ISO/DIS 9073-3

Nonwovens — Test methods — Part 3: Determination of tensile strength and elongation at break using the strip method

Application of a force longitudinally to a test piece of a specified length and width at a constant rate of extension. Determination of values for breaking strength and elongation from the recorded force-elongation curve. In order to meet the specific needs of nonwovens, alternative requirements to those listed in ISO 5081 are established in this part of ISO 9073. These are: a) a different sampling procedure; b) a constant rate of extension (100 mm/min).

Nontissés — Méthodes d’essai — Partie 3: Détermination de la résistance à la traction et de l’allongement à la rupture par la méthode sur bande

La présente partie de l'ISO 9073 prescrit une méthode pour la détermination des propriétés de résistance à la traction des nontissés par le procédé de la bande découpée. NOTE -- Des anomalies peuvent se présenter au cours des essais de nontissés réalisés à partir de filés et de nontissés à base de fibre de verre. Ceci peut nécessiter une modification de la méthode d'essai.

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• ICS: 59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 38 - Textiles
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 38 - Textiles
• Current Stage: 5000 - FDIS registered for formal approval
• Start Date: 23-Nov-2022
• Completion Date: 23-Jan-2023

Relations

• Revises: ISO 9073-3:1989 - Textiles — Test methods for nonwovens — Part 3: Determination of tensile strength and elongation
• Effective Date: 06-Jun-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

Date: 2023-03-15
ISO /FDIS 9073-3:2023 (E)
2022-03-16
ISO TC 38/WG 9
Secretariat: SAC
Nonwovens –— Test methods
— Part 3

Determination of tensile strength and elongation at break using the strip method

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)
© ISO 2023

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of

this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or

mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written

permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’sISO's member body

in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright officeCopyright Office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.orgwww.iso.org
Published in Switzerland.
ii © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)
Contents

Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................................... iv

1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 1

2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................... 2

4 Principle ............................................................................................................................................................. 4

5 Reagents and materials ................................................................................................................................. 4

6 Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 4

7 Conditioning ...................................................................................................................................................... 6

8 Sampling ............................................................................................................................................................. 6

9 Preparation of specimens ............................................................................................................................ 7

10 Preparation, calibration and verification of apparatus .................................................................... 8

11 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 9

12 Calculation ...................................................................................................................................................... 10

13 Expression of results ................................................................................................................................... 11

14 Precision .......................................................................................................................................................... 11

15 Test report ...................................................................................................................................................... 11

Annex A (Informative) ................................................................................................................................................ 13

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 14

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ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)

Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................................... v

1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 1

2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................... 2

4 Principle ............................................................................................................................................................. 5

5 Reagents and materials ................................................................................................................................. 5

6 Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 6

6.1 Tensile testing machine (CRE or CRL)...................................................................................................... 6

6.2 Clamps and jaw faces ..................................................................................................................................... 7

6.3 Container ............................................................................................................................................................ 7

7 Conditioning ...................................................................................................................................................... 7

8 Sampling ............................................................................................................................................................. 7

8.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 7

8.2 Laboratory sample .......................................................................................................................................... 8

8.3 Test specimens ................................................................................................................................................. 8

9 Preparation of specimens ............................................................................................................................ 8

9.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 8

9.2 Dimension .......................................................................................................................................................... 9

9.3 Wet test specimens ......................................................................................................................................... 9

10 Preparation, calibration and verification of apparatus .................................................................... 9

10.1 Tensile testing machine ................................................................................................................................ 9

10.2 Clamping system .............................................................................................................................................. 9

10.3 Verification of the total operating system of the apparatus ......................................................... 10

11 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................ 10

11.1 Gauge length ................................................................................................................................................... 10

11.2 Rate of extension .......................................................................................................................................... 11

11.3 Mounting of test specimens ...................................................................................................................... 11

11.4 Operation ........................................................................................................................................................ 11

11.5 Slippage ............................................................................................................................................................ 11

11.6 Jaw breaks ....................................................................................................................................................... 12

12 Calculation ...................................................................................................................................................... 12

12.1 Breaking force ............................................................................................................................................... 12

12.2 Measurement of apparent elongation .................................................................................................. 12

12.3 For each testing situation .......................................................................................................................... 12

13 Expression of results ................................................................................................................................... 12

14 Precision .......................................................................................................................................................... 13

15 Test report ...................................................................................................................................................... 13

Annex A (informative) Possible causes of low precision when strip tensile testing ......................... 15

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 16

iv © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO

collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any

patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on

the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World

Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see

www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 38, Textiles, in collaboration with the

European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 248, Textiles and textile

products, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna

Agreement).

