ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020

Cards and security devices for personal identification — Contactless proximity objects — Part 2: Radio frequency power and signal interface

This document specifies the characteristics of the fields to be provided for power and bi-directional communication between proximity coupling devices (PCDs) and proximity cards or objects (PICCs). This document does not specify the means of generating coupling fields, nor the means of compliance with electromagnetic radiation and human exposure regulations, which can vary depending on the country.

Cartes et dispositifs de sécurité pour l'identification personnelle — Objets sans contact de proximité — Partie 2: Interface radiofréquence et des signaux de communication

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 21-Jul-2020
• ICS: 35.240.15 - Identification cards. Chip cards. Biometrics
• Technical Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 17 - Cards and security devices for personal identification
• Drafting Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 17/WG 8 - Integrated circuit cards without contacts
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Start Date: 22-Jul-2020
• Due Date: 10-Apr-2020
• Completion Date: 22-Jul-2020

Relations

• Corrected By: ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020/Cor 1:2021 - Cards and security devices for personal identification — Contactless proximity objects — Part 2: Radio frequency power and signal interface — Technical Corrigendum 1
• Effective Date: 31-Jul-2021
• Amended By: ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020/Amd 1:2021 - Cards and security devices for personal identification — Contactless proximity objects — Part 2: Radio frequency power and signal interface — Amendment 1: Dynamic power level management
• Effective Date: 24-Apr-2021
• Revises: ISO/IEC 14443-2:2016 - Identification cards — Contactless integrated circuit cards — Proximity cards — Part 2: Radio frequency power and signal interface
• Effective Date: 22-Apr-2017
• Consolidated By: ISO/CIE 11664-6:2022 - Colorimetry — Part 6: CIEDE2000 colour-difference formula
• Effective Date: 06-Jun-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 14443-2
Fourth edition
2020-07
Cards and security devices for
personal identification — Contactless
proximity objects —
Part 2:
Radio frequency power and signal
interface
Cartes et dispositifs de sécurité pour l'identification personnelle —
Objets sans contact de proximité —
Partie 2: Interface radiofréquence et des signaux de communication
Reference number
ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2020

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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/IEC 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/IEC 2020 – All rights reserved

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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
5 General considerations . 5
5.1 Initial dialogue . 5
5.2 Compliance . 5
5.2.1 PICC compliance . 5
5.2.2 PCD compliance . 5
6 Power transfer . 6
6.1 General . 6
6.2 Frequency . 6
6.3 Operating field strength . 6
7 Signal interface . 7
8 Communication signal interface Type A . 9
8.1 Communication PCD to PICC . . 9
8.1.1 Bit rate . 9
8.1.2 Modulation . 9
8.1.3 Bit representation and coding .18
8.2 Communication PICC to PCD . .23
8.2.1 Bit rate .23
8.2.2 PICC load modulation transmission .23
8.2.3 Subcarrier .27
8.2.4 Subcarrier modulation .28
8.2.5 PCD load modulation reception .28
8.2.6 Bit representation and coding .32
9 Communication signal interface Type B .32
9.1 Communication PCD to PICC . .32
9.1.1 Bit rate .32
9.1.2 Modulation for bit rates of f /128, f /64, f /32, f /16, f /8, f /4, and f /2 .33
c c c c c c c
9.1.3 Bit representation and coding .41
9.2 Communication PICC to PCD . .41
9.2.1 Bit rate .41
9.2.2 PICC load modulation transmission .42
9.2.3 Subcarrier .42
9.2.4 Subcarrier modulation .42
9.2.5 PCD load modulation reception .42
9.2.6 Bit representation and coding .42
10 Electromagnetic disturbance levels .42
10.1 PCD limits .42
10.2 PICC limits .42
Annex A (informative) Complex envelope and constellation diagram .44
Annex B (informative) Inter symbol interference .45
Bibliography .47
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that
are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through
technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of
technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other
international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also
take part in the work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for
the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents) or the IEC
list of patent declarations received (see http:// patents .iec .ch).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 17, Cards and security devices for personal identification.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO/IEC 14443-2:2016), which has been
technically revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— amendment of active and passive PICC transmissions;
— amendment of electromagnetic disturbance levels for all PICC classes.
A list of all parts in the ISO/IEC 14443 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020(E)

