ISO 14004:1996

Environmental management systems - General guidelines on principles, systems and supporting techniques

Contains guidelines on the development and implementation of environmental management systems and principles, and their coordination with other management systems. The guidelines are intended for use as a voluntary, internal management tool and not to be used as EMS certification criteria.

Systèmes de management environnemental — Lignes directrices générales concernant les principes, les systèmes et les techniques de mise en oeuvre

La présente Norme internationale donne des lignes directrices concernant la mise au point et la mise en oeuvre des systèmes de management environnementaux et de leurs principes, en indiquant comment les coordonner aux autres systèmes de management existants. Ces lignes directrices sont applicables à tout organisme, indépendamment de sa taille, de sa nature ou de son niveau de maturité, désireux d'élaborer, de mettre en oeuvre et/ou d'améliorer un système de management environnemental. Ces lignes directrices sont d'application volontaire et constituent un outil de management interne. Leur utilisation n'est pas prévue comme critère de certification/enregistrement d'un SME.

Sistemi ravnanja z okoljem - Splošne smernice o načelih, sistemih in podpornih tehnikah (enakovreden ISO 14004:1996)

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 28-Aug-1996
• Withdrawal Date: 28-Aug-1996
• ICS: 03.100.70 - Management systems
• ICS: 13.020.10 - Environmental management
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 207/SC 1 - Environmental management systems
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 207/SC 1 - Environmental management systems
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Start Date: 15-Nov-2004
• Completion Date: 13-Dec-2025
• Ref Project: SIST ISO 14004:2001 - Environmental management systems -- General guidelines on principles, systems and supporting techniques

Relations

• Revised: SIST ISO 14004:2005 - Environmental management systems -- General guidelines on principles, systems and support techniques
• Effective Date: 12-May-2008
• Revised: ISO 14004:2004 - Environmental management systems - General guidelines on principles, systems and support techniques
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2008

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL IS0
STANDARD 14004
First edition
1996-09-01
Environmental management systems -
General guidelines on principles, systems
and supporting techniques
Systkmes de management environnemental - Lignes directrices
g&&ales concernant /es principes, /es systgmes et /es techniques de
mise en ceuvre
Reference number
IS0 14004: 1996(E)
ISO14004:1996(E)
Page
Contents
1 Scope .
............................................................. 1
2 Normative references
3 Definitions .
4 Environmental management system (EMS) principles and
................................................................................
elements
41 . Commitment and policy .
4.1.1 General .
4.1.2 leadership .
Top management commitment and
4.1.3 Initial environmental review .
..............................................................
4.1.4 Environmental policy
42 . Planning .
4.2.1 General .
4.2.2 Identification of environmental aspects and evaluation of
associated environmental impacts .
................................................ 9
4.2.3 Legal and other requirements
.................................................. 10
4.2.4 Internal performance criteria
....................................
4.2.5 Environmental objectives and targets
........................... 12
4.2.6 Environmental management programme
...................................................................... 13
4.3 Implementation
..................................................................................
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Ensuring capability .
- Human, physical and financial . 14
4.3.2.1 Resources
.............................................. 14
4.3.2.2 EMS alignment and integration
Accountability and responsibility .
4.3.2.3
............................. 16
4.3.2.4 Environmental awareness and motivation
0 IS0 1996
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 l CH-1211 Geneve 20 l Suisse
Printed in Switzerland
II
0 IS0 IS0 14004:1996(E)
................................................ 17
4.3.2.5 Knowledge, skills and training
4.3.3 Support action .
................................................ 18
4.3.3.1 Communication and reporting
4.3.3.2 EMS documentation . 19
4.3.3.3 Operational control .
Emergency preparedness and response . 20
4.3.3.4
4.4 Measurement and evaluation .
4.4.1 General .
4.4.2 Measuring and monitoring (ongoing performance) . 21
........................................... 22
4.4.3 Corrective and preventive action
EMS records and information management . 22
4.4.4
4.4.5 Audits of the environmental management system . 22
4.5 Review and improvement .
.................................................................................. 23
4.5.1 General
4.5.2 Review of the environmental managemc nt system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.5.3 Continual improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annexes
guiding principles . . . 25
A Examples of international environmenta
Al . The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development . . . . . . . .
A.2 International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Business
Charter for Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*. 31
B Bibliography
@ IS0
IS0 14004:1996(E)
Foreword
IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of
preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which
a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented
on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-
governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
International Standard IS0 14004 was prepared by Technical Committee
ISOnC 207, Environmental management, Subcommittee SC 1,
Environmental management systems.
Annexes A and B of this International Standard are for information only.
iv
@ IS0 ISO14004:1996(E)
Introduction
0.1 Overview
As concern grows for maintaining and improving the quality of the
environment and protecting human health, organizations of all sizes are
increasingly turning their attention to the potential environmental impacts of
their activities, products or services. The environmental performance of an
organization is of increasing importance to internal and external interested
parties. Achieving sound environmental performance
requires
organizational commitment to a systematic approach and to continual
improvement of the environmental management system (EMS).
The general purpose of this International Standard is to provide assistance
to organizations implementing or improving an EMS. It is consistent with
the concept of sustainable development and is compatible with diverse
cultural, social and organizational frameworks.
It should be noted that only IS0 14001 contains requirements that may be
objectively audited for certification/registration purposes or for self-
declaration purposes. Alternatively, this International Standard includes
examples, descriptions and options that aid both in the implementation of
an EMS and in strengthening its relation to the overall management of the
organization.
An EMS provides order and consistency for organizations to address
environmental concerns through the allocation of resources, assignment of
responsibilities, and ongoing evaluation of practices, procedures and
processes.
This International Standard considers the elements of an EMS and
provides practical advice on implementing or enhancing such a system. It
also provides organizations with advice on how to effectively initiate,
improve or sustain an environmental management system. Such a system
is essential to an organization ’s ability to anticipate and meet its
environmental objectives and to ensure ongoing compliance with national
and/or international requirements.
Environmental management is an integral part of an organization ’s overall
management system. The design of an EMS is an ongoing and interactive
process. The structure, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes
and resources for implementing environmental policies, objectives and
targets can be coordinated with existing efforts in other areas (e.g.
operations, finance, quality, occupational health and safety).
princip lies for managers mplementing or e nha ncing an envi ronmental
Key
nt system include, but are not limited the following.
man ageme to,
ntal management is amon g the hig hest
- Recognize that envi ro nme
corporate p riorities.
ISO14004:1996(E) as0
- Establish and mainta .in communication with i I and external
interested
parties.
- Determine the legislative requirements and enviro nmental as pects
associated with the organization ’s activities, products or services.
- Develop management and employee commitment to the protection of
the environment, with clear assignment of accountability and
responsibility.
- Encourage environmental planning throughout the product or process
life cycle.
Establish a process for achieving targeted performance levels.
- Provide appropriate and sufficient resou rces, includi ng training, to
achieve targeted performance levels on an ongo ng bas IS.
- Evaluate environmental performance against the organization ’s
environmental policy, objectives and targets and seek improvement
where appropriate.
- Establish a management process to audit and review the EMS and to
identify opportunities for improvement of the system and resulting
environmental performance.
Encourage contractors and suppliers to establish an EMS.
Organizations can consider the following different uses of the EMS Inter-
national Standards.
Environmental management systems -
- Using IS0 14001:1996,
Specification with guidance for use to achieve third-party
certification/registration, or self-declaration of an organization ’s EMS.
- Using this International Standard, or parts of it, to initiate and/or
improve its EMS. It is not intended for certification/registration
purposes.
- Using this International Standard as a guideline or IS0 14001 as a
specification for second-party recognition between contracting parties,
which may be suitable for some business relationships.
- Using related IS0 documents.
The choice will depend on factors such as:
organization policy;
- level of maturity of the organization: whether systematic management
that can facilitate the introduction of systematic environmental
management is already in place;
- possible advantages and disadvantages, influenced by such things as
market position, existing reputation and external relations;
- size of the organization.
This International Standard can be used by organizations of any size.
Nonetheless, the importance of small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs) is being increasingly recognized by governments and business.
This International Standard acknowledges and accommodates the needs
of SMEs.
Q IS0
ISOl4004:1996(E)
0.2 Benefits of having an environmental management
system
An organization should implement an effective environmental management
system in order to help protect human health and the environment from the
potential impacts of its activities, products or services; and to assist in
maintaining and improving the quality of the environment.
Having an EMS can help an organization provide confidence to its
interested parties that
- a management commitment exists to meet the provisions of its policy,
objectives, and targets;
emphasis is placed on prevention rather than corrective action;
- evidence of reasonable care and regulatory compliance can be
provided; and
- the systems design incorporates the process of continual
improvement.
An organization whose management system incorporates an EMS has a
framework to balance and integrate economic and environmental interests.
An organization that has implemented an EMS can achieve significant
competitive advantages.
Economic benefits can be gained from implementing an environmental
management system. These should be identified in order to demonstrate to
interested parties, especially shareholders, the value to the organization of
good environmental management. It also provides the organization with the
opportunity to link environmental objectives and targets with specific
financial outcomes and thus to ensure that resources are made available
where they provide the most benefit in both financial and environmental
terms.
The potential benefits associated with an effective EMS include
- assuring customers of commitment to demonstrable environmental
management;
- maintaining good public/community relations;
- satisfying investor criteria and improving access to capital;
- obtaining insurance at reasonable cost;
enhancing image and market share;
- meeting vendor certification criteria;
improving cost control;
reducing incidents that result in liability;
- demonstrating reasonable care;
conserving input materials and energy;
- facilitating the attainment of permits and authorizations;
fostering development and sharing environmental solutions;
improving industry-government relations.
vii
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD @ IS0 ISO14004:1996( E)
Environmental management systems - General guidelines
on principles, systems and supporting techniques
1 Scope
This international Standard provides guidance on the development and implementation of environmental
management systems and principles, and their coordination with other management systems.
The guidelines in this International Standard are applicable to any organization, regardless of size, type, or level of
maturity, that is interested in developing, implementing and/or improving an environmental management system.
The guidelines are intended for use as a voluntary, internal management tool and are not intended to be used as
EMS certification/registration criteria.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references at present.
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply.
cbntinual improvement
process of enhancing the environmental management system to achieve improvements in overall environmental
performance in line with the organization ’s environmental policy
NOTE - The process need not take place in all areas of activity simultaneously.
e;tvironment
surroundings in which an organization operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans,
and their interrelation
NOTE - Surroundings in this context extend from within an organization to the global system.
IS0 14004:1996(E)
e;lvironmental aspect
element of an organization ’s activities, products or services that can interact with the environment
A significant envi is an environmental aspect that has or can a significant environmental
NOTE - ronmental aspect have
impact.
ehironmental impact
any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization ’s
activities, products or services
e;lvironmental management system
that part of the overall management system that includes organizational structure, planning activities,
responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing
and maintaining the environmental policy
ekironmental management system audit
systematic and documented verification process of objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence to determine
whether an organization ’s environmental management system conforms to the environmental management system
audit criteria set by the organization, and for communication of the results of this process to management
e;vironmental objective
overall environmental goal, arising from the environmental policy, that an organization sets itself to achieve, and
which is quantified where practicable
e;lvironmental performance
related to an organization ’s control of its
measurable results of the environmental management system,
environmental aspects, based on its environmental policy, objectives and targets
e;lvironmental policy
statement by the organization of its intentions and principles in relation to its overall environmental performance
which provides a framework for action and for the setting of its environmental objectives and targets
3.10
environmental target
detailed performance requirement, quantified where practicable, applicable to the organization or parts thereof, that
arises from the environmental objectives and that needs to be set and met in order to achieve those objectives
3.11
interested party
individual or group concerned with or affected by the environmental performance of an organization
3.12
organization
company, corporation, firm, enterprise, authority or institution, or part or combination thereof, whether incorporated
or not, public or private, that has its own functions and administration
NOTE - For organizations with more than one operating unit, a single operating unit may be defined as an organization.