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 9073-3:1989), which has been technically

revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— the title has been changed;

— the title has been changed from "Textiles — Test methods for nonwovens — Part 3: Determination

of tensile strength and elongation" to "Nonwovens — Test methods — Part 3 Determination of

tensile strength and elongation at break using the strip method";

— the mandatory Terms and definitions clause (Clause 3) has been added and subsequent clauses have

been renumbered;
— Textual review
— 8.2 has been revised.
A list of all parts in the ISO 9073 series can be found on the ISO website.
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved v
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ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
vi © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)
Nonwovens — Test methods — Part3: Determination of tensile
strength and elongation at break using the strip method

SAFETY WARNING — This document does not claim to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated

with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health

practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. It is expected that the

person performing this test has been fully trained in all aspects of this procedure.

1 Scope

This document specifies a test method for the determination of the breaking force and elongation of

nonwovens using a strip method in conditioned or wet state. This test method describes two procedures,

Option A (width of test specimen: 25 mm) and Option B (width of test specimen: 50 mm).

This document specifies methods using constant rate of specimen extension (CRE) tensile testers. and

constantConstant rate of loading (CRL) instruments is covered, for information, in ISO 2062:2009, Annex

A, in recognition of the fact that these instruments are still in use and can be used by agreement.

The mechanism of the two types of tensile tester (CRE and CRL) is different (like, machine operational

design, Tolerance of “indicated force and Record elongation”, verification of indicated force and

verification of recorded clamp displacement, “see ASTM D76”) and their results are not comparable. In

the most International Standards consider only the CRE tester (see ISO 13934, ISO 1421).

If it is necessary to describe CRE machines, these alternative methods shall be described for information

in Annex (see ISO 2062) with title: “Alternative methods using constant rate of loading (CRL) testers”.

52 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 139, Textiles — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods
ISO 186, Paper and board --— Sampling to determine average quality

ISO 3951-1, Sampling procedures for inspection by variables — Part 1: Specification for single sampling

plans indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection for a single quality characteristic

and a single AQL

ISO 2859-1, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes — Part 1: Sampling schemes indexed by

acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)

ISO 7500--1, Metallic materials — VerificationCalibration and verification of static uniaxial testing

machines — Part 1: Tension/compression testing machines — VerificationCalibration and

calibrationverification of the force-measuring system

ISO 10012, Measurement management systems — Requirements for measurement processes and

measuring equipment
ISO 186, Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality
83 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
breaking force
maximum force (3.12) applied to a material carried to rupture
3.2
maximum force

maximum force appearing during a test specimen (3.11) carried to rupture in a tensile test under the

specified conditions
3.3
force at rupture

force recorded at the point of rupture of a test specimen (3.11) during a tensile test

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.4
constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing machine
CRE tensile testing machine

tensile-testing machine provided with one clamp which is stationary and another clamp which moves

with constant speed throughout the test, the entire testing system being virtually free from deflection

3.5
constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine
CRL tensile testing machine

testing machine in which the rate of increase of the load being applied to the specimen is uniform with

time after the first 3 seconds
3.6
cut strip test

strip test in which the specimen is cut to the specified testing width, i.e. 25 or 50 mm wide

2 © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)
3.7
elongation

ratio of the extension (3.9) of a test specimen (3.11) to its initial length (3.15)

Note 1 to entry: Elongation is expressed as a percentage
3.87
elongation at maximum force
elongation (3.6) of a test specimen (3.11) produced by the maximum force (3.2)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.98
elongation at rupture

elongation (3.6) of a test specimen (3.11) corresponding to the force at rupture (3.3)

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.109
extension

increase in length of a test specimen (3.11) produced by a force, in this context, stretching

