ISO/TS 14092:2020
(Main)Adaptation to climate change — Requirements and guidance on adaptation planning for local governments and communities
Adaptation to climate change — Requirements and guidance on adaptation planning for local governments and communities
This document specifies requirements and guidance on adaptation planning for local governments and communities. This document supports local governments and communities in adapting to climate change based on vulnerability, impacts and risk assessments. In working with relevant interested parties, it also supports the setting of priorities, and the development and subsequent updating of an adaptation plan.
Adaptation au changement climatique — Exigences et recommandations relatives à la planification de l'adaptation pour les autorités locales et les communautés
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TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 14092
First edition
Adaptation to climate change —
Requirements and guidance on
adaptation planning for local
governments and communities
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
©
ISO 2020
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
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Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
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Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principles . 5
4.1 Accountability . 5
4.2 Continual learning and improvement . 5
4.3 Flexibility . 5
4.4 Mainstreaming and embedding. 5
4.5 Practicality . 6
4.6 Prioritization . 6
4.7 Proportionality . 6
4.8 Relevance . 6
4.9 Transparency . 6
5 Pre-planning . 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Framing adaptation . 7
5.3 Roles, responsibilities and duties of the teams . 7
5.3.1 Core decision-making team . 7
5.3.2 Facilitation team . . 7
5.3.3 Interested parties . 9
5.3.4 Agreement and approval . 9
6 Assessing climate change impacts including opportunities . 9
6.1 General . 9
6.2 Identifying climate change.10
6.3 Assessing climat e change impacts .11
6.4 Impact assessment methods .13
6.4.1 General.13
6.4.2 Risk assessment . .14
6.4.3 Vulnerability assessment .14
6.4.4 Thresholds analysis .14
6.4.5 Defining areas and sectors where adaptation is needed.15
6.5 Assessing adaptive capacity .15
6.6 Identifying opportunities .16
6.7 Identifying uncertainties .17
7 Formulating the adaptation plan .17
7.1 General .17
7.2 Planning considering the policy context .18
7.3 Identification of potential adaptation measures .19
7.4 Assessment of adaptation measures .19
7.5 Decision-making .20
7.5.1 General.20
7.5.2 Interested parties’ engagement .21
7.5.3 Selection of climate change adaptation measures .21
7.5.4 Short, medium and long lifespan decisions .22
7.5.5 Documenting the decision .22
7.6 Local adaptation plan .23
7.6.1 General.23
7.6.2 Scope of the plan .23
7.6.3 Boundaries of the system .23
7.6.4 Formulation and presentation .24
7.6.5 Implementation .25
7.6.6 Monitoring and evaluation .25
7.6.7 Consultation on the draft adaptation plan .26
7.6.8 Confirmation and authorization .26
7.6.9 Publication and archive .26
8 Implementation .26
8.1 Leadership and commitment .26
8.2 Preparation for implementation .27
8.3 Implementation plan .27
9 Monitoring and evaluation.28
10 Reporting and communication .28
Annex A (informative) Example tables of contents of local adaptation plans .30
Annex B (informative) Tools for local adaptation planning .35
Annex C (informative) Indicators for monitoring and evaluation in local adaptation planning .39
Bibliography .40
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 207, Environmental management,
Subcommittee SC 7, Greenhouse gas management and related activities.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
Introduction
Preparing for risks posed by climate change and planning for adaptation at local government
and community levels is essential for the safety and security of society, as well as for its economic,
environmental and social well-being. Changes in the climate are often reflected by floods, heatwaves,
droughts, coastal erosion and other impacts that have been identified across the globe, which pose
threats to life, property, economic well-being and to ecosystems. The UN Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) has projected that global warming from past anthropogenic emissions will
persist for centuries to millennia and will continue to cause further long-term changes in the climate
system such as sea level rise, with associated impacts.
This document presents guidance for local governments and communities on how to prepare for such
threats and the associated risks. The document recognizes that the impacts posed by climate change
vary widely from region to region, and directly affect communities’ well-being and local governments
including the public services they offer, as well as the safety and security of individuals within their
jurisdiction. It is the responsibility of local governments and communities to provide leadership in
planning and preparing to manage these risks.
This document also describes how to develop an adaptation plan at the local government and community
levels. The planning process details why and how to establish an appropriate (well-structured and
collaborative) governance structure and the elements of the adaptation planning and implementation
processes. These details include establishing a facilitation team, assessing risks and developing an
effective plan, monitoring the progress of adaptation implementation and evaluating its achievement
with the aim of improving the plan. The step-by-step process presented enables tailoring of the local
adaptation plan to suit the climate, environmental and societal conditions in each case. Following
this document will lead to developing a robust, effective adaptation plan that can be implemented,
promoting appropriate climate action today and in the future.
It is important to note that the climate is changing, and planning and implementing adaptation is a
continual learning and improvement process that requires sustained attention and action. This
document will help local governments and communities in taking initial action to create a safe, socially
and economically secure and sustainable society that is resilient to current and future impacts of
climate change.
vi PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
NOTE The graph is designed to be interpreted clockwise.
Figure 1 — Logical framework of this document
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 14092:2020(E)
Adaptation to climate change — Requirements and
guidance on adaptation planning for local governments
and communities
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements and guidance on adaptation planning for local governments and
communities.
This document supports local governments and communities in adapting to climate change based
on vulnerability, impacts and risk assessments. In working with relevant interested parties, it also
supports the setting of priorities, and the development and subsequent updating of an adaptation plan.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
adaptation to climate change
climate change adaptation
process of adjustment to actual or expected climate (3.3) and its effects
Note 1 to entry: In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities.
Note 2 to entry: In some natural systems, human intervention can facilitate adjustment to expected climate and
its effects.
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.1]
3.2
adaptive capacity
ability of systems, institutions, humans, and other organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take
advantage of opportunities, or to respond to consequences
Note 1 to entry: Coping capacity is defined as the ability of people, organizations (3.17), and systems, using
available skills, resources, and opportunities, to address, manage, and overcome adverse conditions.
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.2, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.3
climate
statistical description of weather in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a
period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years
Note 1 to entry: The classical period for averaging these variables is 30 years, as defined by the World
Meteorological Organization.
Note 2 to entry: The relevant quantities are most often near-surface variables such as temperature, precipitation,
and wind.
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.4]
3.4
climate change
change in climate (3.3) that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer
Note 1 to entry: Climate change can be identified by such means as statistical tests (e.g. on changes in the mean,
variability).
Note 2 to entry: Climate change might be due to natural processes, internal to the climate system, or external
forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions, and persistent anthropogenic changes in the
composition of the atmosphere or in land use.
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.5]
3.5
climate projection
simulated response of the climate (3.3) system to a scenario of future emission or concentration of
greenhouse gases and aerosols, generally derived using climate models
Note 1 to entry: Climate projections are distinguished from climate predictions in order to emphasize that
climate projections depend upon the emission/concentration/radiative forcing scenario used, which are based
on assumptions concerning, for example, future socioeconomic and technological developments that may or may
not be realized.
[SOURCE: Adapted from IPCC, 2014]
3.6
climate scenario
plausible and often simplified representation of the future climate (3.3), based on an internally
consistent set of climatological relationships that has been constructed for explicit use in investigating
the potential consequences of anthropogenic climate change (3.4)
Note 1 to entry: Climate scenario often serves as input to impact (3.10) models.
[SOURCE: Adapted from IPCC, 2014]
3.7
community
group of people with an arrangement of responsibilities, activities, relationships and with common
interests in impacts (3.10) of climate change (3.4)
Note 1 to entry: A community can also be an organization (3.17) or institute (i.e. hospital, school, volunteer
group, etc.) comprised of a group of people living or working in the same place or having a particular
characteristic in common.
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3.8
exposure
presence of people, livelihoods, species or ecosystems, environmental functions, services, and
resources, infrastructure, or economic, social or cultural assets in places and settings that could be
affected
Note 1 to entry: Exposure can change over time, for example as a result of urban development and land use change.
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.6, modified — Note 1 to entry has been modified.]
3.9
hazard
potential source of harm
Note 1 to entry: The potential for harm can be in terms of loss of life, injury or other health impacts (3.10), as well
as damage and loss to property, infrastructure, livelihoods, service provision, ecosystems and environmental
resources.
Note 2 to entry: In this document, the term usually refers to climate-related physical events or trends or their
physical impacts.
Note 3 to entry: Hazard comprises slow-onset developments (e.g. rising temperatures over the long term) as well
as rapidly developing climatic extremes (e.g. a heatwave or a landslide) or increased variability.
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.7]
3.10
impact
effect on natural and human systems
Note 1 to entry: In the context of climate change (3.4), the term “impact” is used primarily to refer to the effects on
natural and human systems of extreme weather and climate events and of climate change. Impacts generally refer
to effects on lives, livelihoods, health, ecosystems, economies, societies, cultures, services and infrastructure
due to the interaction of climate change or hazardous (3.9) climate events occurring within a specific time period
and the vulnerability (3.21) of an exposed society or system. Impacts are also referred to as consequences and
outcomes. The impacts of climate change on geophysical systems, including floods, droughts and sea level rise,
are a subset of impacts called “physical impacts”.
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.8]
3.11
incremental change
small adjustments made towards a targeted result
3.12
indicator
quantitative, qualitative or binary variable that can be measured or described, in response to a defined
criterion
[SOURCE: ISO 13065:2015, 3.27]
3.13
interested party
person or organization (3.17) that can affect, be affected by, or perceive itself to be affected by a decision
or activity
EXAMPLE Communities (3.7), citizens, suppliers, customers, regulators, non-governmental organizations,
investors, employees and academia.