IS0 14004: 1996(E)
0 IS0
3.13
prevention of pollution
use of processes, practices, materials or products that avoid, reduce or control pollution, which may include
recycling, treatment, process changes, control mechanisms, efficient use of resources and material substitution
NOTE - The potential benefits of prevention of pollution include the reduction of adverse environmental impacts,
improved efficiency and reduced costs.
4 Environmental management system (EMS) principles and elements
The EMS model (see figure 1) follows the basic view of an organization which subscribes to the following principles.
Principle 1 - Commitment and policy
policy and ensure commitment to its EMS.
An organization should define its environmental
Principle 2 - Planning
An organization should formulate a plan to fulfil its environmental policy.
Principle 3 - Implementation
For effective implementation, an organization should develop the capabilities and support mechanisms
necessary to achieve its environmental policy, objectives and targets.
Principle 4 - Measurement and evaluation
An organization should measure, monitor and evaluate its environmental performance.
Principle 5 - Review and improvement
An organization should review and continually improve its environmental management system, with the
objective of improving its overall environmental performance.
With this in mind, the EMS is best viewed as an organizing framework that should be continually monitored and
periodically reviewed to provide effective direction for an organization ’s environmental activities in response to
changing internal and external factors. Every individual in an organization should accept responsibility for
environmental improvements.
IS0 14004:1996(E)
Continual improvement
Commitment and policy
(Environmental policy)*)
Review and improvement
(Management review)*)
Implementation
Measurement and evaluation
(Implementation
(Checking and corrective
*:) Terms used in IS0 14001.
Figure 1 - Environmental management system model for this International Standard
4.1 Commitment and policy
Principle 1 - Commitment and policy
An organization should define its environmental policy and ensure commitment to its EMS.
4.1 .l General
The organization should begin where there is obvious benefit, for example, by focusing on regulatory compliance, by
limiting sources of liability or by making more efficient use of materials.
As the organization grows in experience, and its EMS starts to take shape, procedures, programmes and
technologies can be put in place to further improve environmental performance. Then, as the EMS matures,
environmental considerations can be integrated into all business decisions.
4.1.2 Top management commitment and leadership
To ensure success, an early step in developing or improving an EMS involves obtaining commitment from the top
management of the organization to improve the environmental management of its activities, products or services.
The ongoing commitment and leadership of the top management are crucial.

IS0 14004:1996(E)
0 IS0
4.1.3 Initial environmental review
The current position of an organization with regard to the environment can be established by means of an initial
environmental review. The initial review can cover the following:
- identification of legislative and regulatory requirements;
- identification of environmental aspects of its activities, products or services so as to determine those that have
or can have significant environmental impacts and liabilities;
- evaluation of performance compared with relevant internal criteria, external standards, regulations, codes of
practice and sets of principles and guidelines;
- existing environmental management practices and procedures;
- identification of the existing policies and procedures dealing with procurement and contracting activities;
feedback from the investigation of previous incidents of non-compliance;
-
- opportunities for competitive advantage;
- the views of interested parties;
- functions or activities of other organizational systems that can enable or impede environmental performance.
In all cases, consideration should be given to the full range of operating conditions, including possible incidents and
emergency situations.
The process and results of the initial environmental review should be documented and opportunities for EMS
development should be identified.
Initial environmental review
Practical help -
An important first step is to develop the list of areas to be reviewed. This can include organization activities,
specific operations or a specific site.
Some common techniques for conducting a review include
- questionnaires,
- interviews,
- checklists,
- direct inspection and measurement,
- record review,
- benchmarking ’).
Organizations, including SMEs, can consult a number of outside sources such as:
- government agencies in relation to laws and permits;
- local or regional libraries or databases;
other organizations for exchange of information;
-
- industry associations,*
- larger customer organizations;
- manufacturers of equipment in use;
- business relations (e.g. with those who transport and dispose of waste);
- professional help.
1) Benchmarking is a technique for studying best practice, whether within the organization, in a competitor ’s organization or in
a different industry, to enable the organization to adopt or improve on it.
IS0 14004: 1996(E) 0 IS0
4.1.4 Environmental policy
An environmental policy establishes an overall sense of direction and sets the principles of action for an
organization. It sets the goal as to the level of environmental responsibility and performance required of the
organization, against which all subsequent actions will be judged.
A growing number of international organizations including government, industry associations and citizens’ groups
have developed guiding principles (see annex A for two examples). Such guiding principles have helped
organizations define the overall scope of their commitment to the environment. They also help to give different
organizations a common set of values. Guiding principles such as these can assist the organization in developing its
policy, which can be as individual as the organization for which it is written.
The responsibility for setting environmental policy normally rests with the organization ’s top management. The
organization ’s management is responsible for implementing the policy and for providing input to the formulation and
modification of the policy.
An environmental policy should consider the following:
- the organization ’s mission, vision, core values and beliefs;
requirements of and communication with interested parties;
continual improvement;
prevention of pollution;
guiding principles;
- coordination with other organizational policies (e.g. quality, occupational health and safety);
- specific local or regional conditions;
- compliance with relevant environmental regulations, laws and other criteria to which the organization
subscribes.
Some issues to be considered in environmental policy
I
Does the organization have an environmental policy that is relevant to its activities, products and services?
2 Does the policy reflect the organization ’s values and guiding principles?
3 Has the environmental policy been approved by top management and has someone been identified and given
the authority to oversee and implement the policy?
4 Does the policy guide the setting of environmental objectives and targets?
5 Does the policy guide the organization towards monitoring appropriate technology and management practices?
6 What commitments are embodied in the environmental policy, for example, support for continual improvement,
support for the prevention of pollution, monitoring, meeting or exceeding legal requirements, and consideration
of the expectations of interested parties?

@ IS0 IS0 14004:1996(E)
Practical help - Environmental policy
All activities, products or services can cause impacts on the environment. The environmental policy should
recognize this.
A detailed review of the guiding principles in annex A can help in drafting an appropriate policy. The issues
addressed in the policy depend on the nature of the organization. In addition to compliance with environmental
regulations, the policy can state commitments to
- minimize any significant adverse environmental impacts of new developments through the use of the
integrated environmental management procedures and planning;
- development of environmental performance evaluation procedures and associated indicators;
- embody life cycle thinking;
- design products in such a way as to minimize their environmental impacts in production, use and disposal;
- prevent pollution, reduce waste and the consumption of resources (materials, fuel and energy), and commit
to recovery and recycling, as opposed to disposal where feasible;
- education and training;
- sharing environmental experience;
- involvement of and communication with interested parties;
- work towards sustainable development,*
- encourage the use of EMS by suppliers and contractors.
4.2 Planning
Principle 2 - Planning
An organization should formulate a plan to fulfil its environmental policy.
4.2.1 General
The environmental management system elements relating to planning include
- identification of environmental aspects and evaluation of associated environmental impacts;
- legal requirements;
- environmental policy;
- internal performance criteria;
- environmental objectives and targets;
- environmental plans and management programme.
4.2.2 Identification of environmental aspects and evaluation of associated environmental impacts
An organization ’s policy, objectives and targets should be based on knowledge about the environmental aspects
and significant environmental impacts associated with its activities, products or services. This can ensure that the
significant environmental impacts associated with these aspects are taken into account in setting the environmental
objectives.
@ IS0
ISO14004:1996(E)
The identification of the environmental aspects is an ongoing process that determines the past, current and potential
impact (positive or negative) of an organization ’s activities on the environment. This process also includes the
identification of the potential regulatory, legal and business exposure affecting the organization. It can also include
identification of health and safety impacts, and environmental risk assessment.
Some issues to be considered in identification of environmental aspects and evaluation of environmental impacts
I What are the environmental aspects of the organization ’s activities, products and services?
2 Do the organization ’s activities, products or services create any significant adverse environmental impacts?
Does the organization have a procedure for evaluating the environmental impacts of new projects?
4 Does the location of the organization require special environmental consideration, for example sensitive
environmental areas?
5 How will any intended changes or additions to activities, products or services affect the environmental aspects
and their associated impacts?
How significant or severe are the potential environmental impacts should a process failure occur?
7 How frequently will the situation arise that could lead to the impact?
8 What are the significant environmental aspects; considering impacts, likelihood, severity and frequency?
Are the significant environmental impacts local, regional or global in scope?
Practical he/p - Identification of environmental aspects and evaluation of associated environmental
impacts
The relationship between environmental aspects and environmental impacts is one of cause and effect.
An environmental aspect refers to an element of an organization ’s activity, product or service which can have a
beneficial or adverse impact on the environment. For example, it could involve a discharge, an emission,
consumption or reuse of a material, or noise.
An environmental impact refers to the change which takes place in the environment as a result of the aspect.
Examples of impacts might include pollution or contamination of water or depletion of a natural resource.
The identification of environmental aspects and the evaluation of associated environmental impacts is a process
that can be dealt with in four steps.
Step I - Select an activity, a product or service
The selected activity, product or service should be large enough for meaningful examination and small enough to
be sufficiently understood.
Step 2 - /den tify environmental aspects of the activity, product or service
Identify as many environmental aspects as possible associated with the selected activity, product or service.