3.1110
sample

product or portion of a product taken from a production lot for testing purposes, identifiable and

traceable back to the origin
3.1211
test specimen

test specimen specific portion of the identified sample (3.10) upon which a test is performed, many

specimens sometimes being tested from the same sample, using different locations
3.1312
strip test

tensile test in which the full width of the test specimen (3.11) is gripped in the jaws of the testing machine

3.1413
tensile strength
resistance of a material to breaking under tension
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
Note 2 to entry: Tensile strength is preferably expressed in Newton.
3.1514
gauge length
distance between the two effective clamping points of a testing device

Note 1 to entry: The effective clamping points (or lines) of jaws can be checked by clamping a test specimen under

defined pretension with carbon copy paper to produce a gripping pattern on the test specimen and/or the jaw faces.

© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved 3
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ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)
3.1615
initial length

length of a test specimen (3.11) under specified pretension between the two effective clamping points at

the beginning of certain tests
Note 1 to entry: See also 3.15.
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ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)
Key
X conventional strain
Y average stress
1 strain to fracture
2 uniform strain
3 offset yield strength
4 tensile strength
5 fracture stress
Figure 1 — — Example of force-elongation curve
94 Principle

A test specimen of specified dimensions is extended at a constant rate until it ruptures. The maximum

force and the elongation at maximum force and, if required, the force at rupture and the elongation at

rupture are recorded. Values for the breaking force and elongation of the test specimen are obtained from

machine scales, dials, autographic recording charts, or a computer interface.

Note: Comparison of results from tensile testing machines operating on different principles is not

recommended. When different types of machines are used for comparison testing, constant time-to-break

at (20 ± ± 3) seconds is the established way of producing data. Even then the data can differ significantly.

The constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing machine is preferred for this method.

105 Reagents and materials
5.1 Grade 3 water, in accordance with ISO 3696 for wetting test specimens.
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ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)
5.2 Nonionic wetting agent.
5.3 Blotting paper, two sheets required for the test on wet test specimens.
116 Apparatus
11.16.1 6.1 Tensile testing machine (CRE or CRL)

The mechanism of the two types of tensile tester (CRE and CRL) is different (see ASTM D76) and their

results are not comparable. In ISO 1421 and the ISO 13934 series, the CRE machine is the only one

considered.

If it is necessary to describe CRE machines, these alternative methods shall be described for information

in ISO 2062:2009, Annex A.

Metrological confirmation system of the tensile-testing machine shall be in accordance with ISO 10012.

The constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) machine (CRE machine) shall have the general characteristics

given in 6.1.1 to 6.1.6.

6.1.1 The tensile-testing machine shall be provided with means for indicating or recording both the

force applied to the test specimen in stretching it to rupture and the corresponding extension of the test

specimen. Under conditions of use, the accuracy of the apparatus shall be class 1 of ISO 7500-1. The error

of the indicated or recorded maximum force at any point in the range in which the machine is used shall

not exceed ±1 %, and the error of the indicated or recorded jaw separation shall not exceed ±1 mm.

not exceed ±1 %, and the error of the indicated or recorded jaw separation shall not exceed ± 1 mm.

6.1.2 If a class 2 tensile-testing machine according to ISO 7500-1 is to be used, this shall be stated in

the test report.

6.1.3 If recording of force and elongation is obtained by means of data acquisition boards and software,

the frequency of data collection shall be at least eight per second.

6.1.4 The machine shall be capable of constant rates of extension of 100 mm/min and 300 mm/min,

with an accuracy of ±10 %.

6.1.5 The machine shall be capable of setting the gauge length to 75 mm and 200 mm, to within

±1 mm.

6.1.6 The clamping device of the machine shall be positioned with the centre of the two jaws in the line

of applied force, the front edges shall be at right angles to the line of applied force, and their clamping

faces shall be in the same plane.

The jaws shall be capable of holding the test specimen without allowing it to slip and designed so that

they do not cut or otherwise weaken the test specimen.

The faces of the jaws shall be smooth and flat, except that when, even with packing, the test specimen

cannot be held satisfactorily with flat-faced jaws, engraved or corrugated jaws can be used to prevent

slippage. Other auxiliary materials for use with either smooth or corrugated jaws to improve specimen

gripping include paper, leather, plastics, or rubber.

