ISO 13354:2014
(Main)Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling and production equipment — Shallow gas diverter equipment
Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling and production equipment — Shallow gas diverter equipment
ISO 13354:2014 specifies requirements for the selection of the diverter equipment for rigs used to drill shallow-gas-bearing formations. It covers both onshore and offshore drilling operations, and considers also the auxiliary equipment associated with floating rigs. The specified requirements concern the following diverter equipment: annular sealing devices; vent outlets; diverter valves; diverter piping. ISO 13554:2014 highlights the concerns associated with the selection of a marine floating drilling support. It covers safety issues concerning key rig equipment, and important steps of action required prior to starting the drilling operations. It provides only general guidelines regarding the response to be given to a shallow-gas flow.
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel — Équipements de forage et de production — Équipement déflecteur pour gaz de surface
L'ISO 13354:2014 spécifie les exigences pour le choix de l'équipement déflecteur des appareils de forage qui sont requis pour forer des formations contenant du gaz de surface. Elle couvre les opérations terrestres et en mer, ainsi que les équipements auxiliaires requis sur les engins flottants. Les exigences spécifiées concernent les équipements suivants: ? dispositif d'obturation annulaire; ? sorties d'évent; ? vannes du système déflecteur; ? conduites du système déflecteur. L'ISO 13354:2014 met en lumière les préoccupations associées à la sélection d'un support de forage flottant. Elle couvre les aspects sécurité liés à des équipements essentiels de l'appareil de forage, ainsi que les actions importantes devant être réalisées avant le démarrage des activités de forage. Elle ne fournit que des recommandations d'ordre général à propos des actions à mener en cas de venue de gaz de surface.
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13354
First edition
2014-05-15
Petroleum and natural gas
industries — Drilling and production
equipment — Shallow gas diverter
equipment
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel — Équipements de forage et
de production — Équipement déflecteur pour gaz de surface
Reference number
ISO 13354:2014(E)
ISO 2014
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ISO 13354:2014(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
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ISO 13354:2014(E)
Contents Page
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Diverter system equipment ....................................................................................................................................................................... 7
4.1 General purpose ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
4.2 Findings of blowout reports ........................................................................................................................................................ 7
4.3 Applications of diverter systems ............................................................................................................................................. 8
4.4 Layout considerations — Land rigs and bottom-supported marine structures ............................ 8
4.5 Layout considerations — Floating rigs ...........................................................................................................................18
5 Floating rigs — Specific aspects .........................................................................................................................................................26
5.1 Use of the marine riser ..................................................................................................................................................................26
5.2 Additional functions of the diverter system ...............................................................................................................28
5.3 Comparison of types of floating support .......................................................................................................................28
6 Preparation for shallow gas operations ....................................................................................................................................31
6.1 Call for tender .......................................................................................................................................................................................31
6.2 Important issues .................................................................................................................................................................................31
6.3 Pre-spud checks ..................................................................................................................................................................................32
6.4 Pre-spud meetings ............................................................................................................................................................................34
6.5 Pre-spud drills ......................................................................................................................................................................................35
6.6 Preparing the response to a shallow-gas flow ..........................................................................................................36
7 Diverter system inspection and maintenance ....................................................................................................................39
7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................39
7.2 Maintenance ...........................................................................................................................................................................................39
7.3 Inspection and testing ...................................................................................................................................................................39
7.4 Diverter system piping ..................................................................................................................................................................39
7.5 Manufacturer documentation .................................................................................................................................................40
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................41
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved iii---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 13354:2014(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 67, Petroleum and Natural gas industries,
Subcommittee SC 4, Drilling and production equipment.iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
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ISO 13354:2014(E)
Introduction
Drilling into shallow-gas-bearing formations is a very delicate and challenging operation. If the drilling
operations are seriously complicated by the reduced safety margin available between kick and loss, the
situation in case of a gas influx becomes extremely hazardous, due to a combination of the following
adverse factors.— Shallow gas flows are extremely fast-developing events; there is only a short transition time
between influx detection and well unloading, resulting in a reduced time for the driller to take the
right decision, and leaving little room for error.— Past blowout reports have disclosed the magnitude of severe dynamic loads applied to surface
diverting equipment. One of the associated effects is erosion, which adds a high potential for fire
and explosion due to flow impingement on rig facilities which gives the gas flow access to various
sources of ignition.— Many past shallow-gas kicks turned into uncontrolled blowouts due to the failure of former diverter
systems installed several decades ago. Failure is seen as a result of the system’s complexity, its lack
of functional reliability and its inability to cope with the severe dynamic loads.
— Certain drilling supports are exposed to specific threats associated with shallow gas blowouts, e.g.
risk of cratering, risk of ship-shaped vessel capsize.— Unprepared or inadequately trained drilling crews experience a high level of stress when facing a
violent shallow gas flow.In the aftermath of shallow gas blowouts during the last four decades, comprehensive inquiries and
reports have been carried out, in particular by the specialists involved in combating these events, and
significant findings and conclusions have been published. In the meantime, the manufacturing industry
has developed various equipment aimed at significantly improving the safety of shallow-gas drilling
operations.This International Standard has been prepared taking these aspects into consideration.
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved v---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13354:2014(E)
Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling and
production equipment — Shallow gas diverter equipment
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies requirements for the selection of the diverter equipment for rigs
used to drill shallow-gas-bearing formations. It covers both onshore and offshore drilling operations,
and considers also the auxiliary equipment associated with floating rigs.The specified requirements concern the following diverter equipment:
— annular sealing devices;
— vent outlets;
— diverter valves;
— diverter piping.
This International Standard highlights the concerns associated with the selection of a marine floating
drilling support. It covers safety issues concerning key rig equipment, and important steps of action
required prior to starting the drilling operations.It provides only general guidelines regarding the response to be given to a shallow-gas flow.
2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 13533, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling and production equipment — Drill-through
equipmentAPI 16D (latest revision), Specification for Control Systems for Drilling Well Control Equipment and Control
Systems for Diverter Equipment3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
actuator
device used to open or close a valve by means of applied manual, hydraulic, pneumatic or electrical
energy3.2
annular packing element
doughnut-shaped rubber/elastomer element that creates a seal in an annular preventer or diverter
Note 1 to entry: The annular packing element is displaced toward the bore centre by the upward movement of an
annular piston.© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO 13354:2014(E)
3.3
annular sealing device
torus-shaped steel housing containing an annular packing element which facilitates closure of the
annulus by constricting to seal on the pipe or kelly in the wellboreNote 1 to entry: Some annular sealing devices also facilitate shutoff of the open hole.
3.4bag preventer
device that can seal around any object in the wellbore or upon itself
Note 1 to entry: Compression of a reinforced rubber/elastomer packing element by hydraulic pressure creates
the seal.3.5
ball valve
valve that employs a rotating ball to open or close the flow passage
3.6
blowout
uncontrolled flow of well fluids and/or formation fluids from the wellbore or into lower-pressured
subsurface zonesNote 1 to entry: When the uncontrolled flow of fluids goes into lower-pressured subsurface zones, it is termed an
underground blowout.3.7
blowout preventer stack
BOP stack
device that allows the well to be sealed to confine the well fluids in the wellbore
3.8bottom-supported marine structure
drilling structure supported by the soil on the seabed while in the operating mode
Note 1 to entry: Rigs of this type include fixed platforms, submersibles, swamp barges and jack-up drilling rigs.