0 IS0 IS0 14004:1996(E)
Step 3 - /den tify environmental impacts
Identify as many actual and potential, positive and negative, environmental impacts as possible associated with
each identified aspect.
Examples from the three steps above are shown as follows.
Activity, product or service Aspect Impact
.
Potential for accidental
Activity - Handling of hazardous materials Contamination of soil or
spillage water
Conservation of natural
Product - Product refinement Reformulation of the product
to reduce its volume resources
Service - Vehicle maintenance Exhaust emissions
Reduction of air emissions
\
Step 4 - Evaluate significance of impacts
The significance of each of the identified environmental impacts can be different for each organization.
Quantification can aid judgement.
Evaluation can be facilitated by considering the following.
Environmental concerns:
- the scale of the impact;
the severity of the impact;
-
- probability of occurrence;
- duration of impact.
Business concerns:
- potential regulatory and legal exposure;
- difficulty of changing the impact;
- cost of changing the impact;
- effect of change on other activities and processes,=
- concerns of interested parties;
- effect on the public image of the organization.
4.2.3 Legal and other requirements
The organization should establish and maintain procedures to identify, have access to and understand all legal and
other requirements to which it subscribes, directly attributable to the environmental aspects of its activities, products
or services.
Some issues to be considered in legal and other requirements
I How does the organization access and identify relevant legal and other requirements?
2 How does the organization keep track of legal and other requirements?
How does the organization keep track of changes to legal and other requirements?
4 How does the organization communicate relevant information on legal and other requirements to employees?
IS0 14004:1996(E) 0 IS0
9actical help - Legal and other requirements
To maintain regulatory compliance, an organization should identify and understand regulatory requirements
applicable to its activities, products or services. Regulations can exist in several forms:
- those specific to the activity (e.g. site operating permits);
- those specific to the organization ’s products or services;
-
those specific to the organization ’s industry;
- general environmental laws;
- authorizations, licenses and permits.
Several sources can be used to identify environmental regulations and ongoing changes, including
- all levels of government;
- industry associations or groups;
- commercial databases,*
- professional services.
To facilitate keeping track of legal requirements, an organization can establish and maintain a list of all laws and
regulations pertaining to its activities, products or services.
4.2.4 Internal performance criteria
Internal priorities and criteria should be developed and implemented where external standards do not meet the
needs of the organization or are non-existent. Internal performance criteria, together with external standards, assist
the organization in developing its own objectives and targets.
Practical help - In ternal performance criteria
Examples of areas where an organization can have internal performance criteria might include
- management systems;
- employee responsibilities;
-
acquisition, property management and divestiture;
- suppliers,*
- contractors;
- product stewardship;
- environmental communications;
- regulatory relationships;
- environmental incident response and preparedness;
- environmental awareness and training;
- environmental measurement and improvement;
- process risk reduction;
- prevention of pollution and resource conservation;
- capital projects,=
- process change;
- hazardous material management;
- waste management;
- water management (e.g. waste, storm, ground);
- air quality management;
- energy management;
- transportation.
0 IS0 ISO14004:1996(E)
4.2.5 Environmental objectives and targets
Objectives should be established to meet the organization ’s environmental policy. These objectives are the overall
goals for environmental performance identified in the environmental policy, When establishing its objectives, an
organization should also take into account the relevant findings from environmental reviews, and the identified
environmental aspects and associated environmental impacts.
Environmental targets can then be set to achieve these objectives within a specified time-frame. The targets should
be specific and measurable.
When the objectives and targets are set, the organization should consider establishing measurable environmental-
performance indicators. These indicators can be used as the basis for an environmental-performance evaluation
system and can provide information on both the environmental management and the operational systems.
Objectives and targets can apply broadly across an organization or more narrowly to site-specific or individual
activities. Appropriate levels of management should define the objectives and targets. Objectives and targets should
be periodically reviewed and revised, and should take into consideration the views of interested parties.
Some issues to be considered in environmental objectives and targets
I Howdo environmental objectives and targets reflect both the environmen ‘tal policy and significant environmental
associated with the organization ’s activities, products or services
impacts
2 How have the employees responsible for achieving the objectives and targets had input into their development?
3 How have the views of interested parties been considered?
4 What specific measurable indicators have been established for objectives and targets?
5 How are objectives and targets regularly reviewed and revised to reflect desired improvements in environmental
performance?
Practical help - Objectives and targets
Objectives can include commitments to
- reduce waste and the depletion of resources;
- reduce or eliminate the release of pollutants into the environment;
- design products to minimize their environmental impact in production, use and disposal;
- control the environmental impact of sources of raw material;
- minimize any significant adverse environmental impact of new developments;
- promote environmental awareness among employees and the community.
Progress towards an objective can generally be measured using environmental performance indicators such as:
- quantity of raw material or energy used;
- quantity of emissions such as CO,;
- waste produced per quantity of finished product;
- efficiency of material and energy use;
- number of environmental incidents (e.g. excursions above limits);
- number of environmental accidents (e.g. unplanned releases);
- percentage waste recycled;
- percentage recycled material used in packaging;

