence of the document ever having
appeared on the system
3.3
semi-structured document
document that contains both some level of structure and organization along with completely
unformatted text or text without any structure
EXAMPLE Letters, emails, forms with free-form text components, forms.
3.4
structured document
document that follows a strict structure or format
EXAMPLE Table, database record.
3.5
unstructured document
document that has no pre-defined structure or format and contains free-form text, which may or may
not be similar to other documents of the same type, and varies greatly in structure, content, terminology
and format
3.6
intelligent document recognition
IDR
technology that incorporates various methods of capturing and extracting information (or data) used
to identify a specific type of document and data extraction with minimal (or no) user intervention
required
Note 1 to entry: The most basic or traditional method of IDR has been in use since the late 1990s and incorporates
the processing of barcodes, patch codes and other manual indexing methodologies. The current generations of
this technology can also incorporate more advanced technology, techniques and algorithms to self-teach, i.e.
to update the processing rules to classify or to extract data without user intervention, while others require
linguistic algorithms, referred to natural language processing (NLP), to process unstructured content. IDR is
a common marketing term used to describe the process of capturing content (scanned documents and digital
born) and extracting content from the document within the limits of the technology being used.
3.7
natural language processing
NLP
technology used to determine and identify key words and phrases within processing audio data (e.g.
call centres) and free-form text (e.g. the body of an email)
Note 1 to entry: This technology is able to reduce words to their base constructs and perform other actions, such
as stemming, along with locating similar words or phrases without user intervention. This technology also varies
greatly from standard IDR technology due to the ability to automatically update rules as determined by the users
without the need for technical intervention. This technology is best suited for unstructured documents.
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ISO/TR 22957:2018(E)
4 ECM technology
4.1 General
Many organizations still function in a hybrid environment of both electronic and hard copy environments.
This environment is a direct result of the need of the organization to maintain information on all
aspects of their business activities, as a business asset, to enable business efficiency and accountability.
These requirements for organizational record keeping are often driven by government regulations and
legislation to demonstrate accountability and implement quality control procedures. Organizations
are also dealing with the exponential growth of digitally created content, ever increasing volume,
diverging variety of formats, the acceleration of the velocity that content is arriving or being created
and the growing doubt about the veracity of this content. These pressures lead to the disorganization of
information as organizations try to keep up with the scale of change.
It is therefore a very important consideration for an organization evaluating or considering ECM
technologies to first design, plan and implement the necessary foundational components, supporting
the informational and organizational needs, and then expand and/or add additional functionality as
required by the business units. This approach to phasing enables organiz
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