Introduction
ISO/IEC 14443 (all parts) is one of a group of International Standards describing the parameters for
identification cards as defined in ISO/IEC 7810 and the use of such cards for international interchange.
This document describes the electrical characteristics of two types of contactless interface between a
proximity card and a proximity coupling device. The interface includes both power and bi-directional
communication. It is intended to be used in conjunction with other parts of the ISO/IEC 14443 series.
Contactless card standards cover a variety of types as embodied in ISO/IEC 10536 (all parts) (close-
coupled cards), ISO/IEC 14443 (all parts) (proximity cards), and ISO/IEC 15693 (all parts) (vicinity
cards). These are intended for operation when very near, nearby and at a longer distance from
associated coupling devices, respectively.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020(E)
Cards and security devices for personal identification —
Contactless proximity objects —
Part 2:
Radio frequency power and signal interface
1 Scope
This document specifies the characteristics of the fields to be provided for power and bi-directional
communication between proximity coupling devices (PCDs) and proximity cards or objects (PICCs).
This document does not specify the means of generating coupling fields, nor the means of compliance
with electromagnetic radiation and human exposure regulations, which can vary depending on the
country.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 10373-6, Cards and security devices for personal identification — Test methods — Part 6:
Contactless proximity objects
ISO/IEC 14443-1:2018, Cards and security devices for personal identification — Contactless proximity
objects — Part 1: Physical characteristics
ISO/IEC 14443-3:2018, Cards and security devices for personal identification — Contactless proximity
objects — Part 3: Initialization and anticollision
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
bit duration
time during which a logic level is defined, at the end of which a new bit starts
3.2
BPSK
phase shift keying where the phase shift is 180°, resulting in two phase state possibilities
3.3
modified Miller
method of bit coding whereby a logic level during a bit duration (3.1) is represented by the position of a
pulse within the bit frame
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020(E)

3.4
modulation index
m
[1 − b] / [1 + b], where b is the ratio between the modulated amplitude and the initial signal amplitude
Note 1 to entry: The value of the index may be expressed as a percentage.
3.5
NRZ-L
method of bit coding whereby a logic level during a bit duration (3.1) is represented by one of two
defined physical states of a communication medium
3.6
operating volume
positions, for each PICC class, where the corresponding Reference PICC and Active Reference PICC show
PCD compliance with all requirements of this document for this class
3.7
subcarrier
signal of frequency, f , used to modulate a carrier of frequency, f
s c
3.8
Manchester
method of bit coding whereby a logic level during a bit duration (3.1) is represented by a sequence of
two defined physical states of a communication medium, the order of the physical states within the
sequence defining the logical state
3.9
TR0
guard time between the end of a PCD transmission and the start of the PICC subcarrier (3.7) generation
3.10
TR1
synchronization time between the start of the PICC subcarrier (3.7) generation and the start of the PICC
subcarrier modulation
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
a pulse shape factor, Type A
ACP actual constellation point
AP actual phase value
ASK amplitude shift keying
b ratio between the modulated and initial signal amplitude, Type B
BPSK binary phase shift keying
EMD electromagnetic disturbance, parasitically generated by the PICC
EPI elementary phase interval
etu elementary time unit
f frequency of operating field (carrier frequency)
c
f frequency of subcarrier
s
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020(E)

H equivalent homogenous magnetic field strength
H field strength of the unmodulated RF field
INITIAL
h envelope overshoot for bit rates of f /64, f /32, and f /16, Type A
ovs c c c
h envelope undershoot, Type B
f
h envelope overshoot, Type B
r
ISI inter symbol interference
ISI inter symbol interference angle
d
ISI inter symbol interference magnitude
m
MS1 first modulated state
MS2 second modulated state
NP nominal phase value
NRZ-L non-return to zero (L for level)
OOK on/off keying
PauseA PCD modulation pulse, Type A
Ø initial phase of the subcarrier
0
Ø load modulation phase
LM
Ø initial value of Ø
LM, INIT LM, MEAN
Ø load modulation interstate phase drift
LM, INTER
Ø limit of Ø for PCD reception
LM, INTER, PCD LM, INTER
Ø limit of Ø for PICC transmission
LM, INTER, PICC LM, INTER
Ø load modulation intrastate phase drift
LM, INTRA
Ø limit of Ø for PCD reception
LM, INTRA, PCD LM, INTRA
Ø limit of Ø for PICC transmission
LM, INTRA, PICC LM, INTRA
Ø interstate phase
LM, MEAN
PCD proximity coupling device
PICC proximity card or object
P complex constellation point of the maximum NP
H
P complex constellation point of the minimum NP
L
PNP previous nominal phase
PR phase range
PSK phase shift keying
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020(E)

