ISO/PRF 4517
(Main)Physical vapor deposition (PVD) coatings — Contact angle measurement of metallic hydrophobic PVD coatings
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) coatings — Contact angle measurement of metallic hydrophobic PVD coatings
This document provides the requirements of contact angle measurement of metallic hydrophobic thin film coatings deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD) method, including thermal evaporation, sputtering, and ion plating. This document does not apply to non-metallic coatings, paints or varnishes.
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ISO 4517
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Physical vapor deposition
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angle measurement of metallic
hydrophobic PVD coatings
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ISO 4517:2025(en) © ISO 2025
ISO 4517:2025(en)
© ISO 2025
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
ii
ISO 4517:2025(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 1
5 Samples for contact angle evaluation . 2
6 Contact angle measurement . 3
6.1 General .3
6.2 Contact angle measurement environment .3
6.3 Droplet size .3
6.4 Contact angle measurement time since deposition .4
6.5 Surface quality requirements .4
6.6 Chemical composition .5
6.7 Surface free energy.5
Bibliography . 7
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
iii
ISO 4517:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107, Metallic and other inorganic coatings,
Subcommittee SC 9, Physical vapor deposition coatings.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
iv
ISO 4517:2025(en)
Introduction
A hydrophobic surface is defined as a solid surface with a water contact angle higher than 90°. A hydrophobic
surface tends to repel water droplets. Hydrophobic coatings have drawn much interest in electronic devices,
aerospace engineering and construction industries. This is because of their self-cleaning, anti-icing and
corrosion resistance properties. Among current hydrophobic coatings, polymer-based materials are the
most commonly used due to their low surface energy. However, they are relatively soft with low durability
when applied in harsh environments.
Metal-based hydrophobic physical vapor deposition (PVD) coating is a promising candidate for realizing the
practical use of hydrophobic surfaces due to their outstanding mechanical durability. However, the surface
wettability of metallic PVD coatings goes through a time evolution under ambient air exposure due to the
adsorption of hydrocarbons. This makes it difficult to evaluate the wettability and apply this kind of coating
for hydrophobic use. It is thus essential to evaluate how wettable metallic hydrophobic PVD coatings are for
the further development and applications of metallic hydrophobic PVD coatings.
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
v
International Standard ISO 4517:2025(en)
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) coatings — Contact angle
measurement of metallic hydrophobic PVD coatings
1 Scope
This document specifies the requirements for the contact angle measurement of metallic hydrophobic thin
film coatings deposited by the physical vapor deposition (PVD) method, including thermal evaporation,
sputtering and ion plating.
This document does not apply to non-metallic coatings, paints or varnishes.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
physical vapor deposition
PVD
vacuum deposition method for producing thin films or coatings on a substrate by a physical reaction
3.2
hydrophobic coating
coating that repels water droplets
3.3
water contact angle
angle formed by a liquid at the three-phase boundary, where a liquid, gas and solid intersect
3.4
adsorption
process by which molecules of a substance from a gas or liquid attach to a surface
4 Principle
The contact angle is a quantitative measure of the wetting state of a solid. It is an angle formed by a liquid
at the three-phase boundary, where a liquid-vapor interface meets a solid surface (see Figure 1). When θ
< 90°, the surface is hydrophilic, which means that wetting is favoured on this surface and water tends to
spread and maintain the maximum contact area. When θ > 90°, the surface is hydrophobic, which means it
is difficult to wet the surface, water tends to shrink and maintain the minimum contact area. If θ > 150°, the
surface is superhydrophobic.
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
...
