ISO/IEC 19566-6:2019
(Main)Information technologies — JPEG systems — Part 6: JPEG 360
Information technologies — JPEG systems — Part 6: JPEG 360
This document specifies omnidirectional/360-degree image and motion contents using Rec. ITU-T T.81 | ISO/IEC 10918‑1, Rec. ITU-T T.800 (11/2015) | ISO/IEC 15444‑1, and ISO/IEC 18477-3.
Technologies de l'information — Systèmes JPEG — Partie 6: JPEG 360
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 19566-6
First edition
2019-07
Information technologies — JPEG
systems —
Part 6:
JPEG 360
Technologies de l'information — Systèmes JPEG JPEG 360 —
Partie 6: JPEG 360
Reference number
ISO/IEC 19566-6:2019(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2019
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ISO/IEC 19566-6:2019(E)
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ISO/IEC 19566-6:2019(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 2
4 Conventions . 2
4.1 Conformance language . 2
4.2 Typesetting . 3
5 Description and definition of JPEG 360 images. 3
5.1 Relative orientation . 5
5.2 File position for the 360 image codestream . 7
5.3 Viewport representation . 8
5.4 Basic set of general 360 image parameters .10
6 Structuring of JPEG 360 Metadata .10
6.1 General .10
6.2 Definition of JPEG 360 Content Type boxes .11
Annex A (normative) JPEG 360 Content Type JUMBF box.12
Annex B (normative) XML box for JPEG 360 .14
Bibliography .25
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ISO/IEC 19566-6:2019(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that
are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through
technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of
technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other
international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also
take part in the work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/
or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents) or the IEC list of patent
declarations received (see http: //patents .iec .ch).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 29, Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information.
A list of all parts in the ISO/IEC 19566 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
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ISO/IEC 19566-6:2019(E)
Introduction
The ISO/IEC 19566 series is designed primarily for format and metadata storage and protection method
of compressed continuous-tone photographic content.
There is increasing use of multi-sensor images from multiple image sensor devices, such as 360 degree
capturing cameras or dual-camera smartphones available to consumers. Images from these cameras
are shown on computers, smartphones, and head-mounted displays (HMD).
Because existing JPEG standards do not fully cover these new uses, incompatibilities have reduced the
interoperability of these images, and thus reducing the widespread ubiquity which consumers have
come to expect when using JPEG-based images.
Additionally, new modalities for interacting with images, such as computer-based augmentation,
face-tagging, and object classification require support for metadata that was not part of the original
JPEG scope.
This document defines “JPEG 360”, building upon the features of JPEG Universal Metadata Box Format
(JUMBF) (see ISO/IEC 19566-5) which itself builds upon ISO/IEC 18477-3 (Box file format) which
provides compatibility with ISO/IEC 10918-5 (JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF)).
This document defines the use of the JPEG 360 Content Type JUMBF superbox with respect to the sub-
box components which include the definition of an XML box, the use of other boxes such as unstitched
image elements for omnidirectional captures together with the main image and descriptive metadata,
and encrypted parts of the image.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 19566-6:2019(E)
Information technologies — JPEG systems —
Part 6:
JPEG 360
1 Scope
This document specifies omnidirectional/360-degree image and motion contents using Rec.
ITU-T T.81 | ISO/IEC 10918-1, Rec. ITU-T T.800 (11/2015) | ISO/IEC 15444-1, and ISO/IEC 18477-3.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 19566-5, Information technology — JPEG Systems — Part 5: JPEG Universal Metadata Box
Format (JUMBF)
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1.1
box
binary structure that encapsulates an object embedded in a file
3.1.2
box-based file format
file format whose composing elements are boxes containing structured data in compliance with ISO-
based media file format
3.1.3
deserialization
extraction of data structure from a series of bytes
3.1.4
equirectangular projection
projection for mapping a portion of the surface of a sphere to a flat image
3.1.6
metadata
data that describes other data, including text, image, hypertext and combinations thereof
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3.1.7
omnidirectional
(sub)spherical surface of an image of a scene as if observed from a single point of projection.