RF radio frequency
t PauseA length
1
t PauseA "Low" time for a bit rate of f /128
2 c
t PauseA rise time for a bit rate of f /128
3 c
t PauseA rise time section for a bit rate of f /128
4 c
t PauseA "Low" time for bit rates of f /64, f /32, and f /16
5 c c c
t PauseA rise time for bit rates of f /64, f /32, and f /16
6 c c c
t maximum value of t for PCD transmission
6, max, PCD 6
t maximum value of t for PICC reception
6, max, PICC 6
t bit duration, Type A
b
t envelope fall time, Type B
f
t maximum fall time for PCD transmission, Type B
f, max, PCD
t maximum fall time for PICC reception, Type B
f, max, PICC
t envelope rise time, Type B
r
t maximum rise time for PCD transmission, Type B
r, max, PCD
t maximum rise time for PICC reception, Type B
r, max, PICC
t pulse position, Type A
x
US unmodulated state
V modulus of the difference between US and any MS1
|MS1-US|
V EMD limit, PCD
E, PCD
V EMD limit, PICC
E, PICC
V load modulation amplitude
LMA
V minimum limit of V for PCD reception
LMA, min, PCD LMA
V minimum limit of V for PICC transmission
LMA, min, PICC LMA
V maximum limit of V for PCD reception
LMA, max, PCD LMA
V maximum limit of V for PICC transmission
LMA, max, PICC LMA
# Number
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020(E)

5 General considerations
5.1 Initial dialogue
The initial dialogue between the PCD and the PICC shall be conducted through the following consecutive
operations:
— activation of the PICC by the RF operating field of the PCD;
— the PICC shall wait silently for a command from the PCD;
— transmission of a command by the PCD;
— transmission of a response by the PICC.
These operations shall use the RF power and signal interface specified in Clauses 6 to 10.
5.2 Compliance
5.2.1 PICC compliance
The PICC shall comply with all mandatory requirements of this document and may support optional
requirements (bit rate, class, etc.). The PICC should fulfill all the requirements of one particular class in
order to improve interoperability.
5.2.2 PCD compliance
5.2.2.1 General
The PCD shall comply with all mandatory requirements of this document and may support optional
requirements (bit rate, support of PICCs of optional classes, etc.).
The PCD
— shall support PICCs of "Class 1", "Class 2", and "Class 3",
— may optionally support PICCs of "Class 4",
— may optionally support PICCs of "Class 5", and
— may optionally support PICCs of "Class 6".
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICCs 1, 2, and 3 and Active Reference PICCs 1, 2, and 3 are
mandatory for all PCDs.
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICC 4 and Active Reference PICC 4 are only mandatory
for PCDs supporting operation with "Class 4" PICCs.
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICC 5 and Active Reference PICC 5 are only mandatory
for PCDs supporting operation with "Class 5" PICCs.
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICC 6 and Active Reference PICC 6 are only mandatory
for PCDs supporting operation with "Class 6" PICCs.
For each supported PICC class, the PCD manufacturer shall indicate the operating volume within which
the PCD fulfills all requirements of this document.
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020(E)

5.2.2.2 PCD supporting PICCs of particular class(es)
If a PCD is expected to operate with PICCs of only particular class(es), it is not mandatory for this PCD
to support PICCs of other classes. This PCD shall comply with all requirements of this document non-
specific to one class. The PCD manufacturer shall clearly state which class(es) are supported.
NOTE A PCD which does not support all mandatory classes 1, 2, and 3 is not fully compliant with this document.
It can be advertised as "supporting 'Class X' PICCs only" or "compliant with Class(es) X requirements only".
6 Power transfer
6.1 General
The PCD shall produce a high frequency alternating magnetic field. This field inductively couples to the
PICC to transfer power and is modulated for communication.
6.2 Frequency
The frequency, f , of the RF operating field shall be 13,56 MHz ± 7 kHz.
c
6.3 Operating field strength
Within the manufacturer specified operating volumes (see 3.6), the PCD shall generate a field strength
of at least H and not exceeding H under unmodulated conditions, see Table 1.
min max
The PCD
— shall support PICCs of "Class 1", "Class 2", and "Class 3",
— may optionally support PICCs of "Class 4",
— may optionally support PICCs of "Class 5", and
— may optionally support PICCs of "Class 6".
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICCs 1, 2, and 3 are mandatory for all PCDs.
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICC 4 are only mandatory for PCDs supporting operation
with "Class 4" PICCs.
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICC 5 are only mandatory for PCDs supporting operation
with "Class 5" PICCs.
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICC 6 are only mandatory for PCDs supporting operation
with "Class 6" PICCs.
Table 1 — PCD field strength
H H
min max