Note 1 to entry: To “perceive itself to be affected” means the perception has been made known to the organization.
[SOURCE: ISO 14001:2015, 3.1.6, modified — Example has been modified.]
3.14
local adaptation plan
action plan identifying and addressing the impacts (3.10) of climate change (3.4) in the area of
responsibility of a local government (3.15) or community (3.7)
Note 1 to entry: Such plan of action may contain priorities and planned activities for identifying and addressing
the impacts of climate change, including those associated with climate variability and extremes. It may include a
mix of policies, projects, programmes and measures, which are updated periodically.
3.15
local government
administration of a specific local area constituting a subdivision of a major political unit (such as a
nation or state), and the services they provide (i.e. state, prefecture, province, county, district, city,
town, etc.)
3.16
national adaptation plan
national document containing adaptation priorities and planned activities (policies, projects and
programmes) including an implementation strategy for a given period (e.g. 3 to 5 years)
Note 1 to entry: The main output of the process to formulate and implement national adaptation plans (NAPs)
established under the UNFCCC in 2010 as a means to enable Parties to identify medium- and long-term adaptation
needs and develop and implement strategies and programmes to address those needs.
[SOURCE: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2017]
3.17
organization
person or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships
to achieve its objectives
Note 1 to entry: The concept of organization includes, but is not limited to sole-trader, company, corporation, firm,
enterprise, authority, partnership, charity or institution, or part or combination thereof, whether incorporated
or not, public or private.
[SOURCE: ISO 14001:2015, 3.1.4]
3.18
risk
effect of uncertainty
Note 1 to entry: An effect is a deviation from the expected. It can be positive, negative or both. An effect can
arise as a result of a response, or failure to respond, to an opportunity or to a threat related to achieving defined
objectives.
Note 2 to entry: Uncertainty is the state, even partial, of deficiency of information related to, understanding or
knowledge of an event, its consequence, or likelihood.
Note 3 to entry: Risk is often characterized by reference to potential “events” (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009,
3.5.1.3) and “consequences” (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.6.1.3), or a combination of these.
Note 4 to entry: Risk is often expressed in terms of a combination of the consequences of an event (including
changes in circumstances) and the associated “likelihood” (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.6.1.1) of occurrence.
[SOURCE: ISO 14001:2015, 3.2.10, modified — Note 1 to entry has been modified.]
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3.19
sensitivity
degree to which a system or species is affected, either adversely or beneficially, by climate (3.3)
variability or climate change (3.4)
Note 1 to entry: The effect may be direct (e.g. a change in the health and functioning of green infrastructure in
response to a change in the mean, range or variability of temperature) or indirect (e.g. damages caused by an
increase in the frequency of coastal flooding due to sea level rise).
[SOURCE: Adapted from IPCC, 2014]
3.20
transformation
change in the fundamental attributes of natural and human systems
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.14]
3.21
vulnerability
propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected
Note 1 to entry: Vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts and elements including sensitivity (3.19) or
susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to cope and adapt.
Note 2 to entry: Vulnerability is the degree to which an ecological, social and economic system is susceptible
to, or unable to cope with, adverse climate change (3.4) impacts (3.10), including climate (3.3) variability and
extremes.
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.15, modified — Note 2 to entry has been added.]
4 Principles
4.1 Accountability
The local government and community acknowledge and assume responsibility for their climate change
adaptation. They accept appropriate scrutiny, and also accept a duty to respond to this scrutiny.
NOTE 1 This principal refers to ISO 14090.
NOTE 2 The community acknowledges its role in collaborating with local government in adaptation activity.
4.2 Continual learning and improvement
Continual learning and improvement are fundamental for climate change adaptation where there are
uncertainties in knowledge, but also continual changes in the drivers of change, the knowledge and
evidence available, and the context within which the responses are to be identified and implemented.
4.3 Flexibility
Allow various measures to meet goals and objectives by taking technical, social, administrative,
political, legal, environmental and economic circumstances into account to accommodate a wide range
of data availabilities and technical and institutional capacities.
4.4 Mainstreaming and embedding
Climate change adaptation is most effective when it is integrated into the local government’s and
community’s operations (such as policies, plans, procedures, risk management and implementation).
NOTE 1 This principal refers to ISO 14090.
NOTE 2 A community’s understanding and endorsement of this integration is essential to success.
4.5 Practicality
Set goals and objectives to be practical and achievable. Impractical goals might prevent climate change
adaptation from achieving or effectively achieving the desired benefits. Focus on indicators/metrics
that are relatively easy to measure and where the underlying data are available. Aggregate and compare
them across scales so as not to put in place additional burdens.
4.6 Prioritization
At the time of identifying the content of adaptation plans including the adaptation measures to
implement, it is not necessary or always possible to cover all areas. The local government and
community should prioritize the climate change impacts in order to determine where adaptation
needs are higher by assessing the relative characteristics of the impacts (magnitude, likelihood and
urgency). This should also take into account the capacities of interested parties and the capacities and
opportunities of the local government and community to act.
4.7 Proportionality
Undertake actions that are the most effective under the current circumstances [contexts within
which the local government and community are operating (economic, social, cultural and political),
capabilities, knowledge and evidence base] when identifying and assessing adaptation measures, while
also aspiring to continual improvement.
4.8 Relevance
Facilitate assessments leading to information for adaptation planning that is meaningful to decision-
makers and practitioners, including at appropriate spatial scales and for relevant time durations.
4.9 Transparency
Reports and communications on the climate change adaptation are based on an open, comprehensive
and understandable presentation of information for interested parties.
NOTE This principal refers to ISO 14090.
5 Pre-planning
5.1 General
The local government and community shall agree and decide on the process and means for formulating
an adaptation plan prior to undertaking the planning. It should be recognized that there are benefits to
having a collaborative relationship between plans formulated at the local government and community
levels. It is the responsibility of the local government and the community to formulate an adaptation
plan that aims to avoid or minimize damage and loss, etc. that could be caused by the impacts of current
and future climate change within their jurisdiction or area of responsibility.
The local government and community shall prepare:
— for the adaptation planning to be formulated according to Clauses 6 to 10;
— so that the planning process is not limited, interrupted or halted due to insufficient preparation.
The local government and community should consider their level of preparation and the nature and
scope of the preparation to deliver the process, and reconsider these when they reassess or revise the
adaptation plan.
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5.2 Framing adaptation
The local government and community should establish, implement and maintain an adaptation policy.
The adaptation policy shall:
a) be appropriate for the purpose and context of the jurisdiction, giving consideration to relevant
legislation and any policies or plans (e.g. spatial, economic or municipal plans), and to climate
change impacts and associated vulnerabilities of the activities, services, etc.;
b) provide a framework for setting adaptation objectives, boundaries and timescales;
c) include a commitment to facilitate the development and implementation of the adaptation policy;
d) include a commitment to continual improvement of the local adaptation plan, as well within the
associated implementation, and a commitment to monitoring and evaluation plans to enhance the
adaptation plan’s effectiveness and performance;
e) be long term and sustainable while being timely and effective;
f) be recorded, revisited and amended according to changing priorities;
g) be communicated within the entity and to interested parties as appropriate.
5.3 Roles, responsibilities and duties of the teams
5.3.1 Core decision-making team
The local government and community shall identify and appoint members of a core decision-making
team. This team should involve the governor, mayor or equivalent position, and leaders of departments
or sections who have decision-making authority in the local government and community.
This core decision-making team shall:
— have the power for taking those decisions made in the process of the preparation and planning;
— take accountability for the formulation of the local adaptation plan and the effectiveness of the
actions specified in the plan;
— communicate the importance of effective adaptation and its management, and of conforming to the
adaptation framework requirements within their jurisdiction and area of responsibility;
— approve and support the actions of the facilitation team and relevant persons to contribute to the
effectiveness of the adaptation action;
— support other relevant management roles to demonstrate their leadership as it applies to their areas
of responsibility;
— mobilize financial resources;
— seek cooperation and assistance from appropriate parties, such as the state, higher governance/
administrative entities, neighbouring local governments and communities, if and where necessary.
5.3.2 Facilitation team
The local government and community should establish a facilitation team to lead the adaptation
planning process. In establishing a facilitation team, the core decision-making team shall endorse
its constitution, including agreeing and approving its membership and the scope of the actions to be
undertaken by it.
A facilitation team should include:
— members from relevant departments whose areas of responsibility cover sectors and areas in which
climate change impacts are recognized;
— one or more experts whose speciality is in climate science, disaster management, ecosystems,
economic and social science, and other areas that are relevant to impact, vulnerability, exposure
and adaptation assessments.
In the preparation process, the facilitation team should:
— establish its roles and responsibilities;
— establish a network with relevant organizations such as higher administration levels, research
institutes, universities, local meteorological agencies and other institutes that provide necessary
and credible information or evidence that are needed to support the planning process;
— review the national adaptation plan and other relevant policies and programmes (see 7.2) to
identify and bring for consideration relevant aspects, including strategies and plans that should be
considered within the adaptation planning process.
The facilitation team working with the engaged interested parties should establish a work programme
for the adaptation planning process including:
— the different steps and tasks comprising the adaptation planning process;
— proposed timing and resources associated with each step and task;
— expectations as to roles and responsibilities of members of the team and engaged interested parties;
— risks and risk management measures associated with undertaking the adaptation planning process;
— expected decision points and outcomes for each step and task.