3.1.8
serialization
translation of data structures into a series of bytes that can be stored and/or transmitted
3.2 Abbreviated terms
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
DCT discrete cosine transform
ERP equirectangular projection
FOV field of view
JSON JavaScript object notation
JPEG joint photographic experts group
JUMBF JPEG universal metadata box format
MIME multipurpose internet mail extensions
URL uniform resource locator
XML eXtensible Markup Language
XMP eXtensible Metadata Platform
RDF resource description framework
W3C World Wide Web Consortium
umf universal metadata framework
4 Conventions
4.1 Conformance language
In this document, the following verbal forms are used:
— “shall” indicates a requirement;
— “should” indicates a recommendation;
— “may” indicates a permission;
— “can” indicates a possibility or a capability.
Information marked as “NOTE” is intended to assist the understanding or use of the document. “Notes
to entry” used in Clause 3 provide additional information that supplements the terminological data and
can contain provisions relating to the use of a term.
The keyword "reserved" indicates a provision that is not specified at this time, shall not be used, and
may be specified in the future. The keyword "forbidden" indicates "reserved" and in addition indicates
that the provision will never be specified in the future.
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4.2 Typesetting
Regular face fonts as this text describe informative text that provides instructions, comments or details
for the reader.
Monospaced text as this paragraph indicates program input or output as necessary to either
run the software, or as generated by the software on the console.
NOTE The character values of the monospaced text in this document could differ the actual value due to
differences in the character encodings used; e.g., IS0 8859 vs UTF-8.
5 Description and definition of JPEG 360 images
The equirectangular projection is a commonly used projection of omnidirectional cameras to a two-
dimensional rectangular image and is the default image projection for JPEG 360.
The equirectangular projection maps the image onto a spherical surface from a single projection point
at the centre of the sphere. The surface of the sphere is described by two angular measures as shown
in Figure 1; for convenience, a unit sphere is assumed. The centre of the sphere is coincident with the
origin of the three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates. A point on the surface of the sphere is defined by
the two angles ϕ and θ, which are also referred to as “longitude” and “latitude” respectively.
Key
a
origin of 360 image (θ = ϕ = 0)
b
direction of increasing ϕ
c
direction of increasing θ
Figure 1 — Spherical and Cartesian coordinates
In Cartesian coordinates, the points on the sphere are defined as follows:
— x = cosϕ · cosθ
— y = sinϕ · sinθ
— z = sinθ
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For an equirectangular projection the sphere’s surface, expressed in terms of the angles ϕ and θ, can be
mapped to a two-dimensional Cartesian surface. For example, in Figure 2 which includes the mapping
for several lines of constant longitude or constant latitude.
Key
a
prime meridian (commonly at ϕ = 0)
b
equator (typically at θ = 0)
c
origin of 360 image (θ = ϕ = 0)
d
span of ϕ (commonly −180° to 180°)
e
span of θ (commonly −90° to 90°)
Figure 2 — Description of mapping from spherical surface to equirectangular
For this document, a simplified representation will be used, for example, for equirectangular projection
for a full spherical surface as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 — Simplified representation for equirectangular projection for full spherical surface
The generalized equirectangular projection is expressed in terms of ranges for ϕ and θ by defining four
values ϕ , ϕ , θ , and θ as shown in Figure 4.
min max min max
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Figure 4 — Generalized description of equirectangular projection
ϕ , and ϕ are constrained by the two conditions:
min max
— −360 ≤ ϕ ≤ ϕ ≤ 360, and
min max
— ϕ − ϕ ≤ 360
max min
θ , and θ are constrained by the two conditions:
min max
— −180 ≤ θ ≤ θ ≤ 180, and
min max
— θ − θ ≤ 180
max min
The advantages of this generalized description are:
i) it defines equirectangular projections that are smaller than a full sphere, and
ii) it can mathematically shift the origin (0, 0) of the equirectangular project in terms of the angle
range values.