A/m (rms) A/m (rms)
Measured with Reference PICC 1 1,5 7,5
Measured with Reference PICC 2 1,5 8,5
Measured with Reference PICC 3 1,5 8,5
Measured with Reference PICC 4 (optional) 2,0 12
Measured with Reference PICC 5 (optional) 2,5 14
Measured with Reference PICC 6 (optional) 4,5 18
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020(E)

The PCD shall not generate a field strength higher than the average and maximum levels specified for
all mandatory and optional classes in ISO/IEC 14443-1:2018, 4.4 (alternating magnetic field) in any
possible PICC position and orientation, measured with the associated Reference PICCs.
Test methods for the PCD operating field are defined in ISO/IEC 10373-6 and use a dedicated Reference
PICC for each class.
If the PICC meets the requirements of one particular class as specified in ISO/IEC 14443-1, then the PICC
shall operate as intended continuously between H and H defined for its class, see Table 2; this
min max
includes all PICC requirements defined in this document and processing of the manufacturer specified
set of commands.
If the PICC does not claim to meet the requirements of one particular class as specified in
ISO/IEC 14443-1, then:
— if the PICC antenna fits within the external rectangle defined in "Class 2" as specified in
ISO/IEC 14443-1, then
— the PICC shall operate as intended continuously between H and H defined for "Class 2",
min max
see Table 2,
— the PICC shall pass the loading effect test defined for "Class 2";
— if the PICC antenna fits within the external rectangle or external circle defined in "Class 3" as
specified in ISO/IEC 14443-1, then
— the PICC shall operate as intended continuously between H and H defined for "Class 3",
min max
see Table 2,
— the PICC shall pass the loading effect test defined for "Class 3";
— if the PICC antenna does not claim to fit within the external rectangle or external circle defined in
"Class 2" or "Class 3" as specified in ISO/IEC 14443-1, then
— the PICC shall operate as intended continuously between H and H defined for "Class 1", see
min max
Table 2,
— the PICC shall pass the loading effect test defined for "Class 1".
NOTE 1 If the PICC does not claim to meet the requirements of one particular class, then the requirements
defined above are sufficient to guarantee proper operation and interoperability with PCDs.
Table 2 — PICC operating field strength
H H
min max

A/m (rms) A/m (rms)
"Class 1" PICC 1,5 7,5
"Class 2" PICC 1,5 8,5
"Class 3" PICC 1,5 8,5
"Class 4" PICC 2,0 12
"Class 5" PICC 2,5 14
"Class 6" PICC 4,5 18
NOTE 2 Margins of field strength are effectively included by the test methods as specified in ISO/IEC 10373-6.
7 Signal interface
In order to transmit data to the PICC, the PCD modulates the amplitude of its alternating magnetic field
strength with modulation pulses.
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020(E)

In order to transmit data to the PCD, the PICC passively loads the PCD alternating magnetic field and/or
actively contributes with its own alternating magnetic field. This is called load modulation.
Within the manufacturer specified operating volumes (see 3.6), the PCD shall generate modulation
pulses as described in Clauses 8 and 9 and shall be capable of receiving the minimum load modulation
amplitude.
NOTE 1 As an indication of the operating volume, the manufacturer can give the operating range (e.g. 0 to
X cm) within which all requirements of this document are fulfilled.
Test methods for the PCD communication signal interface are defined in ISO/IEC 10373-6.
Two communication signal interfaces, Type A and Type B, are described in Clauses 8 and 9. The PCD
shall alternate between modulation methods when idling before detecting the presence of a PICC of
Type A or Type B.
Only one communication signal interface may be active during a communication session until
deactivation by the PCD or removal of the PICC. Subsequent session(s) may then proceed with either
modulation method.
Table 3 and Table 4 illustrate the concepts described in Clauses 8 and 9.
Table 3 — Example PCD to PICC communication signals for Type A and Type B interfaces
Type A Type B
ASK ~ 100 % ASK ~ 10 %
bit rates of
modified Miller NRZ-L
f /128, f /64,
c c
f /32, and f /16
c c
ASK ~ 10 %
NRZ–L
bit rates of f /8,
c
f /4, and f /2
c c
bit rates of
3f /4, f , PSK, see 8.1.2.5.
c c
3f /2, and 2f
c c
NOTE 2 For the coding of modified Miller, see 8.1.3.1.
Table 4 — Example PICC to PCD communication signals for Type A and Type B interfaces
Type A Type B
Load modulation Load modulation
Subcarrier f /16 Subcarrier f /16
c c
OOK BPSK
bit rate of
Manchester NRZ-L
f /128
c
Load modulation
Subcarrier f /16
c
BPSK
NRZ-L
bit rate of f /64
c
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020(E)