For all strip tests, each jaw face shall measure at least 10 mm wider than the test specimen being tested

and at least 25 mm in the direction of the applied force.
6 © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)
NOTE 1 Different jaw face surfaces can lead to different elongation results.

NOTE 2 If jaw breaks or slippage cannot be prevented with flat jaws, capstan jaws have often been found suitable.

Extension measurement can be carried out by means of an extension meter which follows the movement of two

reference points on the test specimen.
11.26.2 6.2 Clamps and jaw faces

Each jaw face shall be smooth, flat, and with a metallic, or other agreed upon, surface. The faces shall be

parallel and have matching centres with respect to one another in the same clamp and to the

corresponding jaw face of the other clamp.

For all strip tests, each jaw face shall measure at least 10 mm wider than the specimen being tested and

at least 25 mm in the direction of the applied force.
11.46.3 6.3 Container
In which test specimens can be immersed in water preparatory to wet testing.
127 Conditioning

The atmospheres for preconditioning, conditioning and testing shall be as specified in ISO 139.

Equilibrium is considered to have been reached when the increase in mass of the specimen in successive

weighing made at intervals of not less than 2 hours does not exceed 0,25 % of the mass of the specimen.

NOTE It is recommended that samples be conditioned for at least 24 h in the relaxed state.

NOTE While conditioning for a fixed time cannot be accepted in cases of dispute, it can be sufficient in routine

testing to expose the material to the standard atmosphere for testing textiles for a reasonable period of time before

the specimens are tested.
138 Sampling
13.18.1 General

Carry out sampling in accordance with ISO 186. Ensuring that the areas from which samples are taken,

have no visible flaws and are not creased.

If provided in the customer specification, take random sample as directed. If no requirements are

provided, ISO 2859-1 or ISO 3951-1 shall be used. In and of themselves, these are not valid sampling plans

by default. An agreement between the purchaser and supplier requires taking into account process

stability, producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level and the cost needs to be established.

In general, if the test characteristic can be considered normally distributed, the sampling procedures for

inspection by variables will require fewer samples. However, small samples may not reflect that normal

distribution and the estimated percent defective can therefore be over or underestimated. In this case, as

well as for attribute data, the sampling procedures for inspection by attributes should be used.

In the absence of any sampling size requirement, Table 1 and Table 2 below can be used. Switching rules

are required to maintain the AQL protection.
Table 1 — — Attributes (1.0 AQL, General Inspection Level II)
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved 7
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ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)

Number of units in the lot inclusive Number of units that comprise the lot sample

1 to 150 13
151 to 280 32
281 to 500 50
501 to 1 200 80
Table 2 — — Variables (“s” method, General Inspection Level II)

Number of units in the lot inclusive Number of units that comprise the lot sample

1 to 15 3
16 to 25 4
26 to 50 6
51 to 90 9
91 to 150 13
151 to 280 18
281 to 500 25
501 to 1 200 35

NOTE An adequate specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier requires

taking into account the variability between rolls of material and between specimens. One must provide

aA sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s risk, and consumer’s risk, and justifying shall be provided.

The plan shall justify the intended quality level.
13.28.2 Laboratory sample

From each roll or portion of material taken from the lot sample, cut at least one laboratory sample of the

full width of the fabric and 1 m in the machine direction.

NOTE Results obtained on small hand samples can only be considered as representative of that sample and

cannot be assumed to be representative of the material portion from which the hand sample or swatch was taken.

13.38.3 Test specimens

From each laboratory sample, test five specimens from the machine direction and five specimens from

the cross direction.
149 Preparation of specimens
14.19.1 General

From each laboratory sample, two sets of test specimens shall be cut, one set in the machine direction

and the other in the cross-machine direction.

Each set shall consist of at least five test specimens, except that if a higher degree of precision is required,

more test specimens shall be tested. No test specimens shall be cut from within 150 mm of either edge

of the laboratory sample. Test specimens shall be provided as diagonally.

Narrow test specimens of material which are 50 mm or less wide are tested full width and the dimension

noted on the test report.
8 © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDI
...