For example, an “equatorial image” to be a band around the equator of the equirectangular projection,
or set the origin at the left edge of the equirectangular projection.
5.1 Relative orientation
The full 360 camera captures equivalent scenes regardless of the exact position the user holds the
camera during image exposure. However, it is highly desirable to improve viewer’s experience of the
image by displaying the image in a way that is nominally oriented so that the scene horizon is parallel to
the equirectangular projection’s centre line. Sensors in the camera can provide the camera orientation
relative to the local direction of the Earth’s gravity; using this information allows the image to be
remapped to the expected view.
In Figure 5 shows the direction of Earth’s gravity with respect to the camera’s local coordinate systems
in both 3D space and equirectangular projection for a full spherical surface as might be expected when
the camera is held in its upright position.
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Key
a
centre of 360 image as projected on sphere (θ = ϕ = 0)
b
direction of gravity as projected on sphere
c
centre of 360 image in equirectangular projection (θ = ϕ = 0)
d
direction of gravity in equirectangular projection
Figure 5 — Representation of the direction of Earth’s gravity for upright camera
When the camera is not held upright, the direction of Earth’s gravity is shifted relative to the camera’s
coordinate systems. In Figure 6, this is illustrated.
Key
a
centre of 360 image as projected on sphere (θ = ϕ = 0)
b
direction of gravity as projected on sphere
c
point on surface of sphere along direction of gravity
d
direction of gravity in equirectangular projection
Figure 6 — Representation for direction of gravity for non-upright camera
The direction of Earth’s gravity is defined to be the vector from the centre of the sphere to the point
defined by the pair ϕ and θ . It is possible for the equirectangular position of the Earth’s
gravity gravity
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gravity to be outside the ranges defined by ϕ , ϕ , θ , and θ . The ϕ and θ are
min max min max gravity gravity
constrained shown below:
— −180 + (ϕ − ϕ ) < ϕ < (ϕ − ϕ ) + 180, and
max min gravity max min
— −90 + (ϕ − ϕ ) < θ < + (ϕ − ϕ ) + 90.
max min gravity max min
The compass heading relative to the camera’s coordinates is very useful information. This is a one-
dimensional value given by the angle, ω, where 0 ≤ ω < 360, as shown in Figure 7.
Key
a
centre of 360 image as projected on sphere (θ = ϕ = 0)
b
compass heading (ω)
Figure 7 — Compass heading definition
NOTE For the general case, the value of the compass heading can be less than ϕ or greater than ϕ .
min max
5.2 File position for the 360 image codestream
The JPEG standards have defined specific locations in the file structure for an image codestream. With
the new usages supported by JPEG 360, images are included in a broader definition of metadata. It is
possible to signal that the encoded equirectangular image is located within JPEG 360 Content Type box
or is located in the file position of another standard. A simplified diagram of the file structure is shown
in Figure 8.
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Key
a
file position for JPEG 360 metadata and codestreams within JUMBF box
b
file position for a single codestream which can be used for the equirectangular projection; compatible with
conventional viewers
Figure 8 — Possible file positions for the equirectangular image codestream
This “legacy” file position may be desirable so that an image is decoded when the file is opened by
conventional JPEG viewing applications.
5.3 Viewport representation
A common interaction modality is to present the viewer with only a limited view of the equirectangular
projection that corresponds to the perspective that is familiar to the human visual experience. Further
to guide the viewer’s experience of the image by starting at an initial location in the equirectangular
projection. This is referred to a “viewport”. A viewport is defined as a rectangular sub-region within
the equirectangular projection.
In Figure 9, the blue box represents a viewport; while not required, it is recommended to render a view
into the equirectangular projection through a viewport.
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Key
a
viewport centre
b
viewport horizontal field of view span
c
viewport vertical field of view span
Figure 9 — Viewport as a subset of the equirectangular projection
In general, as shown in Figure 10, the edges of the viewport may not be parallel to the equirectangular
projection coordinates.