Table 4 (continued)
Type A Type B
Load modulation
Subcarrier f /16
c
BPSK
NRZ-L
bit rate of f /32
c
Load modulation
Subcarrier equals the bit rate
BPSK
bit rates of
NRZ-L
f /16, f /8, f /4,
c c c
and f /2
c
8 Communication signal interface Type A
8.1 Communication PCD to PICC
8.1.1 Bit rate
The bit rate for the transmission during initialization and anticollision shall be f /128 (~106 kbit/s).
c
The bit rate for the transmission after initialization and anticollision shall be one of the following:
— f /128 (~106 kbit/s);
c
— f /64 (~212 kbit/s);
c
— f /32 (~424 kbit/s);
c
— f /16 (~848 kbit/s);
c
— f /8 (~1,70 Mbit/s);
c
— f /4 (~3,39 Mbit/s);
c
— f /2 (~6,78 Mbit/s);
c
— 3f /4 (~10,17 Mbit/s);
c
—
...

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
DRAFT
STANDARD FDIS
14443-2
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 17
Cards and security devices for
Secretariat: BSI
personal identification — Contactless
Voting begins on:
2020-04-08 proximity objects —
Voting terminates on:
Part 2:
2020-06-03
Radio frequency power and signal
interface
Cartes et dispositifs de sécurité pour l'identification personnelle —
Objets sans contact de proximité —
Partie 2: Interface radiofréquence et des signaux de communication
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2020(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
©
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO/IEC 2020

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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2020(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/IEC 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/IEC 2020 – All rights reserved

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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2020(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
5 General considerations . 4
5.1 Initial dialogue . 4
5.2 Compliance . 5
5.2.1 PICC compliance . 5
5.2.2 PCD compliance . 5
6 Power transfer . 6
6.1 General . 6
6.2 Frequency . 6
6.3 Operating field strength . 6
7 Signal interface . 7
8 Communication signal interface Type A . 9
8.1 Communication PCD to PICC . . 9
8.1.1 Bit rate . 9
8.1.2 Modulation . 9
8.1.3 Bit representation and coding .18
8.2 Communication PICC to PCD . .23
8.2.1 Bit rate .23
8.2.2 PICC load modulation transmission .23
8.2.3 Subcarrier .27
8.2.4 Subcarrier modulation .28
8.2.5 PCD load modulation reception .28
8.2.6 Bit representation and coding .32
9 Communication signal interface Type B .32
9.1 Communication PCD to PICC . .32
9.1.1 Bit rate .32
9.1.2 Modulation for bit rates of f /128, f /64, f /32, f /16, f /8, f /4, and f /2 .33
c c c c c c c
9.1.3 Bit representation and coding .41
9.2 Communication PICC to PCD . .41
9.2.1 Bit rate .41
9.2.2 PICC load modulation transmission .42
9.2.3 Subcarrier .42
9.2.4 Subcarrier modulation .42
9.2.5 PCD load modulation reception .42
9.2.6 Bit representation and coding .42
10 Electromagnetic disturbance levels .42
10.1 PCD limits .42
10.2 PICC limits .42
Annex A (informative) Complex envelope and constellation diagram .44
Annex B (informative) Inter symbol interference .45
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2020(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that
are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through
technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of
technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other
international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also
take part in the work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for
the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents) or the IEC
list of patent declarations received (see http:// patents .iec .ch).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 17, Cards and security devices for personal identification.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO/IEC 14443-2:2016), which has been
technically revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— amendment of active and passive PICC transmissions;
— amendment of electromagnetic disturbance levels for all PICC classes.
A list of all parts in the ISO/IEC 14443 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2020(E)