The facilitation team should seek confirmation from the core decision-making team regarding elements
of the work programme.
Missions of a facilitation team should include:
— confirming the progress of planning and sharing with the core decision-making team, relevant
departments, and experts and interested parties;
— identifying challenges and difficulties found in the planning process and seeking solutions;
— promoting collaboration among relevant departments, experts and interested parties;
— promoting continual improvement;
— sharing information on adaptation measures and their implementation, particularly in the context
of monitoring and evaluation, and cross-sector/functional implications;
— engaging with interested parties to foster their involvement in the adaptation planning process
and implementation, including through the use of informational mechanisms and forums for public
participation.
The facilitation team should assess the adaptive capacity and capabilities of the local government and
community and determine the scope of the adaptation actions by:
— identifying the required levels of expertise, knowledge, information and data sources, and their
availability and gaps;
— ensuring that the adaptation policy and objectives are established and are compatible with the
strategic direction and the context of the local government and community;
8 PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
— ensuring that the resources needed for the adaptation actions are available;
— assessing its capability to undertake climate change adaptation, and identifying any gaps and means
of addressing these;
— assessing the identified potential adaptation measures in terms of their contributions to achieving
the intended outcomes.
The facilitation team shall document the results of their assessments, including the basis for those
results, as well as identify and describe capacity gaps so as to inform the need for further action.
5.3.3 Interested parties
The local government and community shall identify and engage interested parties to enhance the
legitimacy and breadth of knowledge and expertise considered within the adaptation planning process
and to engender broader commitment to the outcomes of the process. The facilitation team should
develop a plan to engage with interested parties early and throughout the adaptation planning process.
There should be an analysis to support the identification of interested parties, including identifying
who will be affected by climate change or adaptation measures and who can influence and inform the
adaptation planning process. This analysis should lead to a strategy and plan as to whom, how and when
they should be engaged. When engaging them, it is also important to understand their perspectives
on risks, potential solutions and implementation, as well as monitoring and evaluating adaptation
measures. Consultation with and engaging interested parties can also facilitate knowledge sharing
about climate change adaptation as well as participation in the climate change adaptation process.
Interested parties can include:
— citizens and people who live, work, commute to or visit the area within the jurisdiction of the local
government and community;
— entities under the authority of the local government and community, e.g. public service suppliers
such as gas, water and transport;
— private sector (business and industry) within the jurisdiction or area of responsibility of the local
government and community;
— regulatory authorities;
— neighbouring local, regional governments or communities, and national government authorities;
— non-governmental organizations.
5.3.4 Agreement and approval
The local government and community shall agree on and approve the formulation of the local adaptation
plan. The agreement should involve relevant departments of the sectors where current and future
impacts of climate change are identified or recognized. The approval should involve all the leaders of
the said departments and the core decision-making team of the local government and community.
6 Assessing climate change impacts including opportunities
6.1 General
The local government and community shall identify property (including open space), infrastructure,
services, and social and economic activities under their control or that they influence that are
currently vulnerable and exposed to climate variability and change. This knowledge will provide
an initial focus for gathering information and data, as well as for the adaptation planning process
including engagement efforts. The facilitation team and interested parties engaged should prioritize
the climate change impacts in order to determine where adaptation needs are higher by assessing the
relative characteristics of the impacts (magnitude, likelihood and urgency). Assessing such impacts
and associated vulnerability is crucial for the local government and community to support efforts
related to identifying potential adaptation measures and when formulating the local adaptation plan.
It is important to identify these potential adaptation measures in the context of their contributions to
achieving the desired objectives and outcomes.
The local government and community should consider including:
— target sectors and areas to be assessed;
— boundaries (for further details, see ISO 14090:2019, Annex A);
— the particular social groups (e.g. rural communities, elderly
...
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 14092
First edition
2020-05
Adaptation to climate change —
Requirements and guidance on
adaptation planning for local
governments and communities
Adaptation au changement climatique — Exigences et
recommandations relatives à la planification de l'adaptation pour les
autorités locales et les communautés
Reference number
©
ISO 2020
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 1 .
Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principles . 5
4.1 Accountability . 5
4.2 Continual learning and improvement . 5
4.3 Flexibility . 5
4.4 Mainstreaming and embedding. 5
4.5 Practicality . 6
4.6 Prioritization . 6
4.7 Proportionality . 6
4.8 Relevance . 6
4.9 Transparency . 6
5 Pre-planning . 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Framing adaptation . 7
5.3 Roles, responsibilities and duties of the teams . 7
5.3.1 Core decision-making team . 7
5.3.2 Facilitation team . . 7
5.3.3 Interested parties . 9
5.3.4 Agreement and approval . 9
6 Assessing climate change impacts including opportunities . 9
6.1 General . 9
6.2 Identifying climate change.10
6.3 Assessing climat e change impacts .11
6.4 Impact assessment methods .13
6.4.1 General.13
6.4.2 Risk assessment . .14
6.4.3 Vulnerability assessment .14
6.4.4 Thresholds analysis .14
6.4.5 Defining areas and sectors where adaptation is needed.15
6.5 Assessing adaptive capacity .15
6.6 Identifying opportunities .16
6.7 Identifying uncertainties .17
7 Formulating the adaptation plan .17
7.1 General .17
7.2 Planning considering the policy context .18
7.3 Identification of potential adaptation measures .19
7.4 Assessment of adaptation measures .19
7.5 Decision-making .20
7.5.1 General.20
7.5.2 Interested parties’ engagement .21
7.5.3 Selection of climate change adaptation measures .21
7.5.4 Short, medium and long lifespan decisions .22
7.5.5 Documenting the decision .22
7.6 Local adaptation plan .23
7.6.1 General.23
7.6.2 Scope of the plan .23
7.6.3 Boundaries of the system .23
7.6.4 Formulation and presentation .24
7.6.5 Implementation .25
7.6.6 Monitoring and evaluation .25
7.6.7 Consultation on the draft adaptation plan .26
7.6.8 Confirmation and authorization .26
7.6.9 Publication and archive .26
8 Implementation .26
8.1 Leadership and commitment .26
8.2 Preparation for implementation .27
8.3 Implementation plan .27
9 Monitoring and evaluation.28
10 Reporting and communication .28
Annex A (informative) Example tables of contents of local adaptation plans .30
Annex B (informative) Tools for local adaptation planning .35
Annex C (informative) Indicators for monitoring and evaluation in local adaptation planning .39
Bibliography .40
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
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expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 207, Environmental management,
Subcommittee SC 7, Greenhouse gas management and related activities.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
Introduction
Preparing for risks posed by climate change and planning for adaptation at local government
and community levels is essential for the safety and security of society, as well as for its economic,
environmental and social well-being. Changes in the climate are often reflected by floods, heatwaves,
droughts, coastal erosion and other impacts that have been identified across the globe, which pose
threats to life, property, economic well-being and to ecosystems. The UN Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) has projected that global warming from past anthropogenic emissions will
persist for centuries to millennia and will continue to cause further long-term changes in the climate
system such as sea level rise, with associated impacts.
This document presents guidance for local governments and communities on how to prepare for such
threats and the associated risks. The document recognizes that the impacts posed by climate change
vary widely from region to region, and directly affect communities’ well-being and local governments
including the public services they offer, as well as the safety and security of individuals within their
jurisdiction. It is the responsibility of local governments and communities to provide leadership in
planning and preparing to manage these risks.
This document also describes how to develop an adaptation plan at the local government and community
levels. The planning process details why and how to establish an appropriate (well-structured and
collaborative) governance structure and the elements of the adaptation planning and implementation
processes. These details include establishing a facilitation team, assessing risks and developing an
effective plan, monitoring the progress of adaptation implementation and evaluating its achievement
with the aim of improving the plan. The step-by-step process presented enables tailoring of the local
adaptation plan to suit the climate, environmental and societal conditions in each case. Following
this document will lead to developing a robust, effective adaptation plan that can be implemented,
promoting appropriate climate action today and in the future.
It is important to note that the climate is changing, and planning and implementing adaptation is a
continual learning and improvement process that requires sustained attention and action. This
document will help local governments and communities in taking initial action to create a safe, socially
and economically secure and sustainable society that is resilient to current and future impacts of
climate change.
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
NOTE The graph is designed to be interpreted clockwise.
Figure 1 — Logical framework of this document
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 14092:2020(E)
Adaptation to climate change — Requirements and
guidance on adaptation planning for local governments
and communities
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements and guidance on adaptation planning for local governments and
communities.
This document supports local governments and communities in adapting to climate change based
on vulnerability, impacts and risk assessments. In working with relevant interested parties, it also
supports the setting of priorities, and the development and subsequent updating of an adaptation plan.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www. iso. org/o bp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www.e lectropedia. org/
3.1
adaptation to climate change
climate change adaptation
process of adjustment to actual or expected climate (3.3) and its effects
Note 1 to entry: In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities.
Note 2 to entry: In some natural systems, human intervention can facilitate adjustment to expected climate and
its effects.
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.1]
3.2
adaptive capacity
ability of systems, institutions, humans, and other organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take
advantage of opportunities, or to respond to consequences
Note 1 to entry: Coping capacity is defined as the ability of people, organizations (3.17), and systems, using
available skills, resources, and opportunities, to address, manage, and overcome adverse conditions.
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.2, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.3
climate
statistical description of weather in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a
period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years
Note 1 to entry: The classical period for averaging these variables is 30 years, as defined by the World
Meteorological Organization.