IS0 14004: 1996(E)
- number of vehicle kilometres per unit of production;
- specific pollutant quantities, e.g. NO,, SO*, CO, HC , Pb, CFCs;
- investment in environmental protection;
- number of prosecutions;
-
land area set aside for wildlife habitat.
An integrated example
Objective: reduce energy required in manufacturing operations.
Target: achieve ten percent reduction of energy consumption compared to the previous year.
Indicator: quantity of fuels and electricity per unit of production.
4.2.6 Environmental management programme
Within the general planning of activities, an organization should establish an environmental management
programme that addresses all of its environmental objectives. To be most effective, environmental management
planning should be integrated into the organization ’s strategic plan. Environmental management programmes should
address schedules, resources and responsibilities for achieving the organization ’s environmental objectives and
targets.
Within the framework provided by the environmental management planning, an environmental management
programme identifies specific actions in order of their priority to the organization. These actions may deal with
individual processes, projects, products, services, sites or facilities within a site.
Environmental management programmes help the organization to improve its environmental performance. They
should be dynamic and revised regularly to reflect changes in organizational objectives and targets.
Some issues to be considered in environmental management programme
I What is the organization ’s process for developing environmental management programmes?
2 Does the environmental management planning process involve all responsible parties?
3 Is there a process for periodic reviews of the programme?
4 How do these programmes address the issues of resources, responsibility, timing and priority?
5 How are the environmental management programmes responsive to the environmental policy and general
planning activities?
6 How are the environmental management programmes monitored and revised?
@ IS0 IS0 14004: I996( E)
Practical help - Environmental management programme
The following is an example of a process for developing an environmental management programme.
I
Commitment and policy Planning
Example
r 1
Environmental policy commitment I I) Conserve natural resources
Objective I Minimize water use wherever
technically and commercially
practical
Target I Reduce water consumption at
selected sites by fifteen percent of
present levels within one year
Environmental programme I Water reuse
Action I Install equipment to recycle water
used for rinsing in Process A for
reuse in Process B
1) This iterative process should be repeated for all policy commitments, objectives and targets.
4.3 Implementation
Principle 3 - Implementation
an organization should develop the capabilities and support mechanisms
For effective implementation,
necessary to achieve its environmental policy, objectives and targets.
4.3.1 General
The capabilities and support required by the organization constantly evolve in response to the changing
requirements of interested parties, a dynamic business environment, and the process of continual improvement. To
achieve its environmental objectives an organization should focus and align its people, systems, strategy, resources
and structure.
For many organizations, implementing environmental management can be approached in stages and should be
based on the level of awareness of environmental requirements, aspects, expectations and benefits, and the
availability of resources.
I3
IS0 14004: 1996(E)
4.3.2 Ensuring capability
4.3.2.1 Resources - Human, physical and financial
The appropriate human, physical (e.g. facilities, equipment), and financial resources essential to the implementation
of an organization ’s environmental policies and the achievement of its objectives should be defined and made
available. In allocating resources, organizations can develop procedures to track the benefits as well as the costs of
their environmentally or related activities. Issues such as the cost of pollution control, wastes and disposal can be
included.
Some issues to be considered in human, physical, and financial resources
I How does the organization identify and allocate the human, technical and financial resources necessary to
meet its environmental objectives and targets, including those for new projects?
2 How does the organization track the costs and benefits of environmental activities?
Practical help - Human, physical and financial resources
The resource base and the organization structure of the small or medium enterprise (SME) can impose certain
limitations on implementation. In order to manage these constraints the SME should, wherever possible, consider
cooperative strategies with
- larger client organizations to share technology and know-how;
- other SMEs on a supply chain or local basis to define and address common issues, to share know-how, to
facilitate technical development, to use facilities jointly, to establish a way to study the EMS, to collectively
engage consultants;
- standardization organizations, SME associations, Chambers of Commerce, for training and awareness
programmes;
- universities and other research centres to support production and innovation.
4.3.2.2 EMS alignment and integration
To effectively manage environmental concerns, the EMS elements should be designed or revised so that they are
effectively aligned and integrated with existing management system elements.
Management system elements that can benefit from integration include
- organization policies;
- resource allocation;
- operational controls and documentation;
- information and support systems;
- training and development;
- organization and accountability structure;
- reward and appraisal systems;
- measuring and monitoring systems;
- communication and reporting.
I4
@ IS0 IS0 14004:1996(E)
Some issues to be considered in organizational alignment and integration
I How has the environmental management system been integrated into the overall business management
process?
2 What is the process for balancing and resolving conflicts between environmental and other business objectives
and priorities?
4.3.2.3 Accountability and responsibility
Responsibility for the overall effectiveness of the EMS should be assigned to (a) senior person(s) or function(s) with
sufficie
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-1997
6LVWHPLUDYQDQMD]RNROMHP6SORãQHVPHUQLFHRQDþHOLKVLVWHPLKLQSRGSRUQLK
WHKQLNDKHQDNRYUHGHQ,62
Environmental management systems -- General guidelines on principles, systems and
supporting techniques
Systèmes de management environnemental -- Lignes directrices générales concernant
les principes, les systèmes et les techniques de mise en oeuvre
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 14004:1996
ICS:
13.020.10 Ravnanje z okoljem Environmental management
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL IS0
STANDARD 14004
First edition
1996-09-01
Environmental management systems -
General guidelines on principles, systems
and supporting techniques
Systkmes de management environnemental - Lignes directrices
g&&ales concernant /es principes, /es systgmes et /es techniques de
mise en ceuvre
Reference number
IS0 14004: 1996(E)
ISO14004:1996(E)
Page
Contents
1 Scope .
............................................................. 1
2 Normative references
3 Definitions .
4 Environmental management system (EMS) principles and
................................................................................
elements
41 . Commitment and policy .
4.1.1 General .
4.1.2 leadership .
Top management commitment and
4.1.3 Initial environmental review .
..............................................................
4.1.4 Environmental policy
42 . Planning .
4.2.1 General .
4.2.2 Identification of environmental aspects and evaluation of
associated environmental impacts .
................................................ 9
4.2.3 Legal and other requirements
.................................................. 10
4.2.4 Internal performance criteria
....................................
4.2.5 Environmental objectives and targets
........................... 12
4.2.6 Environmental management programme
...................................................................... 13
4.3 Implementation
..................................................................................
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Ensuring capability .
- Human, physical and financial . 14
4.3.2.1 Resources
.............................................. 14
4.3.2.2 EMS alignment and integration
Accountability and responsibility .
4.3.2.3
............................. 16
4.3.2.4 Environmental awareness and motivation
0 IS0 1996
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 l CH-1211 Geneve 20 l Suisse
Printed in Switzerland
II
0 IS0 IS0 14004:1996(E)
................................................ 17
4.3.2.5 Knowledge, skills and training
4.3.3 Support action .
................................................ 18
4.3.3.1 Communication and reporting
4.3.3.2 EMS documentation . 19
4.3.3.3 Operational control .
Emergency preparedness and response . 20
4.3.3.4
4.4 Measurement and evaluation .
4.4.1 General .
4.4.2 Measuring and monitoring (ongoing performance) . 21
........................................... 22
4.4.3 Corrective and preventive action
EMS records and information management . 22
4.4.4
4.4.5 Audits of the environmental management system . 22
4.5 Review and improvement .
.................................................................................. 23
4.5.1 General
4.5.2 Review of the environmental managemc nt system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.5.3 Continual improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annexes
guiding principles . . . 25
A Examples of international environmenta
Al . The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development . . . . . . . .
A.2 International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Business
Charter for Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*. 31
B Bibliography
@ IS0
IS0 14004:1996(E)
Foreword
IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of
preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which
a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented
on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-
governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
International Standard IS0 14004 was prepared by Technical Committee
ISOnC 207, Environmental management, Subcommittee SC 1,
Environmental management systems.
Annexes A and B of this International Standard are for information only.
iv
@ IS0 ISO14004:1996(E)
Introduction
0.1 Overview
As concern grows for maintaining and improving the quality of the
environment and protecting human health, organizations of all sizes are
increasingly turning their attention to the potential environmental impacts of
their activities, products or services. The environmental performance of an
organization is of increasing importance to internal and external interested
parties. Achieving sound environmental performance
requires
organizational commitment to a systematic approach and to continual
improvement of the environmental management system (EMS).
The general purpose of this International Standard is to provide assistance
to organizations implementing or improving an EMS. It is consistent with
the concept of sustainable development and is compatible with diverse
cultural, social and organizational frameworks.
It should be noted that only IS0 14001 contains requirements that may be
objectively audited for certification/registration purposes or for self-
declaration purposes. Alternatively, this International Standard includes
examples, descriptions and options that aid both in the implementation of
an EMS and in strengthening its relation to the overall management of the
organization.
An EMS provides order and consistency for organizations to address
environmental concerns through the allocation of resources, assignment of
responsibilities, and ongoing evaluation of practices, procedures and
processes.
This International Standard considers the elements of an EMS and
provides practical advice on implementing or enhancing such a system. It
also provides organizations with advice on how to effectively initiate,
improve or sustain an environmental management system. Such a system
is essential to an organization ’s ability to anticipate and meet its
environmental objectives and to ensure ongoing compliance with national
and/or international requirements.
Environmental management is an integral part of an organization ’s overall
management system. The design of an EMS is an ongoing and interactive
process. The structure, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes
and resources for implementing environmental policies, objectives and
targets can be coordinated with existing efforts in other areas (e.g.
operations, finance, quality, occupational health and safety).
princip lies for managers mplementing or e nha ncing an envi ronmental
Key
nt system include, but are not limited the following.
man ageme to,
ntal management is amon g the hig hest
- Recognize that envi ro nme
corporate p riorities.
ISO14004:1996(E) as0
- Establish and mainta .in communication with i I and external
interested
parties.
- Determine the legislative requirements and enviro nmental as pects
associated with the organization ’s activities, products or services.
- Develop management and employee commitment to the protection of
the environment, with clear assignment of accountability and
responsibility.
- Encourage environmental planning throughout the product or process
life cycle.
Establish a process for achieving targeted performance levels.
- Provide appropriate and sufficient resou rces, includi ng training, to
achieve targeted performance levels on an ongo ng bas IS.
- Evaluate environmental performance against the organization ’s
environmental policy, objectives and targets and seek improvement
where appropriate.
- Establish a management process to audit and review the EMS and to
identify opportunities for improvement of the system and resulting
environmental performance.
Encourage contractors and suppliers to establish an EMS.
Organizations can consider the following different uses of the EMS Inter-
national Standards.
Environmental management systems -
- Using IS0 14001:1996,
Specification with guidance for use to achieve third-party
certification/registration, or self-declaration of an organization ’s EMS.
- Using this International Standard, or parts of it, to initiate and/or
improve its EMS. It is not intended for certification/registration
purposes.
- Using this International Standard as a guideline or IS0 14001 as a
specification for second-party recognition between contracting parties,
which may be suitable for some business relationships.
- Using related IS0 documents.
The choice will depend on factors such as:
organization policy;
- level of maturity of the organization: whether systematic management
that can facilitate the introduction of systematic environmental
management is already in place;
- possible advantages and disadvantages, influenced by such things as
market position, existing reputation and external relations;
- size of the organization.
This International Standard can be used by organizations of any size.
Nonetheless, the importance of small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs) is being increasingly recognized by governments and business.
This International Standard acknowledges and accommodates the needs
of SMEs.
Q IS0
ISOl4004:1996(E)
0.2 Benefits of having an environmental management
system
An organization should implement an effective environmental management
system in order to help protect human health and the environment from the
potential impacts of its activities, products or services; and to assist in
maintaining and improving the quality of the environment.
Having an EMS can help an organization provide confidence to its
interested parties that
- a management commitment exists to meet the provisions of its policy,
objectives, and targets;
emphasis is placed on prevention rather than corrective action;
- evidence of reasonable care and regulatory compliance can be
provided; and
- the systems design incorporates the process of continual
improvement.
An organization whose management system incorporates an EMS has a
framework to balance and integrate economic and environmental interests.
An organization that has implemented an EMS can achieve significant
competitive advantages.
Economic benefits can be gained from implementing an environmental
management system. These should be identified in order to demonstrate to
interested parties, especially shareholders, the value to the organization of
good environmental management. It also provides the organization with the
opportunity to link environmental objectives and targets with specific
financial outcomes and thus to ensure that resources are made available
where they provide the most benefit in both financial and environmental
terms.
The potential benefits associated with an effective EMS include
- assuring customers of commitment to demonstrable environmental
management;
- maintaining good public/community relations;
- satisfying investor criteria and improving access to capital;
- obtaining insurance at reasonable cost;
enhancing image and market share;
- meeting vendor certification criteria;
improving cost control;
reducing incidents that result in liability;
- demonstrating reasonable care;
conserving input materials and energy;
- facilitating the attainment of permits and authorizations;
fostering development and sharing environmental solutions;
improving industry-government relations.
vii
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD @ IS0 ISO14004:1996( E)
Environmental management systems - General guidelines
on principles, systems and supporting techniques
1 Scope
This international Standard provides guidance on the development and implementation of environmental
management systems and principles, and their coordination with other management systems.
The guidelines in this International Standard are applicable to any organization, regardless of size, type, or level of
maturity, that is interested in developing, implementing and/or improving an environmental management system.
The guidelines are intended for use as a voluntary, internal management tool and are not intended to be used as
EMS certification/registration criteria.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references at present.
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply.
cbntinual improvement
process of enhancing the environmental management system to achieve improvements in overall environmental
performance in line with the organization ’s environmental policy
NOTE - The process need not take place in all areas of activity simultaneously.
e;tvironment
surroundings in which an organization operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans,
and their interrelation
NOTE - Surroundings in this context extend from within an organization to the global system.
IS0 14004:1996(E)
e;lvironmental aspect
element of an organization ’s activities, products or services that can interact with the environment
A significant envi is an environmental aspect that has or can a significant environmental
NOTE - ronmental aspect have
impact.
ehironmental impact
any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization ’s
activities, products or services
e;lvironmental management system
that part of the overall management system that includes organizational structure, planning activities,
responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing
and maintaining the environmental policy
ekironmental management system audit
systematic and documented verification process of objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence to determine
whether an organization ’s environmental management system conforms to the environmental management system
audit criteria set by the organization, and for communication of the results of this process to management
e;vironmental objective
overall environmental goal, arising from the environmental policy, that an organization sets itself to achieve, and
which is quantified where practicable
e;lvironmental performance
related to an organization ’s control of its
measurable results of the environmental management system,
environmental aspects, based on its environmental policy, objectives and targets
e;lvironmental policy
statement by the organization of its intentions and principles in relation to its overall environmental performance
which provides a framework for action and for the setting of its environmental objectives and targets
3.10
environmental target
detailed performance requirement, quantified where practicable, applicable to the organization or parts thereof, that
arises from the environmental objectives and that needs to be set and met in order to achieve those objectives
3.11
interested party
individual or group concerned with or affected by the environmental performance of an organization
3.12
organization
company, corporation, firm, enterprise, authority or institution, or part or combination thereof, whether incorporated
or not, public or private, that has its own functions and administration
NOTE - For organizations with more than one operating unit, a single operating unit may be defined as an organization.