3.9cleanout
point in the flow-line piping where the internal area of the pipe can be accessed to remove accumulated
debris and drill cuttings3.10
closing unit
assemblage of pumps, valves, lines, accumulators and other items necessary to open and close the BOP
equipment and diverter system3.11
control function
control system circuit (hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, mechanical, or a combination thereof) used to
operate the position selection of a diverter unit, BOP, valve or regulatorEXAMPLE Diverter “close” function, starboard vent valve “open” function.
3.12
control function
each position of a diverter unit, BOP or valve and each regulator assignment that is operated by the
control system2 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
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ISO 13354:2014(E)
3.13
diverter
device attached to the wellhead or marine riser to close the vertical access and to direct any flow into a
set of vent lines and away from the drilling unit3.14
diverter control system
assemblage of pumps, accumulators, manifolds, control panels, valves, lines, etc., used to operate the
diverter system3.15
diverter housing
permanent installation under the rotary table which houses the insert-type diverter assembly
3.16diverter packer
annular sealing device of the diverter
3.17
diverter piping
vent lines of the diverter
3.18
diverter system
assemblage, comprising an annular sealing device, flow control means, vent system components and
control system, which facilitates closure of the upward flow path of the well fluid and opening of the
vent to the atmosphere3.19
diverter unit
device that embodies the annular sealing device and its actuating means
3.20
drill floor substructure
foundation structure on which the derrick, rotary table, draw-works and other drilling equipment are
supported3.21
drilling spool
flanged joint placed between the BOP and casing-head that serves as a spacer or crossover
3.22drill ship
self-propelled, floating, ship-shaped vessel equipped with drilling equipment
3.23
dump valve
device used to control bottom-riser annulus pressure by establishing direct communication with the
sea3.24
dynamically positioned drilling vessel
DP drilling vessel
drill-ship or semi-submersible drilling rig equipped with computer-controlled thrusters which enable it
to maintain a constant position relative to a fixed point on the sea floor without the use of anchors and
mooring lines while conducting floating drilling operations3.25
elastomer
any of various elastic compounds or substances resembling rubber
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ISO 13354:2014(E)
3.26
fill-up line
line, usually connected into the bell nipple above the BOP, to allow addition of drilling fluid to the hole
while simultaneously pulling out of the hole to compensate for the metal volume displacement of the
drill string being pulled3.27
flex/ball joint
device installed directly above the subsea BOP stack and at the top of the telescopic riser joint to permit
relative angular movement of the riser, thus reducing stresses due to vessel motions and environmental
forces3.28
flow-line
shaker line
piping that exits the bell nipple and conducts drilling fluid and cuttings to the shale shaker and drilling
fluid pits3.29
formation fracture pessure
value of pressure required to initiate a fracture in a subsurface formation (geologic strata)
3.30function test
closing and opening (cycling) equipment to verify operability
3.31
gate valve
valve that employs a sliding gate to open or close the flow passage
3.32
hydrostatic head
true vertical length of fluid column
3.33
hydrostatic pressure
pressure that exists at any point in the wellbore due to the weight of the vertical column of fluid above
that point3.34
inner barrel
part of the telescopic slip joint on a marine riser that is attached to the flex joint beneath the diverter
3.35insert-type packer
diverter element that uses inserts designed to close and seal on specific ranges of pipe diameter
3.36integral valve
valve embodied in the diverter unit that operates integrally with the annular sealing device
3.37interlock
arrangement of control system functions designed to require the actuation of one function as a
prerequisite to actuate another4 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
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ISO 13354:2014(E)
3.38
kelly
joint of pipe with flat or fluted sides that is free to move vertically through a bushing in the rotary table
Note 1 to entry: The bushing is termed a “kelly bushing”, and it imparts torque to the kelly thereby rotating the
drill string.3.39
kick
influx of gas, oil or other well fluids which, if not controlled, can result in a blowout
3.40kill mud
drilling fluid with sufficient mud weight used to overcome the borehole pressure in case of well influx
3.41knife valve
valve using a portal plate or blade to facilitate open and close operations
Note 1 to entry: A knife valve differs from a gate valve in that the bonnet area is open, i.e. not sealed.
3.42lost circulation
loss of drilling fluid to the wellbore
3.43
marine riser
extension of the well-bore from the subsea conductor pipe housing or wellhead to the floating drilling
vessel which provides for fluid returns to the drilling vessel and guides tools into the well
3.44moored vessel
offshore floating drilling vessel which relies on anchors, chain and mooring lines extended to the ocean
floor to maintain a constant location relative to the ocean floor3.45
mud line
floor of an ocean, lake, bay or swamp
3.46
outer barrel
part of the telescopic slip joint on a marine riser that is attached to tensioner lines
Note 1 to entry: Tension is transferred through the outer barrel into the riser.3.47
pre-spud
period of time which precedes the start of drilling activities
3.48
poor-boy separator
pressure vessel designed to provide effective separation of gas from drilling fluid at atmospheric
pressure while circulating out a wellbore kick through the choke manifold3.49
primary well control
prevention of formation fluid flow by maintaining a hydrostatic pressure equal to or greater than the
formation pressure© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved 5
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ISO 13354:2014(E)
3.50
production platform
permanently installed bottom-supported/connected offshore structure, fitted with drilling and/or
production equipment for drilling and/or development of offshore oil and gas reservoirs
3.51riser hydraulic connector
hydraulic latch which connects the 762 mm (30 in) conductor pipe housing and the bottom of the marine
riserNote 1 to entry: O-ring seals prevent leaks between the latch and the housing.
3.52
rotary table
device through which the bit and drill string pass and which transmits rotational action to the kelly
3.53subsea diverter
seabed diverter
set-up of equipment attached to the bottom of the marine riser and connected to the 762 mm (30 in)
subsea wellhead housing, designed to close the well in case of shallow-gas influx and to direct it through
two subsea lateral vent outlets3.54
semi-submersible
floating offshore drilling vessel which is ballasted at the drilling location and conducts drilling operations
in a stable, partly submerged position3.55
target
bull plug or blind flange at the end of a tee to reduce erosion at a point where change in flow direction
occurs3.56
targeted
having a type of fluid piping system in which flow impinges upon a lead (or other material)-filled end
(target) or a piping tee when the fluid flow changes direction3.57
telescopic joint packer
torus-shaped, hydraulically, pneumatically or mechanically actuated, resilient element between the
inner and outer barrels of the telescopic joint which serves to retain drilling fluid inside the marine riser
3.58vent line
conduit that directs the flow of diverted wellbore fluids away from the drill floor and to the atmosphere
3.59vent line valve
full-opening valve which allows passage of diverted wellbore fluids through the vent line
3.60vent outlet
point at which fluids exit the wellbore below the annular sealing device via the vent line
3.61wellhead
apparatus or structure, placed on the top of the casings, that supports the internal tubular, seals the well
and permits access to the casing annulus6 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
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ISO 13354:2014(E)
3.62
working pressure rating
WP rating
maximum internal pressure that the equipment is designed to contain or control
4 Diverter system equipment
4.1 General purpose
The diverter system is designed to permit the drilling crew to blow down shallow-gas accumulations
downwind of the rig. Until a sufficient casing length has been set to allow a well to be shut-in during a kick,
the diverter system is the only line of defence, and is only expected to contain the hazard temporarily,
although as long as possible.The diverter system is not intended to be a well-control device. It simply allows the flow to be diverted
in a safe manner in order to allow enough time to attempt regaining primary control of the well and,
should the latter fail, enough time for proper evacuation of the drilling crew or for proper move-off of
the drilling unit from the location (floating rigs), until the flow stops due to gas accumulation blow-
down, hole bridging, hole collapse, etc.Traditional diverter system components comprise:
— the annular sealing device;
— vent outlet(s) and vent line(s);
— valves;
— the control system.
