ISO/TS 16843-6:2022

Health informatics — Categorial structures for representation of acupuncture — Part 6: Acupuncture effects

This document specifies the categorial structure within the field of acupuncture effects by defining a set of domain constraints of sanctioned characteristics, each consisting of a semantic link and an applicable characterizing category.

Informatique de santé — Structures catégoriques pour la représentation de l'acupuncture — Partie 6: Effets de l'acupuncture

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 20-Jun-2022
• ICS: 35.240.80 - IT applications in health care technology
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 215 - Health informatics
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 215 - Health informatics
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Start Date: 21-Jun-2022
• Due Date: 21-Aug-2023
• Completion Date: 21-Jun-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 16843-6
First edition
2022-06
Health informatics — Categorial
structures for representation of
acupuncture —
Part 6:
Acupuncture effects
Informatique de santé — Structures catégoriques pour la
représentation de l'acupuncture —
Partie 6: Effets de l'acupuncture
Reference number
ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)
© ISO 2022

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
  © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved

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ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General . 1
3.2 Characterizing categories . 2
4 Categorial structure . 5
4.1 Overview . 5
4.2 Semantic links . 7
4.2.1 Applied to . 7
4.2.2 Located in . 7
4.2.3 Part of . 7
4.2.4 Regulates . 7
4.2.5 Occurs in . 7
4.2.6 Has participant . 8
4.2.7 Binds . . 8
Bibliography . 9
iii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved

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ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 215, Health informatics, in collaboration
with Technical Committee ISO/TC 249, Traditional Chinese medicine.
A list of all parts in the ISO 16843 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
  © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)
Introduction
Acupuncture therapy is being widely practiced in many countries. Acupuncture therapy is used to
treat many diseases by regulating the physiological functions of the internal organs (zang-fu) and
body systems. Stimulating the acupoints with an acupuncture needle or with electro acupuncture can
directly or indirectly cause changes in organs, tissues, cells, molecules and other chemical substances,
then affects physiological or pathological functions in human body or experimental animals. The effects
of acupuncture can be measured by laboratory tests or clinical observations.
A large number of clinical research studies and animal experiments have been conducted to assess the
mechanism of acupuncture therapy. However, the descriptions of acupuncture effects in clinical reports
or experimental reports tend to be insufficient or inconsistent for interpretation of heterogeneity, thus
causing difficulties in synthesizing data for analysis. This arises from two reasons:
a) An appropriate categorial structure for the acupuncture effect has not been formulated;
b) Semantic associations between the concepts of the acupuncture effect need to be made more
explicit.
This document aims at solving these existing problems.
v
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved

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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)
Health informatics — Categorial structures for
representation of acupuncture —
Part 6:
Acupuncture effects
1 Scope
This document specifies the categorial structure within the field of acupuncture effects by defining
a set of domain constraints of sanctioned characteristics, each consisting of a semantic link and an
applicable characterizing category.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 General
3.1.1
concept
unit of knowledge created by a unique combination of characteristics
Note 1 to entry: A concept can have one or more names. It can be represented using one or more terms, pictures,
icons or sounds.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 16843-2:2015, 3.1]
3.1.2
categorial structure
minimal set of domain constraints for representing concept systems in a subject field
[SOURCE: ISO 17115:2020, 3.1.1, modified]
3.1.3
category
division of sets of entities regarded as having particular shared characteristics
EXAMPLE Oral route, subcutaneous route and all other routes share characteristics particular to the
category route.
Note 1 to entry: Categories can be more or less general. Where one category is subsumed by another, the ‘is a’
relation is asserted to obtain a hierarchy between the more specific or subsumed category and the more general
or subsuming category. For example, parenteral route is more general than intravenous route.
1
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved

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ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 16843-2:2015, 3.3]
3.1.4
characterizing category
category (3.1.3) of characteristics which serves as the criterion of subdivision when establishing
concept systems
EXAMPLE The type of characteristics ‘colour’ includes being red, blue, green, etc. The type of characteristics
‘material’ includes made of wood, metal, etc.
[SOURCE: ISO 17115:2020, 3.1.3, modified]
3.1.5
semantic link
formal representation of a directed associative relation or partitive relation between two concepts
EXAMPLE is Cause Of (with inverse has Cause); has Location (with inverse is Location Of).
Note 1 to entry: This includes all relations except the generic relation.
Note 2 to entry: A semantic link always has an inverse, i.e. another semantic link with the opposite direction.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 16843-2:2015, 3.5]
3.2 Characterizing categories
3.2.1
acupuncture therapy
treatment of disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians at an acupuncture point
Note 1 to entry: The placement of the acupuncture needle varies with the disease being treated. It is sometimes
used in conjunction with heat, moxibustion, acupressure, or electric stimulation.
EXAMPLE Electro-a
...