IS0 14004: 1996(E)
0 IS0
3.13
prevention of pollution
use of processes, practices, materials or products that avoid, reduce or control pollution, which may include
recycling, treatment, process changes, control mechanisms, efficient use of resources and material substitution
NOTE - The potential benefits of prevention of pollution include the reduction of adverse environmental impacts,
improved efficiency and reduced costs.
4 Environmental management system (EMS) principles and elements
The EMS model (see figure 1) follows the basic view of an organization which subscribes to the following principles.
Principle 1 - Commitment and policy
policy and ensure commitment to its EMS.
An organization should define its environmental
Principle 2 - Planning
An organization should formulate a plan to fulfil its environmental policy.
Principle 3 - Implementation
For effective implementation, an organization should develop the capabilities and support mechanisms
necessary to achieve its environmental policy, objectives and targets.
Principle 4 - Measurement and evaluation
An organization should measure, monitor and evaluate its environmental performance.
Principle 5 - Review and improvement
An organization should review and continually improve its environmental management system, with the
objective of improving its overall environmental performance.
With this in mind, the EMS is best viewed as an organizing framework that should be continually monitored and
periodically reviewed to provide effective direction for an organization ’s environmental activities in response to
changing internal and external factors. Every individual in an organization should accept responsibility for
environmental improvements.
IS0 14004:1996(E)
Continual improvement
Commitment and policy
(Environmental policy)*)
Review and improvement
(Management review)*)
Implementation
Measurement and evaluation
(Implementation
(Checking and corrective
*:) Terms used in IS0 14001.
Figure 1 - Environmental management system model for this International Standard
4.1 Commitment and policy
Principle 1 - Commitment and policy
An organization should define its environmental policy and ensure commitment to its EMS.
4.1 .l General
The organization should begin where there is obvious benefit, for example, by focusing on regulatory compliance, by
limiting sources of liability or by making more efficient use of materials.
As the organization grows in experience, and its EMS starts to take shape, procedures, programmes and
technologies can be put in place to further improve environmental performance. Then, as the EMS matures,
environmental considerations can be integrated into all business decisions.
4.1.2 Top management commitment and leadership
To ensure success, an early step in developing or improving an EMS involves obtaining commitment from the top
management of the organization to improve the environmental management of its activities, products or services.
The ongoing commitment and leadership of the top management are crucial.

IS0 14004:1996(E)
0 IS0
4.1.3 Initial environmental review
The current position of an organization with regard to the environment can be established by means of an initial
environmental review. The initial review can cover the following:
- identification of legislative and regulatory requirements;
- identification of environmental aspects of its activities, products or services so as to determine those that have
or can have significant environmental impacts and liabilities;
- evaluation of performance compared with relevant internal criteria, external standards, regulations, codes of
practice and sets of principles and guidelines;
- existing environmental management practices and procedures;
- identification of the existing policies and procedures dealing with procurement and contracting activities;
feedback from the investigation of previous incidents of non-compliance;
-
- opportunities for competitive advantage;
- the views of interested parties;
- functions or activities of other organizational systems that can enable or impede environmental performance.
In all cases, consideration should be given to the full range of operating conditions, including possible incidents and
emergency situations.
The process and results of the initial environmental review should be documented and opportunities for EMS
development should be identified.
Initial environmental review
Practical help -
An important first step is to develop the list of areas to be reviewed. This can include organization activities,
specific operations or a specific site.
Some common techniques for conducting a review include
- questionnaires,
- interviews,
- checklists,
- direct inspection and measurement,
- record review,
- benchmarking ’).
Organizations, including SMEs, can consult a number of outside sources such as:
- government agencies in relation to laws and permits;
- local or regional libraries or databases;
other organizations for exchange of information;
-
- industry associations,*
- larger customer organizations;
- manufacturers of equipment in use;
- business relations (e.g. with those who transport and dispose of waste);
- professional help.
1) Benchmarking is a technique for studying best practice, whether within the organization, in a competitor ’s organization or in
a different industry, to enable the organization to adopt or improve on it.
IS0 14004: 1996(E) 0 IS0
4.1.4 Environmental policy
An environmental policy establishes an overall sense of direction and sets the principles of action for an
organization. It sets the goal as to the level of environmental responsibility and performance required of the
organization, against which all subsequent actions will be judged.
A growing number of international organizations including government, industry associations and citizens’ groups
have developed guiding principles (see annex A for two examples). Such guiding principles have helped
organizations define the overall scope of their commitment to the environment. They also help to give different
organizations a common set of values. Guiding principles such as these can assist the organization in developing its
policy, which can be as individual as the organization for which it is written.
The responsibility for setting environmental policy normally rests with the organization ’s top management. The
organization ’s management is responsible for implementing the policy and for providing input to the formulation and
modification of the policy.
An environmental policy should consider the following:
- the organization ’s mission, vision, core values and beliefs;
requirements of and communication with interested parties;
continual improvement;
prevention of pollution;
guiding principles;
- coordination with other organizational policies (e.g. quality, occupational health and safety);
- specific local or regional conditions;
- compliance with relevant environmental regulations, laws and other criteria to which the organization
subscribes.
Some issues to be considered in environmental policy
I
Does the organization have an environmental policy that is relevant to its activities, products and services?
2 Does the policy reflect the organization ’s values and guiding principles?
3 Has the environmental policy been approved by top management and has someone been identified and given
the authority to oversee and implement the policy?
4 Does the policy guide the setting of environmental objectives and targets?
5 Does the policy guide the organization towards monitoring appropriate technology and management practices?
6 What commitments are embodied in the environmental policy, for example, support for continual improvement,
support for the prevention of pollution, monitoring, meeting or exceeding legal requirements, and consideration
of the expectations of interested parties?

@ IS0 IS0 14004:1996(E)
Practical help - Environmental policy
All activities, products or services can cause impacts on the environment. The environmental policy should
recognize this.
A detailed review of the guiding principles in annex A can help in drafting an appropriate policy. The issues
addressed in the policy depend on the nature of the organization. In addition to compliance with environmental
regulations, the policy can state commitments to
- minimize any significant adverse environmental impacts of new developments through the use of the
integrated environmental management procedures and planning;
- development of environmental performance evaluation procedures and associated indicators;
- embody life cycle thinking;
- design products in such a way as to minimize their environmental impacts in production, use and disposal;
- prevent pollution, reduce waste and the consumption of resources (materials, fuel and energy), and commit
to recovery and recycling, as opposed to disposal where feasible;
- education and training;
- sharing environmental experience;
- involvement of and communication with interested parties;
- work towards sustainable development,*
- encourage the use of EMS by suppliers and contractors.
4.2 Planning
Principle 2 - Planning
An organization should formulate a plan to fulfil its environmental policy.
4.2.1 General
The environmental management system elements relating to planning include
- identification of environmental aspects and evaluation of associated environmental impacts;
- legal requirements;
- environmental policy;
- internal performance criteria;
- environmental objectives and targets;
- environmental plans and management programme.
4.2.2 Identification of environmental aspects and evaluation of associated environmental impacts
An organization ’s policy, objectives and targets should be based on knowledge about the environmental aspects
and significant environmental impacts associated with its activities, products or services. This can ensure that the
significant environmental impacts associated with these aspects are taken into account in setting the environmental
objectives.
@ IS0
ISO14004:1996(E)
The identification of the environmental aspects is an ongoing process that determines the past, current and potential
impact (positive or negative) of an organization ’s activities on the environment. This process also includes the
identification of the potential regulatory, legal and business exposure affecting the organization. It can also include
identification of health and safety impacts, and environmental risk assessment.
Some issues to be considered in identification of environmental aspects and evaluation of environmental impacts
I What are the environmental aspects of the organization ’s activities, products and services?
2 Do the organization ’s activities, products or services create any significant adverse environmental impacts?
Does the organization have a procedure for evaluating the environmental impacts of new projects?
4 Does the location of the organization require special environmental consideration, for example sensitive
environmental areas?
5 How will any intended changes or additions to activities, products or services affect the environmental aspects
and their associated impacts?
How significant or severe are the potential environmental impacts should a process failure occur?
7 How frequently will the situation arise that could lead to the impact?
8 What are the significant environmental aspects; considering impacts, likelihood, severity and frequency?
Are the significant environmental impacts local, regional or global in scope?
Practical he/p - Identification of environmental aspects and evaluation of associated environmental
impacts
The relationship between environmental aspects and environmental impacts is one of cause and effect.
An environmental aspect refers to an element of an organization ’s activity, product or service which can have a
beneficial or adverse impact on the environment. For example, it could involve a discharge, an emission,
consumption or reuse of a material, or noise.
An environmental impact refers to the change which takes place in the environment as a result of the aspect.
Examples of impacts might include pollution or contamination of water or depletion of a natural resource.
The identification of environmental aspects and the evaluation of associated environmental impacts is a process
that can be dealt with in four steps.
Step I - Select an activity, a product or service
The selected activity, product or service should be large enough for meaningful examination and small enough to
be sufficiently understood.
Step 2 - /den tify environmental aspects of the activity, product or service
Identify as many environmental aspects as possible associated with the selected activity, product or service.