Introduction
ISO/IEC 14443 (all parts) is one of a group of International Standards describing the parameters for
identification cards as defined in ISO/IEC 7810 and the use of such cards for international interchange.
This document describes the electrical characteristics of two types of contactless interface between a
proximity card and a proximity coupling device. The interface includes both power and bi-directional
communication. It is intended to be used in conjunction with other parts of the ISO/IEC 14443 series.
Contactless card standards cover a variety of types as embodied in ISO/IEC 10536 (all parts) (close-
coupled cards), ISO/IEC 14443 (all parts) (proximity cards), and ISO/IEC 15693 (all parts) (vicinity
cards). These are intended for operation when very near, nearby and at a longer distance from
associated coupling devices, respectively.
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2020(E)
Cards and security devices for personal identification —
Contactless proximity objects —
Part 2:
Radio frequency power and signal interface
1 Scope
This document specifies the characteristics of the fields to be provided for power and bi-directional
communication between proximity coupling devices (PCDs) and proximity cards or objects (PICCs).
This document does not specify the means of generating coupling fields, nor the means of compliance
with electromagnetic radiation and human exposure regulations, which can vary depending on the
country.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 10373-6, Cards and security devices for personal identification — Test methods — Part 6:
Contactless proximity objects
ISO/IEC 14443-1:2018, Cards and security devices for personal identification — Contactless proximity
objects — Part 1: Physical characteristics
ISO/IEC 14443-3:2018, Cards and security devices for personal identification — Contactless proximity
objects — Part 3: Initialization and anticollision
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
bit duration
time during which a logic level is defined, at the end of which a new bit starts
3.2
BPSK
phase shift keying where the phase shift is 180°, resulting in two phase state possibilities
3.3
modified Miller
method of bit coding whereby a logic level during a bit duration (3.1) is represented by the position of a
pulse within the bit frame
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2020(E)

3.4
modulation index
m
[1 − b] / [1 + b], where b is the ratio between the modulated amplitude and the initial signal amplitude
Note 1 to entry: The value of the index may be expressed as a percentage.
3.5
NRZ-L
method of bit coding whereby a logic level during a bit duration (3.1) is represented by one of two
defined physical states of a communication medium
3.6
operating volume
positions, for each PICC class, where the corresponding Reference PICC and Active Reference PICC show
PCD compliance with all requirements of this document for this class
3.7
subcarrier
signal of frequency, f , used to modulate a carrier of frequency, f
s c
3.8
Manchester
method of bit coding whereby a logic level during a bit duration (3.1) is represented by a sequence of
two defined physical states of a communication medium, the order of the physical states within the
sequence defining the logical state
3.9
TR0
guard time between the end of a PCD transmission and the start of the PICC subcarrier (3.7) generation
3.10
TR1
synchronization time between the start of the PICC subcarrier (3.7) generation and the start of the PICC
subcarrier modulation
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
a pulse shape factor, Type A
ACP actual constellation point
AP actual phase value
ASK amplitude shift keying
b ratio between the modulated and initial signal amplitude, Type B
BPSK binary phase shift keying
EMD electromagnetic disturbance, parasitically generated by the PICC
EPI elementary phase interval
etu elementary time unit
f frequency of operating field (carrier frequency)
c
f frequency of subcarrier
s
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2020(E)

H equivalent homogenous magnetic field strength
H field strength of the unmodulated RF field
INITIAL
h envelope overshoot for bit rates of f /64, f /32, and f /16, Type A
ovs c c c
h envelope undershoot, Type B
f
h envelope overshoot, Type B
r
ISI inter symbol interference
ISI inter symbol interference angle
d
ISI inter symbol interference magnitude
m
MS1 first modulated state
MS2 second modulated state
NP nominal phase value
NRZ-L non-return to zero (L for level)
OOK on/off keying
PauseA PCD modulation pulse, Type A
Ø initial phase of the subcarrier
0
Ø load modulation phase
LM
Ø load modulation interstate phase drift
LM, INTER
Ø limit of Ø for PCD reception
LM, INTER, PCD LM, INTER
Ø limit of Ø for PICC transmission
LM, INTER, PICC LM, INTER
Ø load modulation intrastate phase drift
LM, INTRA
Ø limit of Ø for PCD reception
LM, INTRA, PCD LM, INTRA
Ø limit of Ø for PICC transmission
LM, INTRA, PICC LM, INTRA
PCD proximity coupling device
PICC proximity card or object
P complex constellation point of the maximum NP
H
P complex constellation point of the minimum NP
L
PNP previous nominal phase
PR phase range
PSK phase shift keying
RF radio frequency
t PauseA length
1
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2020(E)