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 9073-3
ISO/TC 38
Nonwovens — Test methods —
Secretariat: SAC
Voting begins on:
Part 3:
2023-03-01
Determination of tensile strength and
Voting terminates on:
elongation at break using the strip
2023-04-26
method
Nontissés — Méthodes d’essai —
Partie 3: Détermination de la résistance à la traction et de
l’allongement à la rupture par la méthode sur bande
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 9073-3
ISO/TC 38
Nonwovens — Test methods —
Secretariat: SAC
Voting begins on:
Part 3:
Determination of tensile strength and
Voting terminates on:
elongation at break using the strip
method
Nontissés — Méthodes d’essai —
Partie 3: Détermination de la résistance à la traction et de
l’allongement à la rupture par la méthode sur bande
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on

the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below

or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
ISO copyright office
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
DOCUMENTATION.
Phone: [phone]
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
Email: [e-mail]
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)
Website: www.iso.org
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
Published in Switzerland
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Principle ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4

5 Reagents and materials ................................................................................................................................................................................ 4

6 Apparatus .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

6.1 Tensile testing machine (CRE or CRL) ............................................................................................................................... 5

6.2 Clamps and jaw faces ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6

6.3 Container ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

7 Conditioning ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6

8 Sampling ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

8.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

8.2 Laboratory sample .............................................................................................................................................................................. 7

8.3 Test specimens........................................................................................................................................................................................ 7

9 Preparation of specimens ..........................................................................................................................................................................7

9.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

9.2 Dimension ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

9.3 Wet test specimens ............................................................................................................................................................................. 8

10 Preparation, calibration and verification of apparatus ............................................................................................. 8

10.1 Tensile testing machine .................................................................................................................................................................. 8

10.2 Clamping system ................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

10.3 Verification of the total operating system of the apparatus .......................................................................... 8

11 Procedure .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

11.1 Gauge length ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 9

11.2 Rate of extension .................................................................................................................................................................................. 9

11.3 Mounting of test specimens ........................................................................................................................................................ 9

11.4 Operation .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10

11.5 Slippage ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10

11.6 Jaw breaks ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 10

12 Calculation ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................10

12.1 Breaking force ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 10

12.2 Measurement of apparent elongation ............................................................................................................................. 11

12.3 For each testing situation .......................................................................................................................................................... 11

13 Expression of results ....................................................................................................................................................................................11

14 Precision ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................11

15 Test report ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................11

Annex A (informative) Possible causes of low precision when strip tensile testing .....................................13

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................14

iii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to

the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see

www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 38, Textiles, in collaboration with the

European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 248, Textiles and textile

products, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna

Agreement).

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 9073-3:1989), which has been technically

revised.
The main changes are as follows:

— the title has been changed from "Textiles — Test methods for nonwovens — Part 3: Determination

of tensile strength and elongation" to "Nonwovens — Test methods — Part 3 Determination of

tensile strength and elongation at break using the strip method";

— the mandatory Terms and definitions clause (Clause 3) has been added and subsequent clauses have

been renumbered;
— 8.2 has been revised.
A list of all parts in the ISO 9073 series can be found on the ISO website.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)
Nonwovens — Test methods —
Part 3:
Determination of tensile strength and elongation at break
using the strip method

SAFETY WARNING — This document does not claim to address all the safety concerns, if

any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish

appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations

prior to use. It is expected that the person performing this test has been fully trained in all

aspects of this procedure.
1 Scope

This document specifies a test method for the determination of the breaking force and elongation of

nonwovens using a strip method in conditioned or wet state. This test method describes two procedures,

Option A (width of test specimen: 25 mm) and Option B (width of test specimen: 50 mm).

This document specifies methods using constant rate of specimen extension (CRE) tensile testers.

Constant rate of loading (CRL) instruments is covered, for information, in ISO 2062:2009, Annex A, in

recognition of the fact that these instruments are still in use and can be used by agreement.