4.2 Findings of blowout reports
Blowout inquiries have concluded that the original designs underestimated the fact that shallow-gas
blowouts produce huge amounts of gas, together with abrasive solids, flowing at very high speed,
producing severe dynamic loads, and eroding and destroying many parts of the existing diverter
systems.The failure of these diverter systems led unfortunately to the loss of many lives.
It is therefore of paramount importance to select suitable equipment able to function in a reliable and safe
manner, i.e. able to operate whenever required under the worst possible conditions. Diverter equipment
shall also be able to cope with the prevailing dynamic loads and associated effects.
The most frequent findings from blowout reports are as follows.— Insert-type diverters have too many components.
— The locking mechanism of insert-type diverters is not really designed to contend with severe
dynamic loads.— Insert-type diverter packers cannot close on open-hole and on some drilling assemblies.
— Piston-actuated bag preventers are stronger and less complex, but close too slowly.
— Diverter outlets often promote erosion.— Diverter vent lines are usually thin-walled, too small in diameter, have a tortuous path, and are
inadequately supported, fastened and secured.— Some valve systems are inadequate and unreliable.
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ISO 13354:2014(E)
— Layouts for control systems are too complex.
— Power sources of some control systems are not reliable.
— The maintenance of diverter systems is not given the same importance compared to BOPs.
4.3 Applications of diverter systemsDiverters are primarily used to divert flow from the rig in three situations:
— shallow fluid and gas flows;
— drilling with a rotating head;
— drilling with a marine riser.
This International Standard will not discuss the specific aspects associated with rotating-head drilling.
4.4 Layout considerations — Land rigs and bottom-supported marine structures4.4.1 General
Drilling operations into shallow-gas-bearing formations include drilling from a land rig, or from a marine
structure supported by a mat-type base, by legs, or drilling from a barge that rests on the bottom, e.g.
jack-up drilling rigs, production platforms rigs and swamp-barge rigs.Land rigs and bottom-supported marine structures have at their disposal a wide range of equipment to
build diverter arrangements.4.4.2 Types of annular sealing devices in use
4.4.2.1 Insert-type diverter assembly
In the insert-type diverter assembly, the insert packing is latched in place into a diverter assembly, which
in turn is locked inside the support housing. This housing provides two outlets, one for the mud returns
to flow towards the shakers, one for the diverted fluids to flow out through the vent line(s). The insert is
removed prior to pulling or running the bottom-hole assembly (see Figure 1).The rig substructure and the diverter assembly locking dogs shall be able to withstand the upward
forces of the diverted fluid.4.4.2.2 Annular packing element
This set-up requires a conventional bag-type preventer and a drilling spool (or diverter spool) which are
directly located on top of the first casing (conductor pipe, drive pipe). This set-up is therefore below the
rotary table and below the flow-line, unlike the insert-type diverter assembly (see Figure 2).
The connections shall be in accordance with the applicable provisions of ISO 13533. The annular
packing element should be of sufficient internal diameter to pass the various bottom-hole assemblies
and casing/liner strings required for subsequent drilling operations.NOTE For the purposes of this provision, ANSI/API 16A is equivalent to ISO 13533.
8 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
ISO 13354:2014(E)
Key
1 insert packing
2 piston
3 support housing
4 flow line outlet
5 vent line outlet
Figure 1 — Example of insert-type diverter assembly
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved 9
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ISO 13354:2014(E)
Key
1 bell nipple 6 vent line
2 flow line 7 diverter spool
3 fill-up line 8 hydraulically operated full opening valve
4 annular packing element 9 drive/conductor pipe
5 standard bag-type preventer
Figure 2 — Example of diverter assembly with annular packing element
4.4.2.3 Comparison of systems
The two systems can be compared as follows.
a) Insert-type diverter assembly
10 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
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ISO 13354:2014(E)
— Advantages:
— quick assembly;
— flow-line, fill-up line and vent line permanently hooked up;
— faster shut-in time;
— light equipment, not cumbersome.
— Drawbacks:
— the insert-type diverter system cannot withstand more than 3 447 kPa (500 psi) beneath the
packer; this can be a problem when coping with severe gas flows;— insert-type packer never providing complete pack-off on open hole;
— requires a significant number of valves, adding potential failure points;
— requires complex sequencing operations and interlocks to activate the vent and flow-line valves;
— requires complex control system and several power sources (pneumatic and hydraulic) to
perform the closing sequence, adding potential failure points;— location likely to create potential erosion points in the flow-line if the latter is not properly
designed;— overshot packer located below the diverter system, hence exposed to shallow gas flow;
— ease of hook-up is largely outweighed by the potential for failure and leaks.b) Classical annular packing assembly
— Advantages:
— dynamic loads absorbed by the conductor pipe and the diverter system connection (clamp or
flange);— reduced number of remotely controlled valves, due to the system position directly on top of the
first casing and below the flow-line;...
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 13354
ISO/TC 67/SC 4 Secretariat: ANSI
Voting begins on Voting terminates on
2013-02-07 2013-07-07
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION • МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ • ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION
Petroleum and natural gas industries — Shallow gas diverterequipment
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel — Equipement de diversion pour gaz de surface
ICS 75.180.10ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
This draft has been developed within the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and
processed under the ISO-lead mode of collaboration as defined in the Vienna Agreement.
This draft is hereby submitted to the ISO member bodies and to the CEN member bodies for a parallel
five-month enquiry.Should this draft be accepted, a final draft, established on the basis of comments received, will be
submitted to a parallel two-month approval vote in ISO and formal vote in CEN.To expedite distribution, this document is circulated as received from the committee
secretariat. ISO Central Secretariat work of editing and text composition will be undertaken at
publication stage.Pour accélérer la distribution, le présent document est distribué tel qu'il est parvenu du
secrétariat du comité. Le travail de rédaction et de composition de texte sera effectué au
Secrétariat central de l'ISO au stade de publication.THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY NOT BE
REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION.© International Organization for Standardization, 2013
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ISO/DIS 13354
Copyright notice
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under the applicable laws of the user’s country, neither this ISO draft nor any extract from it may be
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Reproduction may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.