t PauseA "Low" time for a bit rate of f /128
2 c
t PauseA rise time for a bit rate of f /128
3 c
t PauseA rise time section for a bit rate of f /128
4 c
t PauseA "Low" time for bit rates of f /64, f /32, and f /16
5 c c c
t PauseA rise time for bit rates of f /64, f /32, and f /16
6 c c c
t maximum value of t for PCD transmission
6, max, PCD 6
t maximum value of t for PICC reception
6, max, PICC 6
t bit duration, Type A
b
t envelope fall time, Type B
f
t maximum fall time for PCD transmission, Type B
f, max, PCD
t maximum fall time for PICC reception, Type B
f, max, PICC
t envelope rise time, Type B
r
t maximum rise time for PCD transmission, Type B
r, max, PCD
t maximum rise time for PICC reception, Type B
r, max, PICC
t pulse position, Type A
x
US unmodulated state
V modulus of the difference between US and any MS1
|MS1-US|
V EMD limit, PCD
E, PCD
V EMD limit, PICC
E, PICC
V load modulation amplitude
LMA
V minimum limit of V for PCD reception
LMA, min, PCD LMA
V minimum limit of V for PICC transmission
LMA, min, PICC LMA
V maximum limit of V for PCD reception
LMA, max, PCD LMA
V maximum limit of V for PICC transmission
LMA, max, PICC LMA
# Number
5 General considerations
5.1 Initial dialogue
The initial dialogue between the PCD and the PICC shall be conducted through the following consecutive
operations:
— activation of the PICC by the RF operating field of the PCD;
— the PICC shall wait silently for a command from the PCD;
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2020(E)

— transmission of a command by the PCD;
— transmission of a response by the PICC.
These operations shall use the RF power and signal interface specified in Clauses 6 to 10.
5.2 Compliance
5.2.1 PICC compliance
The PICC shall comply with all mandatory requirements of this document and may support optional
requirements (bit rate, class, etc.). The PICC should fulfill all the requirements of one particular class in
order to improve interoperability.
5.2.2 PCD compliance
5.2.2.1 General
The PCD shall comply with all mandatory requirements of this document and may support optional
requirements (bit rate, support of PICCs of optional classes, etc.).
The PCD
— shall support PICCs of "Class 1", "Class 2", and "Class 3",
— may optionally support PICCs of "Class 4",
— may optionally support PICCs of "Class 5", and
— may optionally support PICCs of "Class 6".
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICCs 1, 2, and 3 and Active Reference PICCs 1, 2, and 3 are
mandatory for all PCDs.
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICC 4 and Active Reference PICC 4 are only mandatory
for PCDs supporting operation with "Class 4" PICCs.
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICC 5 and Active Reference PICC 5 are only mandatory
for PCDs supporting operation with "Class 5" PICCs.
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICC 6 and Active Reference PICC 6 are only mandatory
for PCDs supporting operation with "Class 6" PICCs.
For each supported PICC class, the PCD manufacturer shall indicate the operating volume within which
the PCD fulfills all requirements of this document.
5.2.2.2 PCD supporting PICCs of particular class(es)
If a PCD is expected to operate with PICCs of only particular class(es), it is not mandatory for this PCD
to support PICCs of other classes. This PCD shall comply with all requirements of this document non-
specific to one class. The PCD manufacturer shall clearly state which class(es) are supported.
NOTE A PCD which does not support all mandatory classes 1, 2, and 3 is not fully compliant with this document.
It can be advertised as "supporting 'Class X' PICCs only" or "compliant with Class(es) X requirements only".
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2020(E)

6 Power transfer
6.1 General
The PCD shall produce a high frequency alternating magnetic field. This field inductively couples to the
PICC to transfer power and is modulated for communication.
6.2 Frequency
The frequency, f , of the RF operating field shall be 13,56 MHz ± 7 kHz.
c
6.3 Operating field strength
Within the manufacturer specified operating volumes (see 3.6), the PCD shall generate a field strength
of at least H and not exceeding H under unmodulated conditions, see Table 1.
min max
The PCD
— shall support PICCs of "Class 1", "Class 2", and "Class 3",
— may optionally support PICCs of "Class 4",
— may optionally support PICCs of "Class 5", and
— may optionally support PICCs of "Class 6".
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICCs 1, 2, and 3 are mandatory for all PCDs.
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICC 4 are only mandatory for PCDs supporting operation
with "Class 4" PICCs.
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICC 5 are only mandatory for PCDs supporting operation
with "Class 5" PICCs.
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICC 6 are only mandatory for PCDs supporting operation
with "Class 6" PICCs.
Table 1 — PCD field strength
H H
min max

A/m (rms) A/m (rms)
Measured with Reference PICC 1 1,5 7,5
Measured with Reference PICC 2 1,5 8,5
Measured with Reference PICC 3 1,5 8,5
Measured with Reference PICC 4 (optional) 2,0 12
Measured with Reference PICC 5 (optional) 2,5 14
Measured with Reference PICC 6 (optional) 4,5 18
The PCD shall not generate a field strength higher than the average and maximum levels specified for
all mandatory and optional classes in ISO/IEC 14443-1:2018, 4.4 (alternating magnetic field) in any
possible PICC position and orientation, measured with the associated Reference PICCs.
Test methods for the PCD operating field are defined in ISO/IEC 10373-6 and use a dedicated Reference
PICC for each class.
If the PICC meets the requirements of one particular class as specified in ISO/IEC 14443-1, then the PICC
shall operate as intended continuously between H and H defined for its class, see Table 2; this
min max
includes all PICC requirements defined in this document and processing of the manufacturer specified
set of commands.
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2020(E)