2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 139, Textiles — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods
ISO 186, Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality

ISO 3951-1, Sampling procedures for inspection by variables — Part 1: Specification for single sampling

plans indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection for a single quality characteristic

and a single AQL

ISO 2859-1, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes — Part 1: Sampling schemes indexed by

acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection

ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials — Calibration and verification of static uniaxial testing machines — Part 1:

Tension/compression testing machines — Calibration and verification of the force-measuring system

ISO 10012, Measurement management systems — Requirements for measurement processes and measuring

equipment
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
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ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
breaking force
maximum force (3.2) applied to a material carried to rupture
3.2
maximum force

maximum force appearing during a test specimen (3.11) carried to rupture in a tensile test under the

specified conditions
3.3
force at rupture

force recorded at the point of rupture of a test specimen (3.11) during a tensile test

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.4
constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing machine
CRE tensile testing machine

tensile-testing machine provided with one clamp which is stationary and another clamp which moves

with constant speed throughout the test, the entire testing system being virtually free from deflection

3.5
constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine
CRL tensile testing machine

testing machine in which the rate of increase of the load being applied to the specimen is uniform with

time after the first 3 seconds
3.6
elongation

ratio of the extension (3.9) of a test specimen (3.11) to its initial length (3.15)

Note 1 to entry: Elongation is expressed as a percentage
3.7
elongation at maximum force
elongation (3.6) of a test specimen (3.11) produced by the maximum force (3.2)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.8
elongation at rupture

elongation (3.6) of a test specimen (3.11) corresponding to the force at rupture (3.3)

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.9
extension

increase in length of a test specimen (3.11) produced by a force, in this context, stretching

3.10
sample

product or portion of a product taken from a production lot for testing purposes, identifiable and

traceable back to the origin
3.11
test specimen

test specimen specific portion of the identified sample (3.10) upon which a test is performed, many

specimens sometimes being tested from the same sample, using different locations
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ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)
3.12
strip test

tensile test in which the full width of the test specimen (3.11) is gripped in the jaws of the testing

machine
3.13
tensile strength
resistance of a material to breaking under tension
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
Note 2 to entry: Tensile strength is preferably expressed in Newton.
3.14
gauge length
distance between the two effective clamping points of a testing device

Note 1 to entry: The effective clamping points (or lines) of jaws can be checked by clamping a test specimen

under defined pretension with carbon copy paper to produce a gripping pattern on the test specimen and/or the

jaw faces.
3.15
initial length

length of a test specimen (3.11) under specified pretension between the two effective clamping points at

the beginning of certain tests
Note 1 to entry: See also 3.15.
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ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)
Key
X conventional strain
Y average stress
1 strain to fracture
2 uniform strain
3 offset yield strength
4 tensile strength
5 fracture stress
Figure 1 — Example of force-elongation curve
4 Principle

A test specimen of specified dimensions is extended at a constant rate until it ruptures. The maximum

force and the elongation at maximum force and, if required, the force at rupture and the elongation at

rupture are recorded. Values for the breaking force and elongation of the test specimen are obtained

from machine scales, dials, autographic recording charts, or a computer interface.

Comparison of results from tensile testing machines operating on different principles is not

recommended. When different types of machines are used for comparison testing, constant time-

to-break at (20 ± 3) seconds is the established way of producing data. Even then the data can differ

significantly. The constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing machine is preferred for this method.

5 Reagents and materials
5.1 Grade 3 water, in accordance with ISO 3696 for wetting test specimens.
5.2 Nonionic wetting agent.
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ISO/FDIS 9073-3:2023(E)
5.3 Blotting paper, two sheets required for the test on wet test specimens.
6 Apparatus
6.1 Tensile testing machine (CRE or CRL)

The mechanism of the two types of tensile tester (CRE and CRL) is different (see ASTM D76) and their

results are not comparable. In ISO 1421 and the ISO 13934 series, the CRE machine is the only one

considered.

If it is necessary to describe CRE machines, these alternative methods shall be described for information

in ISO 2062:2009, Annex A.

Metrological confirmation system of the tensile-testing machine shall be in accordance with ISO 10012.

The constant-rate-of-extension machine (CRE machine) shall have the general characteristics given in

6.1.1 to 6.1.6.

6.1.1 The tensile-testing machine shall be provided with means for indicating or recording both the

force applied to the test specimen in stretching it to rupture and the corresponding extension of the

test specimen. Under conditions of use, the accuracy of the apparatus shall be class 1 of ISO 7500-1.

The error of the indicated or recorded maximum force at any point in the range in which the machine is

used shall not exceed ±1 %, and the error of the indicated or recorded jaw
...