Note 2 to entry: The relevant quantities are most often near-surface variables such as temperature, precipitation,
and wind.
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.4]
3.4
climate change
change in climate (3.3) that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer
Note 1 to entry: Climate change can be identified by such means as statistical tests (e.g. on changes in the mean,
variability).
Note 2 to entry: Climate change might be due to natural processes, internal to the climate system, or external
forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions, and persistent anthropogenic changes in the
composition of the atmosphere or in land use.
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.5]
3.5
climate projection
simulated response of the climate (3.3) system to a scenario of future emission or concentration of
greenhouse gases and aerosols, generally derived using climate models
Note 1 to entry: Climate projections are distinguished from climate predictions in order to emphasize that
climate projections depend upon the emission/concentration/radiative forcing scenario used, which are based
on assumptions concerning, for example, future socioeconomic and technological developments that may or may
not be realized.
[SOURCE: Adapted from IPCC, 2014]
3.6
climate scenario
plausible and often simplified representation of the future climate (3.3), based on an internally
consistent set of climatological relationships that has been constructed for explicit use in investigating
the potential consequences of anthropogenic climate change (3.4)
Note 1 to entry: Climate scenario often serves as input to impact (3.10) models.
[SOURCE: Adapted from IPCC, 2014]
3.7
community
group of people with an arrangement of responsibilities, activities, relationships and with common
interests in impacts (3.10) of climate change (3.4)
Note 1 to entry: A community can also be an organization (3.17) or institute (i.e. hospital, school, volunteer
group, etc.) comprised of a group of people living or working in the same place or having a particular
characteristic in common.
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
3.8
exposure
presence of people, livelihoods, species or ecosystems, environmental functions, services, and
resources, infrastructure, or economic, social or cultural assets in places and settings that could be
affected
Note 1 to entry: Exposure can change over time, for example as a result of urban development and land use change.
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.6, modified — Note 1 to entry has been modified.]
3.9
hazard
potential source of harm
Note 1 to entry: The potential for harm can be in terms of loss of life, injury or other health impacts (3.10), as well
as damage and loss to property, infrastructure, livelihoods, service provision, ecosystems and environmental
resources.
Note 2 to entry: In this document, the term usually refers to climate-related physical events or trends or their
physical impacts.
Note 3 to entry: Hazard comprises slow-onset developments (e.g. rising temperatures over the long term) as well
as rapidly developing climatic extremes (e.g. a heatwave or a landslide) or increased variability.
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.7]
3.10
impact
effect on natural and human systems
Note 1 to entry: In the context of climate change (3.4), the term “impact” is used primarily to refer to the effects on
natural and human systems of extreme weather and climate events and of climate change. Impacts generally refer
to effects on lives, livelihoods, health, ecosystems, economies, societies, cultures, services and infrastructure
due to the interaction of climate change or hazardous (3.9) climate events occurring within a specific time period
and the vulnerability (3.21) of an exposed society or system. Impacts are also referred to as consequences and
outcomes. The impacts of climate change on geophysical systems, including floods, droughts and sea level rise,
are a subset of impacts called “physical impacts”.
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.8]
3.11
incremental change
small adjustments made towards a targeted result
3.12
indicator
quantitative, qualitative or binary variable that can be measured or described, in response to a defined
criterion
[SOURCE: ISO 13065:2015, 3.27]
3.13
interested party
person or organization (3.17) that can affect, be affected by, or perceive itself to be affected by a decision
or activity
EXAMPLE Communities (3.7), citizens, suppliers, customers, regulators, non-governmental organizations,
investors, employees and academia.
Note 1 to entry: To “perceive itself to be affected” means the perception has been made known to the organization.
[SOURCE: ISO 14001:2015, 3.1.6, modified — Example has been modified.]
3.14
local adaptation plan
action plan identifying and addressing the impacts (3.10) of climate change (3.4) in the area of
responsibility of a local government (3.15) or community (3.7)
Note 1 to entry: Such plan of action may contain priorities and planned activities for identifying and addressing
the impacts of climate change, including those associated with climate variability and extremes. It may include a
mix of policies, projects, programmes and measures, which are updated periodically.
3.15
local government
administration of a specific local area constituting a subdivision of a major political unit (such as a
nation or state), and the services they provide (i.e. state, prefecture, province, county, district, city,
town, etc.)
3.16
national adaptation plan
national document containing adaptation priorities and planned activities (policies, projects and
programmes) including an implementation strategy for a given period (e.g. 3 to 5 years)
Note 1 to entry: The main output of the process to formulate and implement national adaptation plans (NAPs)
established under the UNFCCC in 2010 as a means to enable Parties to identify medium- and long-term adaptation
needs and develop and implement strategies and programmes to address those needs.
[SOURCE: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2017]
3.17
organization
person or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships
to achieve its objectives
Note 1 to entry: The concept of organization includes, but is not limited to sole-trader, company, corporation, firm,
enterprise, authority, partnership, charity or institution, or part or combination thereof, whether incorporated
or not, public or private.
[SOURCE: ISO 14001:2015, 3.1.4]
3.18
risk
effect of uncertainty
Note 1 to entry: An effect is a deviation from the expected. It can be positive, negative or both. An effect can
arise as a result of a response, or failure to respond, to an opportunity or to a threat related to achieving defined
objectives.
Note 2 to entry: Uncertainty is the state, even partial, of deficiency of information related to, understanding or
knowledge of an event, its consequence, or likelihood.
Note 3 to entry: Risk is often characterized by reference to potential “events” (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009,
3.5.1.3) and “consequences” (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.6.1.3), or a combination of these.
Note 4 to entry: Risk is often expressed in terms of a combination of the consequences of an event (including
changes in circumstances) and the associated “likelihood” (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.6.1.1) of occurrence.
[SOURCE: ISO 14001:2015, 3.2.10, modified — Note 1 to entry has been modified.]
4 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
3.19
sensitivity
degree to which a system or species is affected, either adversely or beneficially, by climate (3.3)
variability or climate change (3.4)
Note 1 to entry: The effect may be direct (e.g. a change in the health and functioning of green infrastructure in
response to a change in the mean, range or variability of temperature) or indirect (e.g. damages caused by an
increase in the frequency of coastal flooding due to sea level rise).
[SOURCE: Adapted from IPCC, 2014]
3.20
transformation
change in the fundamental attributes of natural and human systems
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.14]
3.21
vulnerability
propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected
Note 1 to entry: Vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts and elements including sensitivity (3.19) or
susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to cope and adapt.
Note 2 to entry: Vulnerability is the degree to which an ecological, social and economic system is susceptible
to, or unable to cope with, adverse climate change (3.4) impacts (3.10), including climate (3.3) variability and
extremes.
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.15, modified — Note 2 to entry has been added.]
4 Principles
4.1 Accountability
The local government and community acknowledge and assume responsibility for their climate change
adaptation. They accept appropriate scrutiny, and also accept a duty to respond to this scrutiny.
NOTE 1 This principal refers to ISO 14090.
NOTE 2 The community acknowledges its role in collaborating with local government in adaptation activity.
4.2 Continual learning and improvement
Continual learning and improvement are fundamental for climate change adaptation where there are
uncertainties in knowledge, but also continual changes in the drivers of change, the knowledge and
evidence available, and the context within which the responses are to be identified and implemented.
4.3 Flexibility
Allow various measures to meet goals and objectives by taking technical, social, administrative,
political, legal, environmental and economic circumstances into account to accommodate a wide range
of data availabilities and technical and institutional capacities.
4.4 Mainstreaming and embedding
Climate change adaptation is most effective when it is integrated into the local government’s and
community’s operations (such as policies, plans, procedures, risk management and implementation).
NOTE 1 This principal refers to ISO 14090.
NOTE 2 A community’s understanding and endorsement of this integration is essential to success.
4.5 Practicality
Set goals and objectives to be practical and achievable. Impractical goals might prevent climate change
adaptation from achieving or effectively achieving the desired benefits. Focus on indicators/metrics
that are relatively easy to measure and where the underlying data are available. Aggregate and compare
them across scales so as not to put in place additional burdens.
4.6 Prioritization
At the time of identifying the content of adaptation plans including the adaptation measures to
implement, it is not necessary or always possible to cover all areas. The local government and
community should prioritize the climate change impacts in order to determine where adaptation
needs are higher by assessing the relative characteristics of the impacts (magnitude, likelihood and
urgency). This should also take into account the capacities of interested parties and the capacities and
opportunities of the local government and community to act.
4.7 Proportionality
Undertake actions that are the most effective under the current circumstances [contexts within
which the local government and community are operating (economic, social, cultural and political),
capabilities, knowledge and evidence base] when identifying and assessing adaptation measures, while
also aspiring to continual improvement.
4.8 Relevance
Facilitate assessments leading to information for adaptation planning that is meaningful to decision-
makers and practitioners, including at appropriate spatial scales and for relevant time durations.
4.9 Transparency
Reports and communications on the climate change adaptation are based on an open, comprehensive
and understandable presentation of information for interested parties.
NOTE This principal refers to ISO 14090.
5 Pre-planning
5.1 General
The local government and community shall agree and decide on the process and means for formulating
an adaptation plan prior to undertaking the planning. It should be recognized that there are benefits to
having a collaborative relationship between plans formulated at the local government and community
levels. It is the responsibility of the local government and the community to formulate an adaptation
plan that aims to avoid or minimize damage and loss, etc. that could be caused by the impacts of current
and future climate change within their jurisdiction or area of responsibility.