Violators may be prosecuted.
ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
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ISO/DIS 13354
Contents Page
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................. v
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ vi
1 Scope ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................ 1
3 Terms and definitions ........................................................................................................................... 1
4 Diverter system equipment .................................................................................................................. 7
4.1 General purpose .................................................................................................................................... 7
4.2 Findings of blowout reports ................................................................................................................. 7
4.3 Applications of diverter systems ......................................................................................................... 8
4.4 Design considerations — Land rigs and bottom-supported marine structures ............................. 8
4.4.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 8
4.4.2 Types of annular sealing devices in use ............................................................................................. 8
4.4.3 Vent outlets .......................................................................................................................................... 12
4.4.4 Diverter valves ..................................................................................................................................... 14
4.4.5 Diverter piping ..................................................................................................................................... 15
4.4.6 The control system .............................................................................................................................. 18
4.4.7 Kill-line facility ..................................................................................................................................... 18
4.4.8 Additional functions for the diverter system .................................................................................... 18
4.5 Design considerations — Floating rigs ............................................................................................. 18
4.5.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 18
4.5.2 Annular sealing devices in use .......................................................................................................... 19
4.5.3 Auxiliary diverter system equipment for riser drilling ..................................................................... 21
4.5.4 Diverter outlets and valves ................................................................................................................. 23
4.5.5 Diverter piping ..................................................................................................................................... 23
4.5.6 Control system .................................................................................................................................... 24
5 Floating rigs — Specific aspects ....................................................................................................... 24
5.1 Use of the marine riser ........................................................................................................................ 24
5.2 Additional functions of the diverter system ..................................................................................... 27
5.3 Comparison of types of floating support .......................................................................................... 27
5.3.1 Moored drill ships ................................................................................................................................ 27
5.3.2 DP drill-ships ....................................................................................................................................... 28
5.3.3 Semi-submersibles .............................................................................................................................. 28
5.3.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 28
6 Preparation for shallow gas operations ............................................................................................ 30
6.1 Call for tender ...................................................................................................................................... 30
6.2 Important issues .................................................................................................................................. 30
6.3 Pre-spud checks .................................................................................................................................. 31
6.3.1 Diesel engines and electrical equipment .......................................................................................... 31
6.3.2 Kick and loss detection ...................................................................................................................... 31
6.3.3 Offshore rescue ................................................................................................................................... 31
6.3.4 Offshore cooling recommendations .................................................................................................. 31
6.3.5 Offshore emergency-release requirements ...................................................................................... 31
6.3.6 Rig safety equipment .......................................................................................................................... 32
6.3.7 Safety precautions .............................................................................................................................. 32
6.3.8 Diverter system .................................................................................................................................... 32
6.4 Pre-spud meetings .............................................................................................................................. 33
6.5 Pre-spud drills ..................................................................................................................................... 34
6.6 Preparing the response to a shallow-gas flow ................................................................................. 34
6.6.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 34
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved iii---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 13354
6.6.2 Reminders ........................................................................................................................................... 35
6.6.3 Basic well-control aspects ................................................................................................................. 35
7 Diverter system maintenance ............................................................................................................ 38
7.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 38
7.2 Certification and recertification ......................................................................................................... 38
7.3 Diverter system piping ....................................................................................................................... 38
7.4 Manufacturer documentation ............................................................................................................ 39
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 40
iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 13354
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 13354 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Petroleum and Natural gas industries,
Subcommittee SC 4, Drilling and production equipment.© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 13354
Introduction
Drilling into shallow-gas-bearing formations is a very delicate and challenging operation. If the drilling
operations are seriously complicated by the reduced safety margin available between kick and loss, the
situation in case of a gas influx becomes extremely hazardous, due to a combination of the following adverse
factors. Shallow gas flows are extremely fast-developing events; there is only a short transition time between
influx detection and well unloading, resulting in a reduced time for the driller to take the right decision, and
leaving little room for error. Past blowout reports have disclosed the magnitude of severe dynamic loads applied to surface diverting
equipment. One of the associated effects is erosion, which adds a high potential for fire and explosion
due to flow impingement on rig facilities which gives the gas flow access to various sources of ignition.
Many past shallow-gas kicks turned into uncontrolled blowouts due to the failure of former diverter
systems installed several decades ago. Failure is seen as a result of the system's complexity, its lack of
functional reliability and its inability to cope with the severe dynamic loads, Certain drilling supports are exposed to specific threats associated with shallow gas blowouts, e.g. risk of
cratering, risk of ship-shaped vessel capsize, Unprepared or inadequately trained drilling crews experience a high level of stress when facing a violent
shallow gas flow.In the aftermath of shallow gas blowouts during the last four decades, comprehensive inquiries and reports
have been carried out, in particular by the specialists involved in combating these events, and significant
findings and conclusions have been published. In the meantime, the manufacturing industry has developed
various equipment aimed at significantly improving the safety of shallow-gas drilling operations.
This International Standard has been prepared taking these aspects into consideration.
vi © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 13354
Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling and production
equipment — Shallow gas diverter equipment
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies requirements for the selection of the diverter equipment for rigs used to
drill shallow-gas-bearing formations. It covers both onshore and offshore drilling operations, and considers
also the auxiliary equipment associated with floating rigs.The specified requirements concern the following diverter equipment:
annular sealing devices;
vent outlets;
diverter valves;
diverter piping.
This International Standard highlights the concerns associated with the selection of a marine floating drilling
support. It covers safety issues concerning key rig equipment, and important steps of action required prior to
starting the drilling operations.It provides only general guidelines regarding the response to be given to a shallow-gas flow.
2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 13533:2001, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling and production equipment — Drill-through
equipmentAPI 16D:2005, Specification for Control Systems for Drilling Well Control Equipment and Control Systems for
Diverter Equipment3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
actuator
device used to open or close a valve by means of applied manual, hydraulic, pneumatic or electrical energy
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 1---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 13354
3.2
annular packing element
doughnut-shaped rubber/elastomer element that creates a seal in an annular preventer or diverter
Note 1 to entry: The annular packing element is displaced toward the bore centre by the upward movement of an
annular piston.3.3
annular sealing device
torus-shaped steel housing containing an annular packing element which facilitates closure of the annulus by
constricting to seal on the pipe or kelly in the wellboreNote 1 to entry: Some annular sealing devices also facilitate shutoff of the open hole.
3.4bag preventer
device that can seal around any object in the wellbore or upon itself
Note 1 to entry: Compression of a reinforced rubber/elastomer packing element by hydraulic pressure creates the seal.
3.5ball valve
valve that employs a rotating ball to open or close the flow passage
3.6
blowout
uncontrolled flow of well fluids and/or formation fluids from the wellbore or into lower-pressured subsurface
zonesNote 1 to entry: When the uncontrolled flow of fluids goes into lower-pressured subsurface zones, it is termed an
underground blowout.3.7
blowout preventer stack
BOP stack
device that allows the well to be sealed to confine the well fluids in the wellbore
3.8bottom-supported marine structure
drilling structure supported by the soil on the seabed while in the operating mode
Note 1 to entry: Rigs of this type include fixed platforms, submersibles, swamp barges and jack-up drilling rigs.