0 IS0 IS0 14004:1996(E)
Step 3 - /den tify environmental impacts
Identify as many actual and potential, positive and negative, environmental impacts as possible associated with
each identified aspect.
Examples from the three steps above are shown as follows.
Activity, product or service Aspect Impact
.
Potential for accidental
Activity - Handling of hazardous materials Contamination of soil or
spillage water
Conservation of natural
Product - Product refinement Reformulation of the product
to reduce its volume resources
Service - Vehicle maintenance Exhaust emissions
Reduction of air emissions
\
Step 4 - Evaluate significance of impacts
The significance of each of the identified environmental impacts can be different for each organization.
Quantification can aid judgement.
Evaluation can be facilitated by considering the following.
Environmental concerns:
- the scale of the impact;
the severity of the impact;
-
- probability of occurrence;
- duration of impact.
Business concerns:
- potential regulatory and legal exposure;
- difficulty of changing the impact;
- cost of changing the impact;
- effect of change on other activities and processes,=
- concerns of interested parties;
- effect on the public image of the organization.
4.2.3 Legal and other requirements
The organization should establish and maintain procedures to identify, have access to and understand all legal and
other requirements to which it subscribes, directly attributable to the environmental aspects of its activities, products
or services.
Some issues to be considered in legal and other requirements
I How does the organization access and identify relevant legal and other requirements?
2 How does the organization keep track of legal and other requirements?
How does the organization keep track of changes to legal and other requirements?
4 How does the organization communicate relevant information on legal and other requirements to employees?
IS0 14004:1996(E) 0 IS0
9actical help - Legal and other requirements
To maintain regulatory compliance, an organization should identify and understand regulatory requirements
applicable to its activities, products or services. Regulations can exist in several forms:
- those specific to the activity (e.g. site operating permits);
- those specific to the organization ’s products or services;
-
those specific to the organization ’s industry;
- general environmental laws;
- authorizations, licenses and permits.
Several sources can be used to identify environmental regulations and ongoing changes, including
- all levels of government;
- industry associations or groups;
- commercial databases,*
- professional services.
To facilitate keeping track of legal requirements, an organization can establish and maintain a list of all laws and
regulations pertaining to its activities, products or services.
4.2.4 Internal performance criteria
Internal priorities and criteria should be developed and implemented where external standards do not meet the
needs of the organization or are non-existent. Internal performance criteria, together with external standards, assist
the organization in developing its own objectives and targets.
Practical help - In ternal performance criteria
Examples of areas where an organization can have internal performance criteria might include
- management systems;
- employee responsibilities;
-
acquisition, property management and divestiture;
- suppliers,*
- contractors;
- product stewardship;
- environmental communications;
- regulatory relationships;
- environmental incident response and preparedness;
- environmental awareness and training;
- environmental measurement and improvement;
- process risk reduction;
- prevention of pollution and resource conservation;
- capital projects,=
- process change;
- hazardous material management;
- waste management;
- water management (e.g. waste, storm, ground);
- air quality management;
- energy management;
- transportation.
0 IS0 ISO14004:1996(E)
4.2.5 Environmental objectives and targets
Objectives should be established to meet the organization ’s environmental policy. These objectives are the overall
goals for environmental performance identified in the environmental policy, When establishing its objectives, an
organization should also take into account the relevant findings from environmental reviews, and the identified
environmental aspects and associated environmental impacts.
Environmental targets can then be set to achieve these objectives within a specified time-frame. The targets should
be specific and measurable.
When the objectives and targets are set, the organization should consider establishing measurable environmental-
performance indicators. These indicators can be used as the basis for an environmental-performance evaluation
system and can provide information on both the environmental management and the operational systems.
Objectives and targets can apply broadly across an organization or more narrowly to site-specific or individual
activities. Appropriate levels of management should define the objectives and targets. Objectives and targets should
be periodically reviewed and revised, and should take into consideration the views of interested parties.
Some issues to be considered in environmental objectives and targets
I Howdo environmental objectives and targets reflect both the environmen ‘tal policy and significant environmental
associated with the organization ’s activities, products or services
impacts
2 How have the employees responsible for achieving the objectives and targets had input into their development?
3 How have the views of interested parties been considered?
4 What specific measurable indicators have been established for objectives and targets?
5 How are objectives and targets regularly reviewed and revised to reflect desired improvements in environmental
performance?
Practical help - Objectives and targets
Objectives can include commitments to
- reduce waste and the depletion of resources;
- reduce or eliminate the release of pollutants into the environment;
- design products to minimize their environmental impact in production, use and disposal;
- control the environmental impact of sources of raw material;
- minimize any significant adverse environmental impact of new developments;
- promote environmental awareness among employees and the community.
Progress towards an objective can generally be measured using environmental performance indicators such as:
- quantity of raw material or energy used;
- quantity of emissions such as CO,;
- waste produced per quantity of finished product;
- efficiency of material and energy use;
- number of environmental incidents (e.g. excursions above limits);
- number of environmental accidents (e.g. unplanned releases);
- percentage waste recycled;
- percentage recycled material used in packaging;

IS0 14004: 1996(E)
- number of vehicle kilometres per unit of production;
- specific pollutant quantities, e.g. NO,, SO*, CO, HC , Pb, CFCs;
- investment in environmental protection;
- number of prosecutions;
-
land area set aside for wildlife habitat.
An integrated example
Objective: reduce energy required in manufacturing operations.
Target: achieve ten percent reduction of energy consumption compared to the previous year.
Indicator: quantity of fuels and electricity per unit of production.
4.2.6 Environmental management programme
Within the general planning of activities, an organization should establish an environmental management
programme that addresses all of its environmental objectives. To be most effective, environmental management
planning should be integrated into the organization ’s strategic plan. Environmental management programmes should
address schedules, resources and responsibilities for achieving the organization ’s environmental objectives and
targets.
Within the framework provided by the environmental management planning, an environmental management
programme identifies specific actions in order of their priority to the organization. These actions may deal with
individual processes, projects, products, services, sites or facilities within a site.
Environmental management programmes help the organization to improve its environmental performance. They
should be dynamic and revised regularly to reflect changes in organizational objectives and targets.
Some issues to be considered in environmental management programme
I What is the organization ’s process for developing environmental management programmes?
2 Does the environmental management planning process involve all responsible parties?
3 Is there a process for periodic reviews of the programme?
4 How do these programmes address the issues of resources, responsibility, timing and priority?
5 How are the environmental management programmes responsive to the environmental policy and general
planning activities?
6 How are the environmental management programmes monitored and revised?
@ IS0 IS0 14004: I996( E)
Practical help - Environmental management programme
The following is an example of a process for developing an environmental management programme.
I
Commitment and policy Planning
Example
r 1
Environmental policy commitment I I) Conserve natural resources
Objective I Minimize water use wherever
technically and commercially
practical
Target I Reduce water consumption at
selected sites by fifteen percent of
present levels within one year
Environmental programme I Water reuse
Action I Install equipment to recycle water
used for rinsing in Process A for
reuse in Process B
1) This iterative process should be repeated for all policy commitments, objectives and targets.
4.3 Implementation
Principle 3 - Implementation
an organization should develop the capabilities and support mechanisms
For effective implementation,
necessary to achieve its environmental policy, objectives and targets.
4.3.1 General
The capabilities and support required by the organization constantly evolve in response to the changing
requirements of interested parties, a dynamic business environment, and the process of continual improvement. To
achieve its environmental objectives an organization should focus and align its people, systems, strategy, resources
and structure.
For many organizations, implementing environmental management can be approached in stages and should be
based on the level of awareness of environmental requirements, aspects, expectations and benefits, and the
availability of resources.
I3
IS0 14004: 1996(E)
4.3.2 Ensuring capability
4.3.2.1 Resources - Human, physical and financial
The appropriate human, physical (e.g. facilities, equipment), and financial resources essential to the implementation
of an organization ’s environmental policies and the achievement of its objectives should be defined and made
available. In allocating resources, organizations can develop procedures to track the benefits as well as the costs of
their environmentally or related activities. Issues such as the cost of pollution control, wastes and disposal can be
included.
Some issues to be considered in human, physical, and financial resources
I How does the organization identify and allocate the human, technical and financial resources necessary to
meet its environmental objectives and targets, including those for new projects?
2 How does the organization track the costs and benefits of environmental activities?
Practical help - Human, physical and financial resources
The resource base and the organization structure of the small or medium enterprise (SME) can impose certain
limitations on implementation. In order to manage these constraints the SME should, wherever possible, consider
cooperative strategies with
- larger client organizations to share technology and know-how;
- other SMEs on a supply chain or local basis to define and address common issues, to share know-how, to
facilitate technical development, to use facilities jointly, to establish a way to study the EMS, to collectively
engage consultants;
- standardization organizations, SME associations, Chambers of Commerce, for trainin
...