The local government and community shall prepare:
— for the adaptation planning to be formulated according to Clauses 6 to 10;
— so that the planning process is not limited, interrupted or halted due to insufficient preparation.
The local government and community should consider their level of preparation and the nature and
scope of the preparation to deliver the process, and reconsider these when they reassess or revise the
adaptation plan.
6 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
5.2 Framing adaptation
The local government and community should establish, implement and maintain an adaptation policy.
The adaptation policy shall:
a) be appropriate for the purpose and context of the jurisdiction, giving consideration to relevant
legislation and any policies or plans (e.g. spatial, economic or municipal plans), and to climate
change impacts and associated vulnerabilities of the activities, services, etc.;
b) provide a framework for setting adaptation objectives, boundaries and timescales;
c) include a commitment to facilitate the development and implementation of the adaptation policy;
d) include a commitment to continual improvement of the local adaptation plan, as well within the
associated implementation, and a commitment to monitoring and evaluation plans to enhance the
adaptation plan’s effectiveness and performance;
e) be long term and sustainable while being timely and effective;
f) be recorded, revisited and amended according to changing priorities;
g) be communicated within the entity and to interested parties as appropriate.
5.3 Roles, responsibilities and duties of the teams
5.3.1 Core decision-making team
The local government and community shall identify and appoint members of a core decision-making
team. This team should involve the governor, mayor or equivalent position, and leaders of departments
or sections who have decision-making authority in the local government and community.
This core decision-making team shall:
— have the power for taking those decisions made in the process of the preparation and planning;
— take accountability for the formulation of the local adaptation plan and the effectiveness of the
actions specified in the plan;
— communicate the importance of effective adaptation and its management, and of conforming to the
adaptation framework requirements within their jurisdiction and area of responsibility;
— approve and support the actions of the facilitation team and relevant persons to contribute to the
effectiveness of the adaptation action;
— support other relevant management roles to demonstrate their leadership as it applies to their areas
of responsibility;
— mobilize financial resources;
— seek cooperation and assistance from appropriate parties, such as the state, higher governance/
administrative entities, neighbouring local governments and communities, if and where necessary.
5.3.2 Facilitation team
The local government and community should establish a facilitation team to lead the adaptation
planning process. In establishing a facilitation team, the core decision-making team shall endorse
its constitution, including agreeing and approving its membership and the scope of the actions to be
undertaken by it.
A facilitation team should include:
— members from relevant departments whose areas of responsibility cover sectors and areas in which
climate change impacts are recognized;
— one or more experts whose speciality is in climate science, disaster management, ecosystems,
economic and social science, and other areas that are relevant to impact, vulnerability, exposure
and adaptation assessments.
In the preparation process, the facilitation team should:
— establish its roles and responsibilities;
— establish a network with relevant organizations such as higher administration levels, research
institutes, universities, local meteorological agencies and other institutes that provide necessary
and credible information or evidence that are needed to support the planning process;
— review the national adaptation plan and other relevant policies and programmes (see 7.2) to
identify and bring for consideration relevant aspects, including strategies and plans that should be
considered within the adaptation planning process.
The facilitation team working with the engaged interested parties should establish a work programme
for the adaptation planning process including:
— the different steps and tasks comprising the adaptation planning process;
— proposed timing and resources associated with each step and task;
— expectations as to roles and responsibilities of members of the team and engaged interested parties;
— risks and risk management measures associated with undertaking the adaptation planning process;
— expected decision points and outcomes for each step and task.
The facilitation team should seek confirmation from the core decision-making team regarding elements
of the work programme.
Missions of a facilitation team should include:
— confirming the progress of planning and sharing with the core decision-making team, relevant
departments, and experts and interested parties;
— identifying challenges and difficulties found in the planning process and seeking solutions;
— promoting collaboration among relevant departments, experts and interested parties;
— promoting continual improvement;
— sharing information on adaptation measures and their implementation, particularly in the context
of monitoring and evaluation, and cross-sector/functional implications;
— engaging with interested parties to foster their involvement in the adaptation planning process
and implementation, including through the use of informational mechanisms and forums for public
participation.
The facilitation team should assess the adaptive capacity and capabilities of the local government and
community and determine the scope of the adaptation actions by:
— identifying the required levels of expertise, knowledge, information and data sources, and their
availability and gaps;
— ensuring that the adaptation policy and objectives are established and are compatible with the
strategic direction and the context of the local government and community;
8 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
— ensuring that the resources needed for the adaptation actions are available;
— assessing its capability to undertake climate change adaptation, and identifying any gaps and means
of addressing these;
— assessing the identified potential adaptation measures in terms of their contributions to achieving
the intended outcomes.
The facilitation team shall document the results of their assessments, including the basis for those
results, as well as identify and describe capacity gaps so as to inform the need for further action.
5.3.3 Interested parties
The local government and community shall identify and engage interested parties to enhance the
legitimacy and breadth of knowledge and expertise considered within the adaptation planning process
and to engender broader commitment to the outcomes of the process. The facilitation team should
develop a plan to engage with interested parties early and throughout the adaptation planning process.
There should be an analysis to support the identification of interested parties, including identifying
who will be affected by climate change or adaptation measures and who can influence and inform the
adaptation planning process. This analysis should lead to a strategy and plan as to whom, how and when
they should be engaged. When engaging them, it is also important to understand their perspectives
on risks, potential solutions and implementation, as well as monitoring and evaluating adaptation
measures. Consultation with and engaging interested parties can also facilitate knowledge sharing
about climate change adaptation as well as participation in the climate change adaptation process.
Interested parties can include:
— citizens and people who live, work, commute to or visit the area within the jurisdiction of the local
government and community;
— entities under the authority of the local government and community, e.g. public service suppliers
such as gas, water and transport;
— private sector (business and industry) within the jurisdiction or area of responsibility of the local
government and community;
— regulatory authorities;
— neighbouring local, regional governments or communities, and national government authorities;
— non-governmental organizations.
5.3.4 Agreement and approval
The local government and community shall agree on and approve the formulation of the local adaptation
plan. The agreement should involve relevant departments of the sectors where current and future
impacts of climate change are identified or recognized. The approval should involve all the leaders of
the said departments and the core decision-making team of the local government and community.
6 Assessing climate change impacts including opportunities
6.1 General
The local government and community shall identify property (including open space), infrastructure,
services, and social and economic activities under their control or that they influence that are
currently vulnerable and exposed to climate variability and change. This knowledge will provide
an initial focus for gathering information and data, as well as for the adaptation planning process
including engagement efforts. The facilitation team and interested parties engaged should prioritize
the climate change impacts in order to determine where adaptation needs are higher by assessing the
relative characteristics of the impacts (magnitude, likelihood and urgency). Assessing such impacts
and associated vulnerability is crucial for the local government and community to support efforts
related to identifying potential adaptation measures and when formulating the local adaptation plan.
It is important to identify these potential adaptation measures in the context of their contributions to
achieving the desired objectives and outcomes.
The local government and community should consider including:
— target sectors and areas to be assessed;
— bo
...
ESPECIFICACIÓN ISO/TS
TÉCNICA 14092
Primera edición
Traducción oficial
2020-05
Official translation
Traduction officielle
Adaptación al cambio climático —
Requisitos y orientación sobre la
planificación de la adaptación para los
gobiernos locales y las comunidades
Adaptation to climate change — Requirements and guidance on
adaptation planning for local governments and communities
Adaptation au changement climatique — Exigences et
recommandations relatives à la planification de l'adaptation pour les
autorités locales et les communautés
Publicado por la Secretaría Central de ISO en Ginebra, Suiza, como
traducción oficial en español avalada por el Grupo de Trabajo Spanish
Translation Task Force (STTF), que ha certificado la conformidad en
relación con las versiones inglesa y francesa.