3.9cleanout
point in the flow-line piping where the internal area of the pipe can be accessed to remove accumulated debris
and drill cuttings3.10
closing unit
assemblage of pumps, valves, lines, accumulators and other items necessary to open and close the BOP
equipment and diverter system3.11
control function
control system circuit (hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, mechanical, or a combination thereof) used to operate
the position selection of a diverter unit, BOP, valve or regulatorEXAMPLES Diverter “close” function, starboard vent valve “open” function.
2 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 13354
3.12
control function
each position of a diverter unit, BOP or valve and each regulator assignment that is operated by the control
system3.13
diverter
device attached to the wellhead or marine riser to close the vertical access and to direct any flow into a set of
vent lines and away from the drilling unit3.14
diverter control system
assemblage of pumps, accumulators, manifolds, control panels, valves, lines, etc., used to operate the
diverter system3.15
diverter housing
permanent installation under the rotary table which houses the insert-type diverter assembly
3.16diverter packer
annular sealing device of the diverter
3.17
diverter piping
vent lines of the diverter
3.18
diverter system
assemblage, comprising an annular sealing device, flow control means, vent system components and control
system, which facilitates closure of the upward flow path of the well fluid and opening of the vent to the
atmosphere3.19
diverter unit
device that embodies the annular sealing device and its actuating means
3.20
drill floor substructure
foundation structure on which the derrick, rotary table, draw-works and other drilling equipment are supported
3.21drilling spool
flanged joint placed between the BOP and casing-head that serves as a spacer or crossover
3.22drill ship
self-propelled, floating, ship-shaped vessel equipped with drilling equipment
3.23
dump valve
device used to control bottom-riser annulus pressure by establishing direct communication with the sea
3.24dynamically positioned drilling vessel
DP drilling vessel
drill-ship or semi-submersible drilling rig equipped with computer-controlled thrusters which enable it to
maintain a constant position relative to the sea floor without the use of anchors and mooring lines while
conducting floating drilling operations© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 13354
3.25
dynamic kill procedure
planned operation to control a flowing well by pumping fluid of sufficient density and at a sufficient rate into the
wellbore to effect a kill without completely closing in the well with the surface containment equipment
3.26elastomer
any of various elastic compounds or substances resembling rubber
3.27
fill-up line
line, usually connected into the bell nipple above the BOP, to allow addition of drilling fluid to the hole while
simultaneously pulling out of the hole to compensate for the metal volume displacement of the drill string
being pulled3.28
flex/ball joint
device installed directly above the subsea BOP stack and at the top of the telescopic riser joint to permit
relative angular movement of the riser, thus reducing stresses due to vessel motions and environmental
forces3.29
flow-line
shaker line
piping that exits the bell nipple and conducts drilling fluid and cuttings to the shale shaker and drilling fluid pits
3.30formation fracture gradient
value of pressure required to initiate a fracture in a subsurface formation (geologic strata)
3.31function test
closing and opening (cycling) equipment to verify operability
3.32
gate valve
valve that employs a sliding gate to open or close the flow passage
3.33
hydrostatic head
true vertical length of fluid column
3.34
hydrostatic pressure
pressure that exists at any point in the wellbore due to the weight of the vertical column of fluid above that
point3.35
inner barrel
part of the telescopic slip joint on a marine riser that is attached to the flex joint beneath the diverter
3.36insert-type packer
diverter element that uses inserts designed to close and seal on specific ranges of pipe diameter
3.37integral valve
valve embodied in the diverter unit that operates integrally with the annular sealing device
4 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 13354
3.38
interlock
arrangement of control system functions designed to require the actuation of one function as a prerequisite to
actuate another3.39
kelly
joint of pipe with flat or fluted sides that is free to move vertically through a bushing in the rotary table
Note 1 to entry: The bushing is termed a “kelly bushing”, and it imparts torque to the kelly thereby rotating the drill string.
3.40kick
influx of gas, oil or other well fluids which, if not controlled, can result in a blowout
3.41kill mud
drilling fluid with sufficient mud weight used to overcome the borehole pressure in case of well influx
3.42knife valve
valve using a portal plate or blade to facilitate open and close operations
Note 1 to entry: A knife valve differs from a gate valve in that the bonnet area is open, i.e. not sealed.
3.43lost circulation
loss of drilling fluid to the wellbore
3.44
marine riser
extension of the well-bore from the subsea conductor pipe housing or wellhead to the floating drilling vessel
which provides for fluid returns to the drilling vessel and guides tools into the well
3.45moored vessel
offshore floating drilling vessel which relies on anchors, chain and mooring lines extended to the ocean floor to
maintain a constant location relative to the ocean floor3.46
mud line
floor of an ocean, lake, bay or swamp
3.47
outer barrel
part of the telescopic slip joint on a marine riser that is attached to tensioner lines
Note 1 to entry: Tension is transferred through the outer barrel into the riser.3.48
pre-spud
period of time which precedes the start of drilling activities
3.49
poor-boy separator
pressure vessel designed to provide effective separation of gas from drilling fluid at atmospheric pressure
while circulating out a wellbore kick through the choke manifold© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 13354
3.50
primary well control
prevention of formation fluid flow by maintaining a hydrostatic pressure equal to or greater than the formation
pressure3.51
production platform
permanently installed bottom-supported/connected offshore structure, fitted with drilling and/or production
equipment for drilling and/or development of offshore oil and gas reservoirs3.52
riser hydraulic connector
hydraulic latch which connects the 762 mm (30 in) conductor pipe housing and the bottom of the marine riser
Note 1 to entry: O-ring seals prevent leaks between the latch and the housing.3.53
rotary table
device through which the bit and drill string pass and which transmits rotational action to the kelly
3.54subsea diverter
seabed diverter
set-up of equipment attached to the bottom of the marine riser and connected to the 762 mm (30 in) subsea
wellhead housing, designed to close the well in case of shallow-gas influx and to direct it through two subsea
lateral vent outlets3.55
semi-submersible
floating offshore drilling vessel which is ballasted at the drilling location and conducts drilling operations in a
stable, partly submerged position3.56
target
bull plug or blind flange at the end of a tee to prevent erosion at a point where change in flow direction occurs
3.57targeted
type of fluid piping system in which flow impinges upon a lead (or other material)-filled end (target) or a piping
tee when the fluid flow changes direction3.58
telescopic joint packer
torus-shaped, hydraulically, pneumatically or mechanically actuated, resilient element between the inner and
outer barrels of the telescopic joint which serves to retain drilling fluid inside the marine riser
3.59vent line
conduit that directs the flow of diverted wellbore fluids away from the drill floor and to the atmosphere
3.60vent-line valve
full-opening valve which allows passage of diverted wellbore fluids through the vent line
3.61vent outlet
point at which fluids exit the wellbore below the annular sealing device via the vent line
6 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 13354
3.62
wellhead
apparatus or structure, placed on the top of the casings, that supports the internal tubular, seals the well and
permits access to the casing annulus3.63
working pressure rating
WP rating
maximum internal pressure that the equipment is designed to contain or control
4 Diverter system equipment
4.1 General purpose
The diverter system is designed to permit the drilling crew to blow down shallow-gas accumulations downwind
of the rig. Until a sufficient casing length has been set to allow a well to be shut-in during a kick, the diverter
system is the only line of defence, and is only expected to contain the hazard temporarily, although as long as
possible.The diverter system is not intended to be a well-control device. It simply allows the flow to be diverted in a
safe manner in order to allow enough time to attempt regaining primary control of the well and, should the
latter fail, enough time for proper evacuation of the drilling crew or for proper move-off of the drilling unit from
the location (floating rigs), until the flow stops due to gas accumulation blow-down, hole bridging, hole
collapse, etc.Traditional diverter system components comprise:
the annular sealing device;
vent outlet(s) and vent-line(s);
valves;
the control system.