ISO/TC 107/SC 9
Secretariat: SAC
Date: 2025-03-06
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) coatings — Contact angle
measurement of metallic hydrophobic PVD coatings
PROOF
ISO/DIS PRF 4517:2025(en)
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO
at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
EmailE-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents
Foreword . iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 1
5 Samples for contact angle evaluation . 3
6 Contact angle measurement . 3
6.1 General. 3
6.2 Contact angle measurement environment . 3
6.3 Droplet size . 4
6.4 Contact angle measurement time since deposition . 4
6.5 Surface quality requirements . 5
6.6 Chemical composition . 5
6.7 Surface free energy . 6
Bibliography . 8
iii
ISO/DIS PRF 4517:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights
in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a) patent(s)
which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not
represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107, Metallic and other inorganic coatings,
Subcommittee SC 9, Physical vapor deposition coatings.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
A hydrophobic surface is defined as a solid surface with a water contact angle higher than 90°. A hydrophobic
surface tends to repel water droplets. Hydrophobic coatings have drawn much interest in electronic devices,
aerospace engineering and construction industries. This is because of their self-cleaning, anti-icing and
corrosion resistance properties. Among current hydrophobic coatings, polymer-based materials are the most
commonly used due to their low surface energy. However, they are relatively soft with low durability when
applied in harsh environments.
Metal-based hydrophobic physical vapor deposition (PVD) coating is a promising candidate for realizing the
practical use of hydrophobic surfaces due to their outstanding mechanical durability. However, the surface
wettability of metallic PVD coatings goes through a time evolution under ambient air exposure due to the
adsorption of hydrocarbons. This makes it difficult to evaluate the wettability and apply this kind of coating
for hydrophobic use. It is thus essential to evaluate how wettable metallic hydrophobic PVD coatings are for
the further development and applications of metallic hydrophobic PVD coatings.
v
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) coatings — Contact angle
measurement of metallic hydrophobic PVD coatings
1 Scope
This document specifies the requirements for the contact angle measurement of metallic hydrophobic thin
film coatings deposited by the physical vapor deposition (PVD) method, including thermal evaporation,
sputtering and ion plating.
This document does not apply to non-metallic coatings, paints or varnishes.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— — ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— — IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1 3.1
physical vapourvapor deposition
PVD
vacuum deposition method for producing thin films or coatings on a substrate by a physical reaction
3.2 3.2
hydrophobic coating
coating that repels water droplets
3.3 3.3
water contact angle
angle formed by a liquid at the three-phase boundary, where a liquid, gas and solid intersect
3.4 3.4
adsorption
process by which molecules of a substance from a gas or liquid attach to a surface
4 Principle
The contact angle is a quantitative measure of the wetting state of a solid. It is an angle formed by a liquid at
the three-phase boundary, where a liquid-vapor interface meets a solid surface (see Figure 1Figure 1).). When
θ< < 90°, the surface is hydrophilic, which means that wetting is favoured on this surface and water tends to
spread and maintain the maximum contact area. When θ> > 90°, the surface is hydrophobic, which means it is
difficult to wet the surface, water tends to shrink and maintain the minimum contact area. If θ> > 150°, the
surface is superhydrophobic.
The Wenzel equation is given in Formula (1)Formula (1)::
ISO/DIS PRF 4517:2025(en)
cosθ = r cosθ (1)
W C
where
θ is the apparent contact angle with the Wenzel model;
W
θ is Young’s contact angle on the ideal surface;
C
r is the ratio of the actual contact area to the geometric area.
θ is the apparent contact angle with the Wenzel model;
W
θC is Young’s contact angle on the ideal surface;
r is the ratio of the actual contact area to the geometric area.
The Cassie-Baxter equation is given in Formula (2)Formula (2)::
cosθ = f cosθ + f cosθ (2)
CB 1 1 2 2
where
θ is the apparent contact angle with the Cassie-Baxter model;
CB
f is the fractional area of the surface with contact angle θ ;
1 1
f is the fractional area of the surface with contact angle θ .
2 2
θ is the apparent contact angle with the Cassie-Baxter model;
CB
f is the fractional area of the surface with contact angle θ ;
1 1
f is the fractional area of the surface with contact angle θ .
2 2
Wettability is mainly influenced by two factors: surface roughness and chemical composition. Surface
morphology and chemical composition are therefore essential factors for wetting evaluation.
Key
1 air
2 solid
3 water
4 solid-liquid interfacial tensio
...
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