Número de referencia
©
ISO 2020
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© ISO 2020
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Publicada en Suiza
Versión española publicada en 2021
Traducción oficial/Official translation/Traduction officielle
ii © ISO 2020 – Todos los derechos reservados
Índice Página
Prólogo .v
Prólogo de la versión en español .vi
Introducción .vii
1 Objeto y campo de aplicación. 1
2 Referencias normativas . 1
3 Términos y definiciones . 1
4 Principios . 5
4.1 Rendición de cuentas . 5
4.2 Aprendizaje y mejora continua . 5
4.3 Flexibilidad . 5
4.4 Incorporación e integración . 6
4.5 Practicidad . 6
4.6 Priorización. 6
4.7 Proporcionalidad . 6
4.8 Pertinencia . 6
4.9 Transparencia . 6
5 Planificación previa . 6
5.1 Generalidades . 6
5.2 Marco para la adaptación . 7
5.3 Funciones, responsabilidades y deberes de los equipos . 7
5.3.1 Equipo central de toma de decisiones . 7
5.3.2 Equipo facilitador . 8
5.3.3 Partes interesadas . 9
5.3.4 Acuerdo y aprobación.10
6 Evaluación de los impactos del cambio climático, incluidas las oportunidades .10
6.1 Generalidades .10
6.2 Identificación del cambio climático .10
6.3 Evaluación de los impactos del cambio climático .11
6.4 Métodos de evaluación de impacto .13
6.4.1 Generalidades .13
6.4.2 Evaluación de riesgos .14
6.4.3 Evaluación de vulnerabilidad.14
6.4.4 Análisis de umbrales .15
6.4.5 Definición de áreas y sectores donde se necesita adaptación .15
6.5 Evaluación de la capacidad de adaptación .16
6.6 Identificación de oportunidades .17
6.7 Identificación de incertidumbres .18
7 Formulación del plan de adaptación .18
7.1 Generalidades .18
7.2 Planificación teniendo en cuenta el contexto político .19
7.3 Identificación de medidas potenciales de adaptación .20
7.4 Evaluación de las medidas de adaptación .20
7.5 Toma de decisiones .21
7.5.1 Generalidades .21
7.5.2 Participación de las partes interesadas.22
7.5.3 Selección de medidas de adaptación al cambio climático .22
7.5.4 Decisiones de vida útil de corto, mediano y largo plazo .23
7.5.5 Documentar la decisión .23
7.6 Plan de adaptación local .24
7.6.1 Generalidades .24
7.6.2 Alcance del plan .25
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7.6.3 Límites del sistema .25
7.6.4 Formulación y presentación .25
7.6.5 Implementación .27
7.6.6 Seguimiento y evaluación .27
7.6.7 Consulta sobre el proyecto de plan de adaptación .27
7.6.8 Confirmación y autorización .27
7.6.9 Publicación y archivo .28
8 Implementación .28
8.1 Liderazgo y compromiso .28
8.2 Preparación para la implementación .28
8.3 Plan de implementación .29
9 Seguimiento y evaluación .29
10 Informes y comunicación .30
Anexo A (informativo) Ejemplos de tablas de contenidos de planes de adaptación locales .31
Anexo B (informativo) Herramientas para la planificación local de la adaptación .36
Anexo C (informativo) Indicadores de seguimiento y evaluación en la planificación local de
la adaptación .40
Bibliografía .41
Prólogo
ISO (Organización Internacional de Normalización) es una federación mundial de organismos
nacionales de normalización (organismos miembros de ISO). El trabajo de elaboración de las Normas
Internacionales se lleva a cabo normalmente a través de los comités técnicos de ISO. Cada organismo
miembro interesado en una materia para la cual se haya establecido un comité técnico, tiene el derecho
de estar representado en dicho comité. Las organizaciones internacionales, gubernamentales y no
gubernamentales, vinculadas con ISO, también participan en el trabajo. ISO colabora estrechamente
con la Comisión Electrotécnica Internacional (IEC) en todos los temas de normalización electrotécnica.
En la Parte 1 de las Directivas ISO/IEC se describen los procedimientos utilizados para desarrollar este
documento y aquellos previstos para su mantenimiento posterior. En particular debería tomarse nota
de los diferentes criterios de aprobación necesarios para los distintos tipos de documentos ISO. Este
documento ha sido redactado de acuerdo con las reglas editoriales de la Parte 2 de las Directivas ISO/
IEC (véase www .iso .org/ directives).
Se llama la atención sobre la posibilidad de que algunos de los elementos de este documento puedan
estar sujetos a derechos de patente. ISO no asume la responsabilidad por la identificación de alguno
o todos los derechos de patente. Los detalles sobre cualquier derecho de patente identificado durante
el desarrollo de este documento se indicarán en la Introducción y/o en la lista ISO de declaraciones de
patente recibidas (véase www .iso .org/ patents).
Cualquier nombre comercial utilizado en este documento es información que se proporciona para
comodidad del usuario y no constituye una recomendación.
Para una explicación de la naturaleza voluntaria de las normas, el significado de los términos específicos
de ISO y las expresiones relacionadas con la evaluación de la conformidad, así como la información
acerca de la adhesión de ISO a los principios de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) respecto a
los Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio (OTC), véase www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
Este documento ha sido elaborado por el Comité Técnico ISO/TC 207, Gestión ambiental, Subcomité SC 7,
Gestión de gases de efecto invernadero y actividades relacionadas.
Cualquier comentario o pregunta sobre este documento deberían dirigirse al organismo nacional de
normalización del usuario. En www .iso .org/ members .html se puede encontrar un listado completo de
estos organismos.
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Prólogo de la versión en español
Este documento ha sido traducido por el Grupo de Trabajo Spanish Translation Task Force (STTF) del
Comité Técnico ISO/TC 207, Gestión ambiental, en el que participan representantes de los organismos
nacionales de normalización y representantes del sector empresarial de los siguientes países:
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, España, Estados Unidos de
América, México, Panamá, Perú y Uruguay.
Igualmente, en el citado Grupo de Trabajo participan representantes de COPANT (Comisión
Panamericana de Normas Técnicas) e INLAC (Instituto Latinoamericano de la Calidad).
Esta traducción es parte del resultado del trabajo que el Grupo ISO/TC 207/STTF, viene desarrollando
desde su creación en el año 1999 para lograr la unificación de la terminología en lengua española en el
ámbito de la gestión ambiental.
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Introducción
Prepararse para los riesgos que plantea el cambio climático y planificar la adaptación a nivel de los
gobiernos locales y de la comunidad es esencial para la seguridad de la sociedad, así como para su
bienestar económico, ambiental y social. Los cambios en el clima a menudo se reflejan en inundaciones,
olas de calor, sequías, erosión costera y otros impactos que se han identificado en todo el mundo,
que plantean amenazas para la vida, la propiedad, el bienestar económico y los ecosistemas. El Panel
Intergubernamental sobre Cambio Climático (IPCC) ha proyectado que el calentamiento global de las
emisiones antropogénicas pasadas, persistirá durante siglos o milenios y seguirá causando nuevos
cambios a largo plazo en el sistema climático, tal como el aumento del nivel del mar, con sus impactos
asociados.
Este documento presenta orientación para los gobiernos locales y las comunidades sobre cómo
prepararse para tales amenazas y los riesgos asociados. El documento reconoce que los impactos que
plantea el cambio climático varían ampliamente de una región a otra, y afecta directamente al bienestar
de las comunidades y los gobiernos locales incluyendo los servicios públicos que ofrecen, así como a la
seguridad de las personas dentro de su jurisdicción. Es responsabilidad de los gobiernos locales y las
comunidades proporcionar liderazgo en la planificación y preparación para gestionar estos riesgos.
Este documento también describe cómo desarrollar un plan de adaptación a nivel de gobierno local y
comunidad. El proceso de planificación detalla por qué y cómo establecer una estructura de gobierno
adecuada (bien estructurada y colaborativa) y los elementos de los procesos de planificación e
implementación para la adaptación. Estos detalles incluyen el establecimiento de un equipo facilitador,
la evaluación de riesgos y el desarrollo de un plan eficaz, el seguimiento del progreso de implementación
de la adaptación y la evaluación de su logro con el objetivo de mejorar el plan. El proceso paso a paso
presentado permite la elaboración de un plan de adaptación local a la medida de las condiciones
climáticas, ambientales y sociales en cada caso. El seguimiento de este documento conducirá a
desarrollar un plan de adaptación sólido y eficaz que pueda implementarse, promoviendo una acción
climática adecuada hoy y en el futuro.
Es importante tener en cuenta que el clima está cambiando, y la planificación e implementación de
la adaptación es un proceso continuo de aprendizaje y mejora que requiere una atención y acción
sostenidas. Este documento ayudará a los gobiernos locales y a las comunidades a tomar medidas
iniciales para crear una sociedad segura y sostenible, social y económicamente, que sea resiliente a los
impactos actuales y futuros del cambio climático.
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NOTA El gráfico está diseñado para ser interpretado en el sentido de las agujas del reloj.
Figura 1 — Marco lógico de este documento
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ESPECIFICACIÓN TÉCNICA ISO/TS 14092:2020 (traducción oficial)
Adaptación al cambio climático — Requisitos y orientación
sobre la planificación de la adaptación para los gobiernos
locales y las comunidades
1 Objeto y campo de aplicación
Este documento especifica los requisitos y la orientación sobre la planificación de la adaptación para los
gobiernos locales y las comunidades.
Este documento apoya a los gobiernos locales y a las comunidades en la adaptación al cambio climático
basado en la vulnerabilidad, los impactos y las evaluaciones de riesgos. Al trabajar con las partes
interesadas pertinentes, también apoya el establecimiento de prioridades y el desarrollo y posterior
actualización de un plan de adaptación.
2 Referencias normativas
No existen referencias normativas en este documento.
3 Términos y definiciones
Para los fines de este documento, se aplican los términos y definiciones siguientes.
ISO e IEC mantienen bases de datos terminológicas para su utilización en normalización en las siguientes
direcciones:
— Plataforma de búsqueda en línea de ISO: disponible en https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— Electropedia de IEC: disponible en https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
adaptación al cambio climático
proceso de adaptación al clima (3.3) real o previsto y sus efectos
Nota 1 a la entrada: En los sistemas humanos, la adaptación busca moderar o evitar daños o explotar
oportunidades beneficiosas.
Nota 2 a la entrada: En algunos sistemas naturales, la intervención humana puede facilitar el ajuste al clima
esperado y sus efectos.
[FUENTE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.1]
3.2
capacidad de adaptación
capacidad de los sistemas, las instituciones, los seres humanos y otros organismos para adaptarse a los
posibles daños, aprovechar las oportunidades o responder a las consecuencias
Nota 1 a la entrada: La capacidad de afrontar se define como la capacidad de las personas, las organizaciones
(3.17) y los sistemas, utilizando las habilidades, los recursos y las oportunidades disponibles, para abordar,
gestionar y superar las condiciones adversas.
[FUENTE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.2, modificado — Se ha añadido la Nota 1 a la entrada.]