4.2 Findings of blowout reports
Blowout inquiries have concluded that the original designs underestimated the fact that shallow-gas blowouts
produce huge amounts of gas, together with abrasive solids, flowing at very high speed, producing severe
dynamic loads, and eroding and destroying many parts of the existing diverter systems.
Statistics obtained in the 1990s in Norway have shown that 54 % of shallow-gas blowouts caused severe
damage or total loss of the drilling structure and support, due to the failure of the diverter system.
Unfortunately, many lives were lost during those dramatic events.It is therefore of paramount importance to select suitable equipment able to function in a reliable and safe
manner, i.e. able to operate whenever required under the worst possible conditions. Diverter equipment shall
also be able to cope with the prevailing dynamic loads and associated effects.The most frequent
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 13354
Première édition
2014-05-15
Industries du pétrole et du gaz
naturel — Équipements de forage
et de production — Équipement
déflecteur pour gaz de surface
Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling and production
equipment — Shallow gas diverter equipment
Numéro de référence
ISO 13354:2014(F)
ISO 2014
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 13354:2014(F)
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2014
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf indication contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée
sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie, l’affichage sur
l’internet ou sur un Intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Les demandes d’autorisation peuvent être adressées à l’ISO à
l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 13354:2014(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................vi
1 Domaine d’application ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Références normatives ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Termes et définitions ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Équipements du système déflecteur ................................................................................................................................................ 7
4.1 Objectif ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
4.2 Résultats et conclusions des rapports d’éruption .................................................................................................... 7
4.3 Utilisations des déflecteurs .......................................................................................................................................................... 8
4.4 Aspects conception — Appareils de forage terrestres et structures marinesreposant sur le fond ............................................................................................................................................................................ 8
4.4.1 Généralités ............................................................................................................................................................................ 8
4.4.2 Types de dispositifs d’étanchéité annulaire en usage ..................................................................... 8
4.4.3 Sorties d’évent.................................................................................................................................................................13
4.4.4 Vannes de déflecteur .................................................................................................................................................14
4.4.5 Conduites du système déflecteur ....................................................................................................................15
4.4.6 Système de contrôle ...................................................................................................................................................18
4.4.7 Conduite de test .............................................................................................................................................................18
4.4.8 Autres fonctions du système déflecteur ...................................................................................................18
4.5 Aspects conception .................................................................................................................................
Appareils de forage flottants ..................................................................................................................................................18
4.5.1 Généralités .........................................................................................................................................................................18
4.5.2 Dispositifs d’étanchéité annulaire en usage ..........................................................................................19
4.5.3 Équipement auxiliaire pour forage avec tube prolongateur ...................................................23
4.5.4 Sorties et vannes d’évent .......................................................................................................................................24
4.5.5 Conduites du système déflecteur ....................................................................................................................24
4.5.6 Système de contrôle ...................................................................................................................................................26
5 Appareils de forage flottants — Aspects spécifiques ..................................................................................................26
5.1 Utilisation du tube prolongateur ..........................................................................................................................................26
5.2 Fonctions additionnelles du système déflecteur ....................................................................................................28
5.3 Comparaison des supports flottant pouvant être utilisés ......... ......................................................................29
5.3.1 Bateaux de forage ancrés .......................................................................................................................................29
5.3.2 Bateaux de forage à positionnement dynamique .............................................................................29
5.3.3 Semi-submersibles ......................................................................................................................................................29
5.3.4 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................................................................29
© ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés iii---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 13354:2014(F)
6 Préparation des opérations de forage ........................................................................................................................................31
6.1 Appel d’offre ...........................................................................................................................................................................................31
6.2 Points importants ..............................................................................................................................................................................31
6.3 Contrôles pré-opérationnels ....................................................................................................................................................32
6.3.1 Moteurs diesel et équipements électriques...........................................................................................32
6.3.2 Détection des pertes et venues .........................................................................................................................32
6.3.3 Sauvetage en mer .........................................................................................................................................................32
6.3.4 Recommandations sur le refroidissement en mer ..........................................................................32
6.3.5 Largage en urgence de l’ancrage .....................................................................................................................32
6.3.6 Équipement de sécurité de l’appareil de forage ................................................................................33
6.3.7 Précautions de sécurité ...........................................................................................................................................33
6.3.8 Système déflecteur ......................................................................................................................................................34
6.4 Réunions pré-opérationnelles ................................................................................................................................................34
6.5 Exercices pré-opérationnels .....................................................................................................................................................35
6.6 Procédures d’intervention en cas de venue de gaz de surface ...................................................................36
6.6.1 Généralités .........................................................................................................................................................................36
6.6.2 Rappels ..................................................................................................................................................................................36
6.6.3 Aspects essentiels sur le contrôle des venues .....................................................................................37
7 Inspection et entretien du système déflecteur ..................................................................................................................39
7.1 Généralités ...............................................................................................................................................................................................39
7.2 Entretien ....................................................................................................................................................................................................39
7.3 Inspection et test ................................................................................................................................................................................39
7.4 Conduites d’évent ..............................................................................................................................................................................40
7.5 Documentation du fabricant ....................................................................................................................................................40
Bibliographie ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................41
iv © ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 13354:2014(F)
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux.
L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui concerne
la normalisation électrotechnique.Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www.
iso.org/directives).L’attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant les
références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de l’élaboration
du document sont indiqués dans l’Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de brevets reçues par
l’ISO (voir www.iso.org/brevets).Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données pour
information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un engagement.