Key
a
viewport centre
b
direction of increasing viewport roll
c
line of constant ϕ
Figure 10 — Non-parallel viewport
The viewport can be described by:
— The centre of the viewport as defined by longitude (ϕ) and latitude values (θ),
— The span in ϕ and θ dimensions, and
— The viewport roll which is the rotation angle between a line-of-constant-φ through the viewport
centre point and the centre line of the viewport.
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5.4 Basic set of general 360 image parameters
Based on the discussion above, there are the following set of basic 360 image characteristics:
360 image parameters
— JPEG360VersionNumber: provides a way to identify parameter sets and associated definitions.
— MediaType: commonly referred to as MIME type, this identifies the codestream format.
— ProjectionType: identifies the spherical projection for the associated image.
— PhiMin: ϕ as described above.
min
— PhiMax: ϕ as described above.
max
— ThetaMax: θ as described above.
max
— ThetaMin: θ as described above.
min
— PhiGravity: ϕ as described above.
gravity
— ThetaGravity: corresponding to θ as described above.
gravity
— CompassHeading: the angle between the camera’s coordinate system and the Earth’s compass
coordinates.
— BoxReference: indication if the equirectangular image position in the file is in the codestream
position expected by earlier versions of JPEG standards.
Viewport parameters
— JPEG360ViewportNumber: a numbered set of viewport descriptors
— ViewportPhi: phi angle value for viewport centre: the longitude value for the centre of the rectangular
sub-region in the equirectangular projection.
— ViewportTheta: theta angle value for viewport centre: the latitude value for the centre of the
rectangular sub-region in the equirectangular projection.
— ViewportPhiFOV: the longitude span of the viewport with span centred at the viewport latitude centre.
— ViewportThetaFOV: the latitude span of the viewport with span centred at the viewport
longitude centre.
— ViewportRoll: the angular rotation of the viewport.
6 Structuring of JPEG 360 Metadata
6.1 General
This Clause defines the JPEG 360 Content Type box, which is based on the JUMBF superbox defined by
ISO/IEC 19566-5. The sub-box components are defined, which include the definition of an XML box,
the use of other boxes such as unstitched image elements for omnidirectional captures together with
the main image and descriptive metadata, and encrypted parts of the image in order to construct a
conformant JPEG 360 image file. An overview of the JPEG 360 Content Type box is shown in Figure 11.
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ISO/IEC 19566-6:2019(E)
Figure 11 — Overview of JPEG 360 Content Type box
6.2 Definition of JPEG 360 Content Type boxes
With reference to ISO/IEC 19566-5, the JPEG 360 Content Type box shall be defined in:
— Annex A, which contains the definition of the JUMBF box that shall be used for JPEG 360 (e.g., the
structure and definitions of required content of this box);
— Annex B, which defines the JPEG 360 metadata schema that shall be used.
The boxes described in Annex A follow the box-based file construction as described in ISO/IEC 18477-3
and ISO/IEC 14496-12, and which has a compatible form with ISO/IEC TR 19566-1.
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ISO/IEC 19566-6:2019(E)
Annex A
(normative)
JPEG 360 Content Type JUMBF box
A.1 General
This annex defines the use of JUMBF elements for JPEG 360; the elements are defined in ISO/IEC 19566-5.
A.2 JUMBF box for JPEG 360
Box name Type
JUMBF box 'jumb' (0x6a75 6d62)
A.3 JUMBF Description box for JPEG 360
Box name Type
JUMBF Description box 'jumd' (0x6a75 6d64)
A.4 JUMBF Description box: Type for JPEG 360
Parameter Value
TYPE 0x785f34b7-5d4b-474c-b89f-
1d99e0e3a8dd
NOTE The UUID above is per
Recommendation ITU-T X.667 |
ISO/IEC 9834-8.
A.5 JUMBF Description box: TOGGLES for JPEG 360
The JPEG 360 TOGGLES values shall follow ISO/IEC 19566-5 definitions.