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3.3
clima
descripción estadística del clima en términos de la media y variabilidad de las cantidades pertinentes
durante un período de tiempo que va desde meses hasta miles o millones de años
Nota 1 a la entrada: El período clásico para promediar estas variables es de 30 años, según lo definido por la
Organización Meteorológica Mundial.
Nota 2 a la entrada: Las cantidades pertinentes suelen ser variables cercanas a la superficie, como la temperatura,
la precipitación y el viento.
[FUENTE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.4]
3.4
cambio climático
cambio en el clima (3.3) que persiste durante un período prolongado, por lo general décadas o más
Nota 1 a la entrada: El cambio climático se puede identificar por medios tales como pruebas estadísticas (por
ejemplo, los cambios en la media, la variabilidad).
Nota 2 a la entrada: El cambio climático puede deberse a procesos naturales, internos del sistema climático o
fuerzas externas como modulaciones de los ciclos solares, erupciones volcánicas y cambios antropogénicos
persistentes en la composición de la atmósfera o en el uso del suelo.
[FUENTE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.5]
3.5
proyección climática
respuesta simulada del sistema climático (3.3) a un escenario de futuras emisiones o concentración de
gases de efecto invernadero y aerosoles, generalmente derivados utilizando modelos climáticos
Nota 1 a la entrada: Las proyecciones climáticas se distinguen de las predicciones climáticas en que las
proyecciones climáticas dependen del escenario de emisión/concentración/fuerza radiativa utilizado, que se
basan en supuestos relativos, por ejemplo, a futuros desarrollos socioeconómicos y tecnológicos que pueden o no
realizarse.
[FUENTE: Adaptado del IPCC, 2014]
3.6
escenario climático
representación plausible y a menudo simplificada del clima (3.3) futuro, basada en un conjunto de
relaciones climatológicas internamente coherentes que se ha construido para su uso explícito en la
investigación de las posibles consecuencias del cambio climático (3.4) antropogénico
Nota 1 a la entrada: El escenario climático a menudo sirve como entrada para los modelos de impacto (3.10).
[FUENTE: Adaptado del IPCC, 2014]
3.7
comunidad
grupo de personas con un acuerdo de responsabilidades, actividades, relaciones y con intereses
comunes en los impactos (3.10) del cambio climático (3.4)
Nota 1 a la entrada: Una comunidad también puede ser una organización (3.17) o instituto (es decir, hospital,
escuela, grupo de voluntarios, etc.) compuesto por un grupo de personas que viven o trabajan en el mismo lugar o
que tienen una característica particular en común.
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3.8
exposición
presencia de personas, medios de vida, especies o ecosistemas, funciones ambientales, servicios y
recursos, infraestructura o activos económicos, sociales o culturales en lugares y entornos que podrían
verse afectados
Nota 1 a la entrada: La exposición puede cambiar con el tiempo, por ejemplo, como resultado del desarrollo
urbano y el cambio de uso del suelo.
[FUENTE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.6, modificado — La Nota 1 a la entrada ha sido modificada.]
3.9
peligro
potencial fuente de daño
Nota 1 a la entrada: El potencial de daño puede ser en términos de pérdida de vidas, lesiones u otros impactos
(3.10) en la salud, así como daños y pérdidas a la propiedad, infraestructura, medios de vida, prestación de
servicios, ecosistemas y recursos ambientales.
Nota 2 a la entrada: En este documento, el término generalmente se refiere a eventos, tendencias o impactos
físicos relacionados con el clima.
Nota 3 a la entrada: El peligro comprende desarrollos de inicio lento (por ejemplo, aumento de las temperaturas a
largo plazo), así como extremos climáticos de rápido desarrollo (por ejemplo, una ola de calor o un deslizamiento
de tierra) o una mayor variabilidad.
[FUENTE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.7]
3.10
impacto
efecto en los sistemas naturales y humanos
Nota 1 a la entrada: En el contexto del cambio climático (3.4), el término "impacto" se utiliza principalmente
para referirse a los efectos en los sistemas naturales y humanos, condiciones climáticas extremas y fenómenos
climáticos y del cambio climático. Los impactos generalmente se refieren a los efectos sobre vidas, medios de
vida, salud, ecosistemas, economías, sociedades, culturas, servicios e infraestructura debido a la interacción del
cambio climático o eventos climáticos peligrosos (3.9) que ocurren dentro de un período de tiempo específico y la
vulnerabilidad (3.21) de una sociedad o sistema expuesto. Los impactos también se conocen como consecuencias
y resultados. Los impactos del cambio climático en los sistemas geofísicos, incluidas las inundaciones, las sequías
y el aumento del nivel del mar, son un subconjunto de impactos llamados "impactos físicos".
[FUENTE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.8]
3.11
cambio incremental
pequeños ajustes realizados hacia un resultado específico
3.12
indicador
variable cuantitativa, cualitativa o binaria que puede medirse o describirse, en respuesta a un criterio
definido
[FUENTE: ISO 13065:2015, 3.27]
3.13
parte interesada
persona u organización (3.17) que pueden afectar, verse afectados o percibirse afectados por una
decisión o actividad
EJEMPLO Comunidades (3.7), ciudadanos, proveedores, clientes, reguladores, organizaciones no
gubernamentales, inversores, empleados y académicos.
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Nota 1 a la entrada: "Percibirse a sí mismo como afectado" significa que la percepción se ha dado a conocer a la
organización.
[FUENTE: ISO 14001:2015, 3.1.6, modificado — El Ejemplo ha sido modificado.]
3.14
plan de adaptación local
plan de acción de identificación y abordaje de los impactos (3.10) del cambio climático (3.4) en el área de
responsabilidad de un gobierno local (3.15) o comunidad (3.7)
Nota 1 a la entrada: Dicho plan de acción puede contener prioridades y actividades planificadas para identificar
y abordar los impactos del cambio climático, incluidos los asociados con la variabilidad y cambios climáticos
extremos. Puede incluir una combinación de políticas, proyectos, programas y medidas, que se actualizan
periódicamente.
3.15
gobierno local
administración de un área local específica que constituya una subdivisión de una unidad política
importante (como una nación o un estado), y los servicios que prestan (es decir, estado, prefectura,
provincia, condado, distrito, ciudad, pueblo, etc.)
3.16
plan nacional de adaptación
documento nacional que contiene prioridades de adaptación y actividades planificadas (políticas,
proyectos y programas) incluida una estrategia de implementación para un período determinado (por
ejemplo, de 3 a 5 años)
Nota 1 a la entrada: El principal resultado del proceso para formular e implementar planes nacionales de
adaptación (PNA) establecidos en el marco de la CMNUCC en 2010 como medio para permitir a las Partes
identificar las necesidades de adaptación a mediano y largo plazo y desarrollar e implementar estrategias y
programas para abordar esas necesidades.
[FUENTE: Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, 2017]
3.17
organización
persona o grupo de personas que tiene sus propias funciones con responsabilidades, autoridades y
relaciones para lograr sus objetivos
Nota 1 a la entrada: El concepto de organización incluye, pero no se limita a un comerciante individual, compañía,
corporación, firma, empresa, autoridad, sociedad, organización benéfica o institución, o parte o combinación de
estos, ya sea incorporada o no, pública o privada.
[FUENTE: ISO 14001:2015, 3.1.4]
3.18
riesgo
efecto de la incertidumbre
Nota 1 a la entrada: Un efecto es una desviación de lo esperado. Puede ser positivo, negativo o ambos. Un efecto
puede surgir como resultado de una respuesta, o la falta de respuesta, a una oportunidad o a una amenaza
relacionada con el logro de objetivos definidos.
Nota 2 a la entrada: La incertidumbre es el estado, incluso parcial, de la deficiencia de información relacionada, a
la comprensión o el conocimiento de un evento, sus consecuencias o probabilidad.
Nota 3 a la entrada: El riesgo se caracteriza a menudo por referencia a posibles "eventos" (como se define en la
Guía ISO 73:2009, 3.5.1.3) y "consecuencias" (como se define en la Guía ISO 73:2009, 3.6.1.3) , o una combinación
de ambos.
Nota 4 a la entrada: El riesgo se expresa a menudo en términos de una combinación de las consecuencias de
un evento (incluidos los cambios en las circunstancias) y la "probabilidad" asociada (como se define en la Guía
ISO 73:2009, 3.6.1.1) de ocurrencia.
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[FUENTE: ISO 14001:2015, 3.2.10, modificado — La Nota 1 a la entrada ha sido modificada.]
3.19
sensibilidad
grado en que un sistema o especie se ve afectado, ya sea de manera adversa o beneficiosa, por la
variabilidad climática (3.3) o el cambio climático (3.4)
Nota 1 a la entrada: El efecto puede ser directo (por ejemplo, un cambio en la salud y el funcionamiento de la
infraestructura verde en respuesta a un cambio en la media, el rango o la variabilidad de la temperatura) o
indirecto (por ejemplo, daños causados por un aumento de la frecuencia de las inundaciones costeras debido al
aumento del nivel del mar).
[FUENTE: Adaptado del IPCC, 2014]
3.20
transformación
cambio en los atributos fundamentales de los sistemas naturales y humanos
[FUENTE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.14]
3.21
vulnerabilidad
propensión o predisposición a ser afectados negativamente
Nota 1 a la entrada: La vulnerabilidad abarca una variedad de conceptos y elementos, incluyendo la sensibilidad
(3.19) o la susceptibilidad al daño y la falta de capacidad para hacer frente y adaptarse.