Pour une explication de la signification des termes et expressions spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation
de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion de l’ISO aux principes de l’OMC
concernant les obstacles techniques au commerce (OTC), voir le lien suivant: Avant-propos - Informations
supplémentaires.Le comité chargé de l’élaboration du présent document est l’ISO/TC 67, Matériel, équipement et structures
en mer pour les industries pétrolière, pétrochimique et du gaz naturel, sous-comité SC 4, Équipement de
forage et de production.© ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 13354:2014(F)
Introduction
Le forage des formations contenant du gaz de surface est une opération délicate et pleine de défi. Si ces
opérations sont assez compliquées en raison de la disponibilité d’une marge de sécurité réduite entre
pertes et gains, la situation en cas de venue devient dangereuse du fait de la combinaison de plusieurs
facteurs défavorables:— les éruptions de gaz de surface sont des évènements extrêmement rapides; le temps séparant la
détection de la venue du vidage du puits est court, laissant peu de temps au foreur pour prendre la
bonne décision et laissant peu de place à l’erreur;— les rapports d’éruption ont révélé la magnitude et la sévérité des impacts dynamiques imposés aux
équipements déflecteurs de surface. L’un des effets associés est l’érosion, avec comme conséquence
le risque élevé d’incendie et d’explosion, la collision du gaz avec les installations du support de forage
donnant accès à d’éventuelles sources d’inflammation;— de nombreuses venues de gaz de surface se sont transformées dans le passé en éruptions incontrôlées
du fait de la défaillance des équipements déflecteurs anciens installés il y a plusieurs dizaines
d’années, en raison de leur complexité, de leur manque de fiabilité fonctionnelle et de leur incapacité
à résister aux sévères impacts dynamiques;— certains supports de forage sont exposés à des risques spécifiques en cas d’éruption de gaz de surface,
notamment le risque de formation de cratère ou le risque de chavirage pour les bateaux de forage,
— un personnel de chantier non-préparé ou insuffisamment entraîné ressent un niveau de stress élevé
lors de venues violentes de gaz de surface.Suite aux éruptions de gaz de surface survenues durant les quatre dernières décennies, des enquêtes
et rapports complets ont été réalisés, notamment par les spécialistes impliqués pour lutter contre
ces évènements, et des résultats et conclusions significatifs ont été publiés. Entre-temps, l’industrie
manufacturière a développé des équipements destinés à améliorer de manière significative la sécurité
lors des opérations de forage des gaz de surface.La présente Norme internationale a été préparée tout en prenant ces aspects en considération.
vi © ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 13354:2014(F)
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel — Équipements de
forage et de production — Équipement déflecteur pour
gaz de surface
1 Domaine d’application
La présente Norme internationale spécifie les exigences pour le choix de l’équipement déflecteur des
appareils de forage qui sont requis pour forer des formations contenant du gaz de surface. Elle couvre
les opérations terrestres et en mer, ainsi que les équipements auxiliaires requis sur les engins flottants.
Les exigences spécifiées concernent les équipements suivants:— dispositif d’obturation annulaire;
— sorties d’évent;
— vannes du système déflecteur;
— conduites du système déflecteur.
La présente Norme internationale met en lumière les préoccupations associées à la sélection d’un support
de forage flottant. Elle couvre les aspects sécurité liés à des équipements essentiels de l’appareil de forage,
ainsi que les actions importantes devant être réalisées avant le démarrage des activités de forage.
Elle ne fournit que des recommandations d’ordre général à propos des actions à mener en cas de venue
de gaz de surface.2 Références normatives
Les documents ci-après, dans leur intégralité ou non, sont des références normatives indispensables à
l’application du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l’édition citée s’applique. Pour les
références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s’applique (y compris les éventuels
amendements).ISO 13533, Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel — Équipements de forage et de production — Équipements
à travers lesquels s’effectue le forageAPI 16D (dernière révision), Specification for Control Systems for Drilling Well Control Equipment and
Control Systems for Diverter Equipment3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s’appliquent.
3.1servomoteur
dispositif utilisé pour ouvrir ou fermer une vanne au moyen d’une énergie manuelle, hydraulique,
pneumatique ou électrique3.2
garniture annulaire
élément en caoutchouc ou élastomère en forme d’anneau qui effectue une étanchéité dans un obturateur
annulaire ou un déflecteurNote 1 à l’article: La garniture annulaire est déplacée vers le centre du puits sous l’action verticale d’un piston annulaire.
© ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés 1---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 13354:2014(F)
3.3
dispositif d’étanchéité annulaire
équipement torique en acier contenant une garniture annulaire qui effectue la fermeture de l’espace
annulaire par constriction autour d’une tige de forage ou d’une tige carrée présente dans le puits
Note 1 à l’article: Certains dispositifs d’étanchéité annulaire réalisent une fermeture complète du puits ouvert.
3.4obturateur annulaire
dispositif pouvant faire étanchéité autour de n’importe quel objet présent dans le puits ou pouvant
obturer intégralement le puitsNote 1 à l’article: Une garniture renforcée en caoutchouc ou élastomère est comprimée par pression hydraulique
pour réaliser l’étanchéité.3.5
vanne à boisseau sphérique
vanne utilisant une sphère percée d’un trou pour ouvrir ou obturer le passage du fluide
3.6éruption
débit incontrôlé de fluides de forage et/ou de formation en surface ou dans une formation souterraine à
pression inférieure (éruption souterraine)Note 1 à l’article: Lorsque le débit incontrôlé de fluide pénètre dans les couches de sub-surface, on parle alors
d’éruption souterraine.3.7
bloc d’obturation de puits
BOP
dispositif permettant de fermer le puits afin d’y confiner les fluides de forage ou de formation
3.8structure marine reposant sur le fond
structure de forage reposant sur le fond marin durant les opérations de forage
Note 1 à l’article: Ceci inclue les plates-formes fixes, les engins submersibles, les barges de marais et les plates-
formes auto-élévatrices.3.9
point de débouchage
point situé sur la ligne de goulotte, permettant d’y avoir accès afin de réaliser l’évacuation des déblais de
forage qui peuvent éventuellement s’y accumuler3.10
unité de contrôle
ensemble de pompes, vannes, conduits, accumulateurs et autres équipements requis pour ouvrir et
fermer les BOP et le déflecteur3.11
fonction de contrôle
se réfère au circuit du système de contrôle (hydraulique, pneumatique, électrique, mécanique, seul ou
en combinaison) utilisé pour opérer le sélecteur de position d’un déflecteur, d’un BOP, d’une vanne ou
d’un régulateurEXEMPLE Fonction déflecteur «fermé», fonction vanne d’évent tribord «ouvert».