If the PICC does not claim to meet the requirements of one particular class as specified in
ISO/IEC 14443-1, then:
— if the PICC antenna fits within the external rectangle defined in "Class 2" as specified in
ISO/IEC 14443-1, then
— the PICC shall operate as intended continuously between H and H defined for "Class 2",
min max
see Table 2,
— the PICC shall pass the loading effect test defined for "Class 2";
— if the PICC antenna fits within the external rectangle or external circle defined in "Class 3" as
specified in ISO/IEC 14443-1, then
— the PICC shall operate as intended continuously between H and H defined for "Class 3",
min max
see Table 2,
— the PICC shall pass the loading effect test defined for "Class 3";
— if the PICC antenna does not claim to fit within the external rectangle or external circle defined in
"Class 2" or "Class 3" as specified in ISO/IEC 14443-1, then
— the PICC shall operate as intended continuously between H and H defined for "Class 1", see
min max
Table 2,
— the PICC shall pass the loading effect test defined for "Class 1".
NOTE 1 If the PICC does not claim to meet the requirements of one particular class, then the requirements
defined above are sufficient to guarantee proper operation and interoperability with PCDs.
Table 2 — PICC operating field strength
H H
min max

A/m (rms) A/m (rms)
"Class 1" PICC 1,5 7,5
"Class 2" PICC 1,5 8,5
"Class 3" PICC 1,5 8,5
"Class 4" PICC 2,0 12
"Class 5" PICC 2,5 14
"Class 6" PICC 4,5 18
NOTE 2 Margins of field strength are effectively included by the test methods as specified in ISO/IEC 10373-6.
7 Signal interface
In order to transmit data to the PICC, the PCD modulates the amplitude of its alternating magnetic field
strength with modulation pulses.
In order to transmit data to the PCD, the PICC passively loads the PCD alternating magnetic field and/or
actively contributes with its own alternating magnetic field. This is called load modulation.
Within the manufacturer specified operating volumes (see 3.6), the PCD shall generate modulation
pulses as described in Clauses 8 and 9 and shall be capable of receiving the minimum load modulation
amplitude.
NOTE 1 As an indication of the operating volume, the manufacturer can give the operating range (e.g. 0 to
X cm) within which all requirements of this document are fulfilled.
Test methods for the PCD communication signal interface are defined in ISO/IEC 10373-6.
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2020(E)

Two communication signal interfaces, Type A and Type B, are described in Clauses 8 and 9. The PCD
shall alternate between modulation methods when idling before detecting the presence of a PICC of
Type A or Type B.
Only one communication signal interface may be active during a communication session until
deactivation by the PCD or removal of the PICC. Subsequent session(s) may then proceed with either
modulation method.
Table 3 and Table 4 illustrate the concepts described in Clauses 8 and 9.
Table 3 — Example PCD to PICC communication signals for Type A and Type B interfaces
Type A Type B
ASK ~ 100 % ASK ~ 10 %
bit rates of
modified Miller NRZ-L
f /128, f /64,
c c
f /32, and f /16
c c
ASK ~ 10 %
NRZ–L
bit rates of f /8,
c
f /4, and f /2
c c
bit rates of 3
f /4, f , PSK, see 8.1.2.5.
c c
3f /2, and 2f
c c
NOTE 2 For the coding of modified Miller, see 8.1.3.1.
Table 4 — Example PICC to PCD communication signals for Type A and Type B interfaces
Type A Type B
Load modulation Load modulation
Subcarrier f /16 Subcarrier f /16
c c
OOK BPSK
bit rate of
Manchester NRZ-L
f /128
c
Load modulation
Subcarrier f /16
c
BPSK
NRZ-L
bit rate of f /64
c
Load modulation
Subcarrier f /16
c
BPSK
NRZ-L
bit rate of f /32
c
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2020(E)

Table 4 (continued)
Type A Type B
Load modulation
Subcarrier equals the bit rate
BPSK
bit rates of
NRZ-L
f /16, f /8, f /4,
c c c
and f /2
c
8 Communication signal interface Type A
8.1 Communication PCD to PICC
8.1.1 Bit rate
The bit rate for the transmission during
...