Nota 2 a la entrada: La vulnerabilidad es el grado en que un sistema ecológico, social y económico es susceptible
o incapaz de hacer frente a los impactos (3.10) del cambio climático (3.4) adverso, incluidos los asociados con la
variabilidad y clima (3.3) extremo.
[FUENTE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.15, modificado — Se ha añadido la Nota 2 a la entrada.]
4 Principios
4.1 Rendición de cuentas
El gobierno local y la comunidad reconocen y asumen la responsabilidad de su adaptación al cambio
climático. Aceptan el escrutinio apropiado y también aceptan el deber de responder a este escrutinio.
NOTA 1 Este principio se refiere en la Norma ISO 14090.
NOTA 2 La comunidad reconoce su rol en la colaboración con el gobierno local en la actividad de adaptación.
4.2 Aprendizaje y mejora continua
El aprendizaje y la mejora continua son fundamentales para la adaptación al cambio climático cuando
hay incertidumbres en el conocimiento, pero también cambios continuos en los impulsores del
cambio, en los conocimientos y las pruebas disponibles y en el contexto en el que van a identificarse e
implementarse las respuestas.
4.3 Flexibilidad
Permitir diversas medidas para alcanzar objetivos y metas teniendo en cuenta las circunstancias
técnicas, sociales, administrativas, políticas, jurídicas, ambientales y económicas para dar cabida a una
amplia gama de disponibilidades de datos y capacidades técnicas e institucionales.
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4.4 Incorporación e integración
La adaptación al cambio climático es más eficaz cuando se integra en las operaciones del gobierno local
y de la comunidad (como políticas, planes, procedimientos, gestión de riesgos e implementación).
NOTA 1 Este principio se refiere en la Norma ISO 14090.
NOTA 2 La comprensión y el apoyo de la comunidad a esta integración son esenciales para el éxito.
4.5 Practicidad
Establezca metas y objetivos que sean prácticos y alcanzables. Los objetivos poco prácticos podrían
impedir que la adaptación al cambio climático se alcance o que se logren efectivamente los beneficios
deseados. Enfocarse en indicadores/métricas que son relativamente fáciles de medir y cuyos datos
estén disponibles. Agregar y comparar a través de las escalas para no dar lugar a cargas adicionales.
4.6 Priorización
En el momento de identificar el contenido de los planes de adaptación, incluidas las medidas de
adaptación a implementar, no es necesario ni siempre posible abarcar todos los ámbitos. El gobierno
local y la comunidad deberían priorizar los impactos del cambio climático para determinar dónde las
necesidades de adaptación son más altas mediante la evaluación de las características relativas de los
impactos (magnitud, probabilidad y urgencia). Esto también debería tener en cuenta las capacidades
de las partes interesadas y las capacidades y oportunidades del gobierno local y de la comunidad para
actuar.
4.7 Proporcionalidad
Llevar a cabo acciones que sean las más eficaces en las circunstancias actuales [contextos en los que
operan el gobierno local y la comunidad (económicos, sociales, culturales y políticos), capacidades,
conocimientos y evidencia] a la hora de identificar y evaluar medidas de adaptación, al tiempo que
aspiran a una mejora continua.
4.8 Pertinencia
Facilitar las evaluaciones que conduzcan a la información para la planificación de la adaptación que
sea significativa para los responsables de la toma de decisiones y los profesionales, incluso a escalas
espaciales apropiadas y para las duraciones de tiempo pertinentes.
4.9 Transparencia
Los informes y las comunicaciones sobre la adaptación al cambio climático se basan en una presentación
abierta, completa y comprensible de la información para las partes interesadas.
NOTA Este principio se refiere en la Norma ISO 14090.
5 Planificación previa
5.1 Generalidades
El gobierno local y la comunidad deben acordar y decidir el proceso y los medios para formular un plan
de adaptación antes de emprender la planificación. Debería reconocerse que hay beneficios al tener
una relación de colaboración entre los planes formulados a nivel de gobierno local y comunidad. Es
responsabilidad del gobierno local y de la comunidad formular un plan de adaptación que tenga como
objetivo evitar o minimizar los daños y pérdidas, etc. que podrían ser causados por los impactos del
cambio climático actual y futuro dentro de su jurisdicción o área de responsabilidad.
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El gobierno local y la comunidad deben preparar:
— para que la planificación de la adaptación se formule de conformidad con los Capítulos del 6 al 10;
— para que el proceso de planificación no se limite, interrumpa o detenga debido a una preparación
insuficiente.
El gobierno local y la comunidad deberían considerar su nivel de preparación, así como su naturaleza
y alcance para llevar a cabo el proceso, y reconsiderarlos cuando reevalúen o revisen el plan de
adaptación.
5.2 Marco para la adaptación
El gobierno local y la comunidad deberían establecer, implementar y mantener una política de
adaptación.
La política de adaptación debe:
a) ser apropiada para el propósito y el contexto de la jurisdicción, teniendo en cuenta la legislación
pertinente y cualquier política o plan (por ejemplo, planes espaciales, económicos o municipales),
y los impactos del cambio climático y las vulnerabilidades asociadas de las actividades, servicios,
etc.;
b) proporcionar un marco para establecer objetivos de adaptación, límites y plazos;
c) incluir un compromiso para facilitar el desarrollo y la implementación de la política de adaptación;
d) incluir un compromiso con la mejora continua del plan de adaptación local, así como dentro de la
implementación asociada, y un compromiso con el seguimiento y los planes de evaluación para
mejorar la eficacia y el desempeño del plan de adaptación;
e) ser sostenible a largo plazo y al mismo tiempo que sea oportuno y eficaz;
f) ser registrada, revisada y modificada de acuerdo con las prioridades cambiantes;
g) ser comunicada dentro de la entidad y a las partes interesadas, según proceda.
5.3 Funciones, responsabilidades y deberes de los equipos
5.3.1 Equipo central de toma de decisiones
El gobierno local y la comunidad deben identificar y nombrar miembros de un equipo central de toma
de decisiones. Este equipo debería involucrar al gobernador, alcalde o cargo equivalente, y líderes
de departamentos o secciones que tengan autoridad para tomar decisiones en el gobierno local y la
comunidad.
Este equipo central de toma de decisiones debe:
— tener el poder de tomar las decisiones en el proceso de preparación y planificación;
— asumir la responsabilidad de la formulación del plan de adaptación local y la eficacia de las acciones
especificadas en el plan;
— comunicar la importancia de la adaptación efectiva y su gestión, y de cumplir con los requisitos del
marco de adaptación dentro de su jurisdicción y área de responsabilidad;
— aprobar y apoyar las acciones del equipo facilitador y las personas pertinentes para contribuir a la
efectividad de la acción de adaptación;
— apoyar otras funciones de gestión pertinentes para demostrar su liderazgo en lo que respecta a sus
áreas de responsabilidad;
Traducción oficial/Official translation/Traduction officielle
— movilizar recursos financieros;
— buscar cooperación y asistencia de las partes apropiadas, como el estado, entidades administrativas/
de gobierno superior, gobiernos locales vecinos y comunidades, si es necesario.
5.3.2 Equipo facilitador
El gobierno local y la comunidad deberían establecer un equipo facilitador para liderar el proceso
de planificación de la adaptación. Al establecer un equipo facilitador, el equipo central de toma de
decisiones debe respaldar su constitución, incluido el acuerdo y la aprobación de su membresía y el
alcance de las acciones que se emprenden.
Un equipo facilitador debería incluir:
— los miembros de departamentos pertinentes cuyas áreas de responsabilidad cubren sectores y
áreas en las que se reconocen los impactos del cambio climático;
— uno o más expertos cuya especialidad sea la ciencia del clima, la gestión de desastres, los ecosistemas,
las ciencias económicas y sociales, y otras áreas que sean pertinentes para las evaluaciones de
impacto, vulnerabilidad, exposición y adaptación.
En el proceso de preparación, el equipo facilitador debería:
— establecer sus roles y responsabilidades;
— establecer una red con organizaciones pertinentes, como niveles administrativos superiores,
institutos de investigación, universidades, agencias meteorológicas locales y otros institutos, que
proporcionen la información o las pruebas necesarias y creíbles que se necesitan para apoyar el
proceso de planificación;
— revisar el plan nacional de adaptación y otras políticas y programas pertinentes (véase 7.2) para
identificar y someter a consideración los aspectos pertinentes, incluyendo las estrategias y planes
que deberían considerarse dentro del proceso de planificación de la adaptación.
El equipo facilitador que trabaja con las partes interesadas involucradas debería establecer un
programa de trabajo para el proceso de planificación de la adaptación que incluya:
— los diferentes pasos y tareas que componen el proceso de planificación de la adaptación;
— el tiempo propuesto y los recursos asociados con cada paso y tarea;
— las expectativas en cuanto a las funciones y responsabilidades de los miembros del equipo y las
partes interesadas comprometidas;
— los riesgos y las medidas de gestión de riesgos asociados con la realización del proceso de planificación
de la adaptación;
— los puntos de decisión y los resultados esperados para cada paso y tarea.
El equipo facilitador debería buscar la confirmación del equipo central de toma de decisiones con
respecto a los elementos del programa de trabajo.
Las misiones de un equipo facilitador deberían incluir:
— confirmar el progreso de la planificación y compartirlo con el equipo central de toma de decisiones,
los departamentos pertinentes, los expertos y las partes interesadas;
— identificar
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