NORME IS0
INTERNATIONALE 14004
Premihre edition
1996-09-01
Systgmes de management
environnemental - Lignes directrices
g&Wales concernant les principes, les
syst&mes et les techniques de mise en
oeuvre
Environmental management systems - General guidelines on principles,
systems and supporting techniques
Num&o de rbfkence
IS0 14004: 1996(F)
IS0 14004:1996(F)
Sommaire Page
1 Domaine d’application ~.,. 1
References normatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s. 1
3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Systeme de management environnemental (SME): Princi-
pes et elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1 tngagement et poijrrque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*.*.
4.1.1 Generalites . . . . . . . . . . . . .*.
4.1.2 Engagement et leadership de la direction a son plus haut
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .“.
nrveau
4.1.3 Revue environnementale initiale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .m.
4.1.4 Politique environnementale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Planification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~.
4.2
4.2.1 Generalites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.2 Identification des aspects environnementaux et evaluation
des impacts environnementaux associes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2.3 Exigences Iegales et autres exigences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IO
4.2.4 Criteres de performance internes
4.2.5 Objectifs et cibles environnementaux . 11
4.2.6 Programme de management environnemental . 12
4.3 Mise en ceuvre .
G&&alit& . 13
4.3.1
4.3.2 Garantir les moyens . 14
4.3.2.1 Ressources humaines, physiques et financieres .
..................................... 14
4.3.2.2 Integration et harmonisation du SME
4.3.2.3 Responsabilites technique et personnelle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
0 IS0 1996
Droits de reproduction reserves. Sauf prescription differente, aucune par-tie de cette publi-
cation ne peut etre reproduite ni utilisee sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun pro-
cede, electronique ou mecanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans I’accord
ecrit de I’editeur.
Organisation internationale de normalisation
Case postale 56 l CH-1211 Geneve 20 l Suisse
Imprime en Suisse
II
0 IS0 IS0 14004:1996(F)
4.3.2.4 Sensibilisation aux questions d’environnement et
motivation
............................................................................... 16
4.3.2.5 Connaissances, competences et formation
........................... 17
4.3.3 Actions supports . 18
4.3.3.1 Communication et rapports .
4.3.3.2 Documentation du SME . 19
4.3.3.3 Controles d’exploitation
.......................................................... 20
4.3.3.4 Prevention des situations d’urgence et capacite a reagir . 21
4.4 Mesurage et evaluation . 22
Generalites .
4.4.1 22
4.4.2 Mesurage et surveillance (performance permanente) . 22
4.4.3 Action corrective et preventive . 22
4.4.4 Gestion des enregistrements et des informations relatives
au SME . 23
4.4.5 Audits du systeme de management environnemental . 23
4.5 Revue et amelioration . 23
Generalites .
4.5.1 23
4.5.2 Revue du systeme de management environnemental . 24
.............................................................
4.5.3 Amelioration continue 24
Annexes
A Exemples de principes guides internationaux relatifs &
I’environnement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Declaration de Rio sur I’environnement et le developpement 25
Al .
A.2 Chambre de Commerce International (Ccl): Charte des
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
entreprises pour un developpement durable
B Bibliographie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
. . .
III
IS0 14004:1996(F) 0 IS0
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une federation
mondiale d’organismes nationaux de normalisation (comites membres de
I’ISO). L’elaboration des Normes internationales est en general confiee aux
comites techniques de I’ISO. Chaque comite membre interesse par une
etude a le droit de faire partie du comite technique tree a cet effet. Les
organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales,
en liaison avec I’ISO participent egalement aux travaux. L’ISO collabore
etroitement avec la Commission electrotechnique internationale (CEI) en
ce qui concerne la normalisation electrotechnique.
Les projets de Normes internationales adopt& par les comites techniques
sont soumis aux comites membres pour vote. Leur publication comme
Normes internationales requiert I’approbation de 75 % au moins des co-
mites membres votants.
La Norme internationale IS0 14004 a ete elaboree par le comite technique
ISO/TC 207, Management environnemental, sous-comite SC 1, Systkmes
de management environnemental.
Les annexe s A et B de la presente Norme internationale sont donnees
uniq uement a titre d’informat ion.

@ IS0
IS0 14004:1996(F)
Introduction
0.1 Vue d’ensemble
De plus en plus soucieux du respect et de I’amelioration de la qualite de
I’environnement, ainsi que de la protection de la Sante humaine, des
organismes de toutes tailles attachent une importance croissante aux
impacts environnementaux potentiels de leurs activites, produits ou
services. Les parties interessees, qu’elles soient internes ou externes, ont
tendance B considerer comme prioritaires les performances en matiere
d’environnement d’un organisme. Une bonne performance
environnementale implique que tout I’organisme s’engage dans une
approche systematique doublee d’une volonte d’amelioration continue du
systeme de management environnemental (SME).
La presente Norme internationale a pour principal objectif d’aider les
organismes a mettre en ceuvre ou a ameliorer un SME. Elle est compatible
avec le concept de <(developpement durable)> et s’adapte a differents types
d’organisation, de societe et de culture.
II convient de noter que seul I’ISO 14001 contient des exigences qui
peuvent etre objectivement auditees a des fins de certification/
enregistrement ou d’autodeclaration. D’un autre tote, la presente Norme
internationale contient des exemples, des descriptions et des options qui
aident B la fois a mettre en place un SME, mais aussi a consolider son
articulation avec le management global de I’organisme.
Un SME fournit a des organismes ordre et coherence pour traiter leurs
preoccupations en mat&e d’environnement B travers la distribution des
ressources, la repartition des responsabilites et une evaluation continue
des pratiques, des procedures et des procedes.
La presente Norme internationale prend en compte les differents elements
d’un SME et donne des conseils pratiques pour la mise en ceuvre ou
I’enrichissement d’un tel systeme. Elle donne egalement aux organismes
des conseils relatifs au Iancement, a I’amelioration et au suivi d’un systeme
de management environnemental. Un tel systeme conditionnne I’aptitude
d’un organisme a anticiper et a repondre a ses objectifs environnementaux,
ainsi que I’aptitude a garantir la conformite aux exigences nationales et/au
internationales en vigueur.
Le management environnemental fait partie integrante du systeme global
de management d’un organisme. La conception d’un SME resulte d’un
processus dynamique et interactif. La structure, les responsabilites, les
pratiques, les procedures, les procedes et les ressources necessaires a la
d’objectifs et de cibles en matiere
mise en oeuvre de politiques,
d’environnement peuvent etre coordonnes avec les efforts existant deja
dans d’autres domaines (comme I’exploitation, les finances, la qualite,
I’hygiene et la securite du travail).

IS0 14004:1996(F) 0 IS0
Considerer le management environnemental comme une priorite
majeure de I’organisme.
Crber et e ntretenir des conta cts entre les parties inter-es&es, qu’elles
rnes ou externes.
soient inte
Determiner les exigences Iegales et les asp lects environ
entaux
associes au x activites, prod uits ou services de I’org anisme.
Developper I’engagement de la direction et du personnel pour les
questions de protection de l’environnement, en precisant clairement le
partage des responsabilites techniques et personnelles.
Encourager la plan ification nem
environ entale sur toute la duree du
cycle de vie du prod uit ou du proces sus.
Etablir un processus d’atteindre
permettant les niveaux de
performance fixes.
- Prendre des moyens suffisants et appropries, y compris la formation,
pour atteindre les niveaux de performance fixes et s’y maintenir dans
la duree.
- Evaluer les performances environnementales par rapport a la politique
environnementale de I’organisme, aux objectifs et ci bles
environnementaux et chercher, le cas echeant, a les ameliorer.
- Etablir un processus de management permettant d’auditer et de
passer en revue le SME, ainsi que d’identifier les opportunites
d’amelioration du systeme et des performances environnementales qui
en resultent.
Encourager les sous-traitants et les fournisseurs a etablir un SME.
Les organismes peuvent utiliser les Normes internationales de SME
suivantes de differentes man&es.
- Utiliser I’ISO 14001 :I 996, Systkmes de management environnemen-
tal- Spbcifica tion et lignes directrices pour son utilisa tion, pou r
la certification/l’enregistrement par tierce partie ou
obtenir
I’autodeclaration du SME d’un organisme.
- Utiliser tout ou partie de la presente Norme internationale pour lancer
et/au ameliorer leur propre SME. La presente Norme internationale
n’est pas prevue a des fins de certification/enregistrement.
- Utiliser la presente Norme internationale comme guide ou I’ISO 14001
comme specification pour une reconnaissance par seconde par-tie
entre les parties contractantes, ce qui peut convenir a certaines
relations contractuelles.
Utiliser des documents IS0 couvrant des sujets voisins.
-
Le choix va dependre de facteurs tels que:
- la politique de I’organisme;
- le niveau de maturite de I’organisme, lie a I’existence prealable d’un
management systematique qui peut faciliter I’introduction d’un
management environnemental systematique;
- les avantages et les inconvenients possibles, qui sont fonction de la
position sur le marche, de I’image existante de I’entreprise et des
relations avec I’exterieur;
- la taille de I’organisme.
@ IS0 SO 14004:1996(F)
La presen te Norme internationale peut etre utilisee
par tout organisme,
independa .m ment de sa taille. Les gouvernements et
les milieux d’affaires
accordant une importance croissante aux petites et moyennes entreprises
(PME), la presente Norme internationale en tient compte et s’adapte a
leurs besoins.
0.2 Avantages d’un systkme de management
environnemental
II convient qu’un organisme mette en place un systeme de management
environnemental efficace, de facon a proteger la sant6 humaine et
I’environnement des retombees possibles de ses activites, produits ou
services. II contribue ainsi au maintien et a I’amelioration de la qualite de
I’environnement.
La mise en place d’un SME peut aider un organisme a donner confiance
aux parties interessees sur le fait
- qu’il existe un engagement du manage ment pour satisfaire aux
dispositions et ci bles;
de sa politique, de ses objectifs
que I’accent est mis sur la prevention plutot que sur I’action corrective;
- qu’il peut faire la preuve de I’importance qu’il accorde aux questions
environnementales et de sa conformite aux exigences en la matiere; et
- que la co nc eption des systemes inclut le processus d’amelioration
conti nue.
Un organisme dont le systeme de management comprend un SME a une
structure qui permet de peser et d’integrer les interets economiques et
environnementaux. La mise en oeuvre d’un SME peut se traduire, pour
I’organisme qui en a fait le choix, par un gain de competitivite significatif.
La mise en oeuvre d’un SME peut engendrer des benefices du point de vue
economique. II convient que ces benefices soient identifies de facon a
demontrer aux parties inter-es&es, et surtout aux actionnaires, I’avantage
que represente pour un organisme la mise en place d’un bon systeme de
management environnemental. Ce dernier offre egalement a l’organisme la
possibilite de lier les objectifs et cibles environnementaux & des resultats
financiers specifiques et, ainsi, de garantir I’affectation des ressources
disponibles aux endroits ou leur exploitation assure une rentabilite
maximale en termes economiques et environnementaux.
Les benefices potentiels degages par la mise en place d’un SME efficace
sont, entre autres,
- I’assurance apportee aux consommateurs de I’engagement a un
management manifeste de I’environnement;
le maintien de bonnes relations avec le public et les instances locales;
la satisfaction aux criteres des investisseurs et la facilitation de I’acces
-
aux emprunts;
I’obtention d’assurances au meilleur prix;
I’amelioration de I’image de marque et de la part du marche;
- le respect des criteres de certification du vendeur;
I’amelioration du controle des depenses;
vii
IS0 14004:1996(F) 0 IS0
- la limitation des incidents qui impliquent les responsabilites;
- la preuve de I’importance accordee aux questions environnementales;
- la preservation des matieres premieres et de I’energie;
- la simplification des demarches d’obtention des permis et des
autorisations;
- I’encouragement de solutions de type environnemental et leur partage;
- I’amelioration des relations entre industrie et pouvoirs publics.
. . .
VIII
NORME INTERNATIONALE @ IS0
IS0 14004: 1996(F)
Systemes de management environnemental - Lignes directrices
g&x$rales concernant les principes, les systhmes et les techniques
de mise en oeuvre
1 Domaine d’application
La presente Norme internationale donne des lignes directrices concernant la mise au point et la mise en oeuvre des
systemes de management environnementaux et de leurs principes, en indiquant comment les coordonner aux
autres systemes de management existants.
Ces lignes directrices sont applicables a tout organisme, independamment de sa taille, de sa nature ou de son
niveau de maturite, desireux d’elaborer, de mettre en oeuvre et/au d’ameliorer un systeme de management
environnemental.
Ces lignes directrices sont d’application volontaire et constituent un outil de management interne. Leur utilisation
n’est pas prevue comme critere de certification/enregistrement d’un SME.
2 References normatives
II n’y a pas de references normatives pour le moment.
3 Definitions
Pour les besoins de la presente Norme internationale, les definitions suivantes s’appliquent.
31 .
am6lioration continue
processus d’enrichissement du systeme de management environnemental pour obtenir des ameliorations de la
performance environnementale globale en accord avec la politique environnementale de I’organisme
NOTE - Le processus ne nkcessite pas d%tre applique dans tous les domaines d’activite simultahment.
ekronnement
milieu dans lequel un organisme fonctionne, incluant I’air, I’eau, la terre, les ressources naturelles, la flore, la faune,
les etres humains et leurs interrelations
NOTE - Dans ce contexte, le milieu &tend de I’intbrieur de I’organisme au systgme global.