JPEG 360
Binary value TOGGLE Meaning
Allowed TOGGLE values
0000 xx11 Requestable
0 or 1
0000 xxx0 Not requestable
0000 xx1x Label present
0 or 1
0000 xx0x No label present
0000 x1xx ID present
0 or 1
0000 x0xx No ID present
0000 1xxx Signature present
0 or 1
0000 0xxx No signature present
All other values are reserved for future use.
If Requestable Toggle is set to 1, a request shall return the JPEG 360 XML instance with MIME type
‘text/xml’ first.
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A.6 JUMBF Description box: recommended/default label string for JPEG 360
Parameter Value
LABEL “JPEG360Metadata”
Each instance can have a distinct label or the same label if they are embedded in different files. If there
are multiple JUMBF boxes in the same file, the user is responsible to assign a unique label within the
scope of the file. It is recommended to use the label “JPEG360Metadata”, if this label does not already
exist in the current scope of the file; e.g., a newly created JPEG 360 image.
A.7 Description of the JPEG 360 Content Type JUMBF box
As shown in Figure 11, JPEG 360 metadata is contained within a JUMBF superbox. This JPEG 360 Content
Type JUMBF box is internally composed of the following:
— The JUMBF Descriptor box for JPEG 360
— Exactly one XML box which contains the JPEG 360 metadata as described in Annex B.
— Optional JUMBF Codestream Content Type boxes.
— Optional JUMBF UUID Content Type boxes.
The use of the JUMBF boxes to contain codestreams and custom data allows the JPEG 360 metadata
to make references to associated codestreams and custom data, and simplifies the encapsulation of
codestreams.
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ISO/IEC 19566-6:2019(E)
Annex B
(normative)
XML box for JPEG 360
B.1 Approach to setting the standard
JPEG 360 is designed to balance the need to provide a timely standard while keeping flexibility to grow
the feature sets to more fully accommodate the identified use cases. To meet this need, a basic schema
descriptor and an empty metadata set are provided; which assign default values for the metadata
elements.
However, without loss of generality, metadata elements can be set to support a variety of basic
equirectangular images, and a number of viewports. See the discussion of these details in subclause 5.4.
B.2 Definition of JPEG 360 metadata
The schema elements of the JPEG 360 metadata contains basic properties, described in Table B.1.
Table B.1 — Definition of JPEG 360 schema descriptor elements
JPEG 360 schema descriptor elements Meaning Data type
JPEG- Schema name string
360Meta-
JPEG360ImageMetadata Name of subschema for JPEG 360 image string
data
parameters
JPEG360Version Version # of JPEG image metadata schema; integer
provides a way to identify parameter sets
and associated definitions
MediaType Media type (formerly MIME type) for string
encoded 360 projection image codestream
ProjectionType 360 image projection type string
PhiMin As shown in Clause 6, in units of degrees (°) real
PhiMax real
ThetaMax real
ThetaMin real
PhiGravity real
ThetaGravity real
CompassPhi real
CompassTheta real
BoxReference Refers to a label for either a JUMBF string
codestream box or a JUMBF UUID box,
as per ISO/IEC 19566-5.
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Table B.1 (continued)
JPEG360ViewportMetadata Name of subschema for JPEG 360 viewport string
JPEG360Viewport As several viewports can be assigned, a integer
Number unique ID to further differentiate them
The value ‘0’ is reserved for the default
viewport as described in Table B.4.
ViewportPhi As shown in Clause 6, in units of degrees (°) real
ViewportTheta real
ViewportPhiFOV real
ViewportThetaFOV real
ViewportRoll real
The JPEG 360 metadata elements are required to follow the definitions of the JPEG 360 schema
descriptor.
B.3 Overview of metadata representation
This Annex defines JPEG 360 schema based on XMP specification which is also covered as part of
ISO 16684-1. The data source layer implements serialization, deserialization and embedding of
metadata with using XMP with the addition of new tags to express a schema descriptor, and to associate
metadata elements with that schema descriptor, as shown diagrammatically in Figure B.1.
Figure B.1 — Logical view of the metadata
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The high-level structuring of th
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