© ISO TC 215 – All rights reserved
ISO /TS 16843-6
ISO TC 215/SC /JWG1
Date: 2022-04-19
Secretariat: ANSI
Health Informatics informatics — Categorial structures for representation of
acupuncture Part6 — Part 6: Acupuncture effecteffects

Publication stage

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
©

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ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)
© ISO 2020 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part
of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written
permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body
in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.orgwww.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
2 © ISO #### – All rights reserved
ii © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)
Contents
Foreword . 3
Introduction. 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
3.1 General . 5
3.2 Characterizing categories . 6
4 Categorial structure. 10
4.1 Overview . 10
4.2 Semantic links . 12
4.2.1 Applied to . 12
4.2.2 Located in . 12
4.2.3 Part of . 12
4.2.4 Regulates . 12
4.2.5 Occurs in . 13
4.2.6 Has participant . 13
4.2.7 Binds . 13
Bibliography . 14
© ISO #### – All rights reserved 3
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 215, Health Informaticsinformatics.
A list of all parts in the ISO 16843 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
4 © ISO #### – All rights reserved
iv © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)
Introduction
Acupuncture therapy is being widely practiced in many countries. Acupuncture therapy is used to treat
many diseases by regulating the physiological functions of the internal organs (zang-fu) and body
systems. Stimulating the acupoints with an acupuncture needle or with electro acupuncture can directly
or indirectly cause changes in organs, tissues, cells, molecules and other chemical substances, then affects
physiological or pathological functions in human body or experimental animals, and the. The effects of
acupuncture effects can be measured by laboratory tests or clinical observations.
A large number of clinical research studies and animal experiments have been conducted to assess the
mechanism of acupuncture therapy. However, the descriptions of the acupuncture effecteffects in clinical
reports or experimental reports tend to be insufficient or inconsistent for interpretation of heterogeneity,
thus causing difficulties in synthesizing data for analysis. This arises from two reasons:
a) An appropriate categorial structure for the acupuncture effect has not been formulated;
b) Semantic associations between the concepts of the acupuncture effect need to be made more explicit.
This document defines the categorial structures in the field of the acupuncture effect to solveaims at
solving these existing problems.
© ISO #### – All rights reserved 5
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved v

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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)

Health Informatics — informatics — Categorial structures for
representation of acupuncture-Part 6: acupuncture
effectAcupuncture effects
1 Scope
This document specifies the categorial structure within the subject field of the acupuncture effecteffects
by defining a set of domain constraints of sanctioned characteristics, each consisting of a semantic link
and an applicable characterizing category to represent the concept and the semantic link of the
acupuncture effect.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/TS 16843-1:2016, Health informatics — Categorial structures for representation of acupuncture —
Part 1: Acupuncture points
ISO/TS 16843-2:2015 Health Informatics — Categorial Structures for Representation of Acupuncture —
Part 2: Needling
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminologicalterminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
Field Code Changed
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1 General
3.1.1
concept
unit of knowledge created by a unique combination of characteristics
Note 1 to entry: A concept can have one or more names. It can be represented using one or more terms, pictures,
icons or sounds.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 16843-2:2015, 3.1]
3.1.2
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved 1

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ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)
categorial structure
minimal set of domain constraints for representing concept systems in a subject field.
minimal set of domain constraints for representing concept systems in a subject field
[SOURCE: ISO 17115:2020，, 3.1.1, modified]
3.1.1]3
category
division of sets of entities regarded as having particular shared characteristics
EXAMPLE Oral route, subcutaneous route and all other routes share characteristics particular to the category
route.
Note 1 to entry: Categories maycan be more or less general. Where one category is subsumed by another, the ‘is a’
relation is asserted to obtain a hierarchy between the more specific or subsumed category and the more general or
subsuming category. For example, parenteral route is more general than intravenous route.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 16843-2:2015, 3.3]
3.1.4
characterizing category
category (3.1.3) of characteristics which serves as the criterion of subdivision when establishing concept
systems
EXAMPLE : The type of characteristics ‘color’colour’ includes being red, blue, green, etc. The type of
characteristics ‘material’ includes made of wood, metal, etc.
[SOURCE: ISO 17115:2020, 3.1.3, modified]
3.1.5
semantic link
formal representation of a directed associative relation or partitive relation between two concepts
EXAMPLE is Cause Of (with inverse has Cause); has Location (with inverse is Location Of).
Note 1 to entry: This includes all relations except the generic relation.
Note 2 to entry: A semantic link always has an inverse, i.e. another semantic link with the opposite direction.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 16843-2:2015, 3.5]
3.2 Characterizing categories
3.2.1
acupuncture therapy
Treatmenttreatment of disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians at an
acupuncture point.
Note 1 to entry: The placement of the acupuncture needle varies with the disease being treated. It is sometimes
used in conjunction with heat, moxibustion, acupressure, or electric stimulation.
EXAMPLES: Electro-acupuncture,EXAMPLE Electro-acupuncture, ear acupuncture, Transcutaneous Electrical
Nerve Stimulation (TENS), etc.).
2 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved

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ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)
[SOURCE: MeSH Heading, Revision Date 2017/04/28, modified]
3.2.2
needling method
The use of a specially made needle to stimulate the acupoints or parts of the body to treat disease. ISO/TS
16843-2:2015 is referenced normatively in this part.
EXAMPLES: EXAMPLE Piercing Method, Encircling needling, etc.
[SOURCE：: MeSH Heading, Revision Date 2016/06/17, modified]
3.2.3
acupuncture point
Anatomicalanatomical zone to which a stimulus is applied with the intention to induce reaction(s) for
diagnosis or therapy. ISO/TS 16843-1:2016 is referenced normatively in this part.
EXAMPLES: EXAMPLE GUANYUAN point, ZUSANLI point, etc.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 16843-1:2016, 3.7, modified]
3.2.4
anatomical structure
The structure of organisms, including body regions, cellular component, cells, tissues, organs, and body
systems, etc.
EXAMPLES: brain, Neurons, etc.
EXAMPLE Brain, neurons.
[SOURCE：: Human Anatomy and Histoembryology Terms Review Committee (Ed.).Human Anatomy
Terms 2nd Edition [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2014.]]
3.2.5
dis
...

TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 16843-6
First edition
Health informatics — Categorial
structures for representation of
acupuncture —
Part 6:
Acupuncture effects
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)
© ISO 2022

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General . 1
3.2 Characterizing categories . 2
4 Categorial structure . 5
4.1 Overview . 5
4.2 Semantic links . 7
4.2.1 Applied to . 7
4.2.2 Located in . 7
4.2.3 Part of . 7
4.2.4 Regulates . 7
4.2.5 Occurs in . 7
4.2.6 Has participant . 8
4.2.7 Binds . . 8
Bibliography . 9
iii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 215, Health informatics.
A list of all parts in the ISO 16843 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)
Introduction
Acupuncture therapy is being widely practiced in many countries. Acupuncture therapy is used to
treat many diseases by regulating the physiological functions of the internal organs (zang-fu) and
body systems. Stimulating the acupoints with an acupuncture needle or with electro acupuncture can
directly or indirectly cause changes in organs, tissues, cells, molecules and other chemical substances,
then affects physiological or pathological functions in human body or experimental animals. The effects
of acupuncture can be measured by laboratory tests or clinical observations.
A large number of clinical research studies and animal experiments have been conducted to assess the
mechanism of acupuncture therapy. However, the descriptions of acupuncture effects in clinical reports
or experimental reports tend to be insufficient or inconsistent for interpretation of heterogeneity, thus
causing difficulties in synthesizing data for analysis. This arises from two reasons:
a) An appropriate categorial structure for the acupuncture effect has not been formulated;
b) Semantic associations between the concepts of the acupuncture effect need to be made more
explicit.
This document aims at solving these existing problems.
v
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)
Health informatics — Categorial structures for
representation of acupuncture —
Part 6:
Acupuncture effects
1 Scope
This document specifies the categorial structure within the field of acupuncture effects by defining
a set of domain constraints of sanctioned characteristics, each consisting of a semantic link and an
applicable characterizing category.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 General
3.1.1
concept
unit of knowledge created by a unique combination of characteristics
Note 1 to entry: A concept can have one or more names. It can be represented using one or more terms, pictures,
icons or sounds.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 16843-2:2015, 3.1]
3.1.2
categorial structure
minimal set of domain constraints for representing concept systems in a subject field
[SOURCE: ISO 17115:2020, 3.1.1, modified]
3.1.3
category
division of sets of entities regarded as having particular shared characteristics
EXAMPLE Oral route, subcutaneous route and all other routes share characteristics particular to the
category route.
Note 1 to entry: Categories can be more or less general. Where one category is subsumed by another, the ‘is a’
relation is asserted to obtain a hierarchy between the more specific or subsumed category and the more general
or subsuming category. For example, parenteral route is more general than intravenous route.
1
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16843-6:2022(E)
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 16843-2:2015, 3.3]
3.1.4
characterizing category
category (3.1.3) of characteristics which serves as the criterion of subdivision when establishing
concept systems
EXAMPLE The type of characteristics ‘colour’ includes being red, blue, green, etc. The type of characteristics
‘material’ includes made of wood, metal, etc.
[SOURCE: ISO 17115:2020, 3.1.3, modified]
3.1.5
semantic link
formal representation of a directed associative relation or partitive relation between two concepts
EXAMPLE is Cause Of (with inverse has Cause); has Location (with inverse is Location Of).
Note 1 to entry: This includes all relations except the generic relation.
Note 2 to entry: A semantic link always has an inverse, i.e. another semantic link with the opposite direction.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 16843-2:2015, 3.5]
3.2 Characterizing categories
3.2.1
acupuncture therapy
treatment of disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians at an acupuncture point
Note 1 to entry: The placement of the acupuncture needle varies with the disease being treated. It is sometimes
used in conjunction with heat, moxibustion, acupressure, or electric stimulation.
EXAMPLE Electro-acupuncture, ear acupuncture, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS).
[SOURCE: MeSH Heading, modified]
3.2.2
needling meth
...