3.12
fonction de contrôle
se réfère aussi à chaque position du déflecteur, BOP, vanne et à chaque affectation de régulateur opéré
par le système de contrôle2 © ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés
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3.13
déflecteur
dispositif fixé à la tête de puits ou au tube prolongateur marin pour stopper la progression verticale
d’une quelconque venue et la diriger vers un ensemble de lignes d’évent qui l’éloigne de l’unité de forage
3.14système de contrôle du déflecteur
ensemble de pompes, accumulateurs, manifolds, panneaux de contrôle, vannes, conduites, etc. utilisés
pour opérer le déflecteur3.15
logement support du déflecteur
installation permanente sous la table de rotation dans laquelle vient se loger le déflecteur à insert
3.16garniture de déflecteur
dispositif d’étanchéité annulaire du déflecteur
3.17
conduite de déflecteur
se réfère à la ligne d’évent
3.18
système déflecteur
ensemble comprenant étanchéité annulaire, moyens de contrôle de débit, lignes d’évents et système
de contrôle qui facilitent l’arrêt dans la progression verticale d’une venue de fluide et sa dérivation
vers l’atmosphère3.19
unité déflecteur
ensemble comprenant le dispositif d’étanchéité annulaire et son système d’activation
3.20infrastructure du plancher de forage
fondation sur laquelle le derrick, la table de rotation, le treuil et autre équipement de forage sont installés
3.21raccord (ou entretoise) de forage
joint à brides situé entre BOP et tête de puits, utilisé comme entretoise ou adaptateur
3.22bateau de forage
navire flottant autopropulsé, à profil de bateau, équipé d’équipements de forage
3.23
vanne de décharge
dispositif utilisé pour contrôler la pression en pied de tube prolongateur, grâce à l’établissement d’une
communication directe avec l’eau de mer3.24
support de forage à positionnement dynamique
bateau ou engin semi-submersible de forage équipé de propulseurs pilotés par ordinateur, permettant
de maintenir une position constante par rapport à un point fixe sur le fond marin sans l’aide d’ancre et
de lignes d’ancrage durant les opérations de forage3.25
élastomère
composé élastique ou substance ressemblant à du caoutchouc
© ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés 3
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ISO 13354:2014(F)
3.26
ligne de remplissage
ligne habituellement reliée au tube fontaine au-dessus des BOP, permettant l’ajout de fluide de forage
dans le trou lors de la remontée du train de forage afin de compenser le volume de métal retiré du trou
3.27joint flexible/à rotule
dispositif installé directement au-dessus des BOP sous-marins et au sommet du joint télescopique du tube
prolongateur, permettant un mouvement angulaire relatif de ce dernier afin de réduire les contraintes
induites par les déplacements du support marin et par les forces environnementales
3.28goulotte
ligne des vibrateurs
conduite conduisant les déblais de forage depuis le tube fontaine vers les vibrateurs et les bassins de forage
3.29pression de fracturation de la formation
pression requise pour initier une fracture dans une formation géologique souterraine
3.30test de fonction
cycle d’ouverture et fermeture d’un équipement pour en vérifier sa capacité à fonctionner
3.31vanne-porte
vanne utilisant une porte coulissante pour ouvrir ou obturer le circuit d’écoulement
3.32hauteur hydrostatique
hauteur vraie d’une colonne de fluide
3.33
pression hydrostatique
pression qui existe en tout point dans le sondage en raison du poids de la colonne verticale de fluide
existant au-dessus de ce point3.34
cylindre intérieur
partie du joint télescopique du tube prolongateur marin qui est attachée au joint flexible sous le
système déflecteur3.35
garniture de type insert
dispositif utilisant un insert destiné à fermer le puits et faire étanchéité autour d’une gamme spécifique
de diamètres de tube de forage3.36
vanne intégrale
vanne faisant partie intégrante du déflecteur et fonctionnant intégralement avec le dispositif
d’étanchéité annulaire3.37
inter-verrouillage
organisation des fonctions du système de contrôle conçue pour que l’activation d’une fonction donnée
soit la condition préalable à l’activation d’une autre fonction4 © ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 13354:2014(F)
3.38
tige carrée
tige de forage à flancs plats ou cannelés, mue par un carré d’entraînement situé dans la table de rotation
Note 1 à l’article: Le carré (appelé carré d’entraînement) transmet du couple à la tige carrée, permettant ainsi au
train de forage de tourner.3.39
venue
débit de gaz, d’huile ou autre fluide en provenance du puits, pouvant résulter en une éruption s’il
n’est pas contrôlé3.40
boue lourde
fluide de forage de densité suffisante pour contrebalancer la pression de gisement en cas de venue
3.41vanne à guillotine
vanne utilisant une pelle coulissante afin de réaliser les opérations d’ouverture-fermeture
Note 1 à l’article: Elle diffère de la vanne-porte dans la mesure où le chapeau de vanne est ouvert et n’est donc pas
étanche.3.42
perte de circulation
perte de fluide de forage dans le sondage
3.43
tube prolongateur marin
extension du sondage entre la tête de puits sous-marine et le support de forage flottant, permettant de
remonter les déblais de forage vers ce dernier et de guider les outils dans le puits
3.44navire ancré
support de forage flottant, qui a besoin d’ancres, de chaînes et de lignes d’ancrage entre le fond marin et
le navire pour conserver une position constante par rapport au fond marin3.45
fond marin
plancher océanique, ou fond d’un lac, d’une baie, d’un marais
3.46
cylindre extérieur
partie du joint télescopique du tube prolongateur marin qui est attaché aux lignes du dispositif de
tensionnementNote 1 à l’article: La tension est transférée au tube prolongateur via ce cylindre extérieur.
3.47période pré-opérationnelle
période qui précède le démarrage des activités de forage
3.48
séparateur vertical atmosphérique
réservoir sous pression prévu pour effectuer la séparation et la détente à pression atmosphérique du
gaz présent dans le fluide de forage, lors de la circulation d’une venue à travers le manifold de duses
3.49contrôle primaire du puits
méthode pour prévenir tout débit du puits grâce au maintien d’une pression hydrostatique égale ou
supérieure à celle de la pression de gisement© ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés 5
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ISO 13354:2014(F)
3.50
plate-forme de production
structure installée de manière permanente sur le fond marin, équipée d’installations pour le forage
et/ou le développement de réservoirs sous-marins3.51
connecteur hydraulique du tube prolongateur
système de verrou hydraulique reliant l’extrémité du tube conducteur et la base du tube prolongateur marin
Note 1 à l’article: Des joints d’étanchéité contiennent les fuites entre le verrou hydraulique et l’extrémité du
tube conducteur.3.52
table de rotation
dispositif à travers lequel passent l’outil de forage et le train de sonde, et qui transmet la rotation à
la tige carrée3.53
système déflecteur sous-marin
ensemble fixé à la base du tube prolongateur marin, relié à l’extrémité du tube conducteur, conçu pour fermer
le puits en cas de venue de gaz de surface et pour diriger celle-ci vers deux évents latéraux sous-marins
3.54semi-submersible
support de forage flottant ballasté sur le site de forage, pouvant mener à bien les opérations en condition
stable, dans une position partiellement submergée3.55
cible anti-érosion
bouchon plein forgé ou bride installé au fond d’un raccord en T pour réduire l’érosion à l’endroit où le
changement de direction du fluide a lieu3.56
conduite protégée
se réfère à un système de conduite dans lequel un écoulement de fluide percute une cible anti-érosion
remplie de plomb (ou de tout autre matériau), à un endroit où il y a changement de direction d’écoulement
3.57garniture d’étanchéité du joint télescopique
élément résilient torique, activé par une source d’énergie hydraulique, pneumatique ou mécanique,
situé entre les deux cylindres du joint télescopique, servant à contenir le fluide de forage à l’intérieur du
tube prolongateur3.58
ligne d’évent
conduite dirigeant l’écoulement des fluides en provenance du puits à l’atmosphère, loin du plancher de forage
3.59vanne de ligne d’évent
vanne à ouverture complète permettant le passage des fluides en provenance du puits à travers la
ligne d’évent3.60
sortie d’évent
point où le fluide sort du puits à travers la ligne d’évent
...
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