IS0 14004:1996(F)
aspect environnemental
&ment des activith, produits ou services d’un organisme, susceptible d’interactions avec I’environnement
NOTE - Un aspect environnemental significatif est un aspect environnemental qui a ou peut avoir un impact environnemental
significatif.
impact environnemental
toute modification de I’environnement, nirgative ou b&Gfique, &sultant totalement ou partiellement des activitks,
produits ou services d’un organisme
&me de management environnemental
la composante du systhme de management global qui inclut la structure organisationnelle, les activitks de
planification, les responsabiIit&, les pratiques, les procedures, les pro&d& et les ressources pour elaborer, mettre
en oeuvre, kaliser, passer en revue et maintenir la politique environnementale
ahdit du systgme de management environnemental
processus de vkification systbmatique et document6 permettant d’obtenir et d’haluer, d’une manhe objective, des
preuves afin de determiner si le systkme de management environnemental d’un organisme est en conformit avec
les crithes de l’audit du systkme de management environnemental dbfinis par I’organisme, et afin de communiquer
les rhultats de ce processus & la direction
objectif environnemental
but environnemental g&&al qu’un organisme se fixe, r&uItant de la politique environnementale, et quantifik dans
les cas oti cela est possible
pkrformance environnementale
rksultats mesurables du systeme de management environnemental, en relation avec la maitrise par I’organisme de
ses aspects environnementaux, sur la base de sa politique environnementale, de ses objectifs et cibles
environnementaux
pblitique environnementale
dklaration par I’organisme de ses intentions et de ses principes relativement B sa performance environnementale
globale qui fournit un cadre B I’action et B I’ktablissement de ses objectifs et cibles environnementaux
3.10
cible environnementale
exigence de performance dktailke, quantifiee si cela est possible, pouvant s’appliquer & I’ensemble ou B une pat-tie
de I’organisme, qui r&uIte des objectifs environnementaux et qui doit etre fixbe et r6alis6e pour atteindre
ces objectifs
3.11
partie int&ess&e
individu ou groupe concern6 ou affect6 par la performance environnementale d’un organisme
3.12
organisme
compagnie, soci&, firme, entreprise, autoriti, ou institution, ou partie ou combinaison de celles-ci, B responsabilitk
limitke ou d’un autre statut, de droit public ou priv(t, qui a sa propre structure fonctionnelle et administrative
NOTE - Dans les organismes constituk de plusieurs unites opkationnelles, une unit6 isolee peut 6tre dkfinie comme un
organisme.
0 IS0 IS0 14004:1996(F)
3.13
prkvention de la pollution
utilisation de procedes, pratiques, materiaux ou produits qui empeche, reduit ou controle la pollution, qui peut inclure
le recyclage, le traitement, les changements de procedes, les mecanismes de controle, I’utilisation efficace des
ressources et la substitution de materiaux
Les b&l&es potentiels de la prevention de la pollution incluent la reduction des impacts environnementaux nkgatifs,
NOTE -
I’amblioration de I’efficacitk et la reduction des cofits.
4 Systgme de management environnemental (SME): Principes et Wments
Le modele de SME (voir figure 1) illustre le principe fondamental d’un organisme souscrivant aux principes suivants:
Principe no 1 - Engagement et politique
II convient que I’organisme definisse sa politique environnementale et garantisse l’engagement a son SME.
Principe no 2 - Planification
II convient qu’un organisme etablisse un plan qui lui permette de satisfaire a sa politique environnementale.
Principe no 3 - Mise en oeuvre
Pour une mise en ceuvre efficace, il convient qu’un organisme mette au point les moyens et les mecanismes de
support necessaires pour realiser sa politique environnementale, ainsi que les objectifs et cibles qu’il s’est fixes.
Principe no 4 - Mesurage et bvaluation
II convient qu’un organisme mesure, surveille et evalue ses performances environnementales.
Principe no 5 - Revue et amelioration
II convient qu’un organisme passe en revue et ameliore constamment son systeme de management
environnemental, en se fixant pour objectif d’ameliorer sa performance environnementale globale.
Gardant cela a l’esprit, le SME se presente alors comme une structure organisationnelle qui fait I’objet d’une
surveillance continue et d’une revue periodique, afin de diriger efficacement les activites d’un organisme en matiere
de protection de I’environnement, en reponse aux changements de facteurs internes ou externes. II convient que
chaque membre de I’organisme accepte sa responsabilite quant aux progres a realiser en matiere de protection
de I’environnement.
IS0 14004: 1996(F)
Amitlioration continue
Revue et am@lioration
(Revue de direction)*)
Planification
*:) Termes utilish dans US0 14001
le de systeme de management environnemental pour la prksente Norme internationale
Figure 1 - Mod&
4.1 Enga gement et politique
Principe no 1 - Engagement et politique
II convient que I’organisme dhfinisse sa politique environnementale et garantisse I’engagement B son SME.
4.1 .l G6n6ralitb
II convient que I’organisme commence par construire le SME 18 oti ii en retirera un b&Gfice evident, par exemple en
concentrant ses efforts sur la conformit aux rkglements, en limitant tout ce qui peut engager sa responsabilitk ou
en utilisant de man&e plus efficace les matkiaux.
L’organisme acqukant de I’expkrience et son SME commeyant A prendre forme, il pourra alors se doter des
pro&dures, des programmes et des techniques qui lui permettront d’amkliorer encore sa performance
environnementale. Puis, la maturite du SME aidant, toutes les dkcisions d’affaires vont pouvoir 2?tre prises en tenant
compte des pr6occupations environnementales.
4.1.2 Engagement et leadership de la direction & son plus haut niveau
Le succ&s d&s les premikres 6tapes de la construction ou de I’ami!iioration d’un SME implique I’engagement de la
direction de I’organisme B son plus haut niveau afin d’amkliorer le management environnemental de ses activitk,
produits ou services. Son engagement et son leadership permanents sont essentiels.

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IS0 14004:1996(F)
4.1.3 Revue environnementale initiale
Le positionnement d’un organisme par rapport a I’environnement peut se determiner en procedant a une revue
environnementale initiale. Cette revue peut inclure
- I’identification des exigences Iegales et reglementaires;
- I’identification des aspects environnementaux de ses activites, produits ou services, de facon a determiner ceux
qui ont ou qui peuvent avoir des impacts environnementaux significatifs et impliquer des responsabilites de
I’organisme vis-a-vis de I’exterieur;
- I’evaluation de la performance par rapport a des criteres pertinents internes ou externes, des reglements, des
codes de bonnes pratiques, des principes et des lignes directrices;
- les pratiques et les procedures existantes en matiere de management environnemental;
- I’identification des politiques existantes et des procedures en matiere d’approvisionnement et de sous-traitance;
- les retours d’experience suite a des incidents precedents lies a des non-conformites;
- les occasions d’ameliorer la competitivite;
- les points de vue des parties interessees;
- les fonctions ou les activites d’autres systemes d’organisation qui peuvent ameliorer ou penaliser la
performance environnementale.
Dans tous les cas, il convient de tenir compte de toutes les conditions d’exploitation, y compris les incidents et les
situations d’urgence possibles.
II convient de documenter le processus et les resultats de cette revue environnementale initiale et d’identifier les
opportunites de developpement du SME.
Conseils pra tiques - Revue environnemen tale initiale
La premiere &ape importante est d’etablir la liste des points a passer en revue. Celle-ci peut inclure /es activites,
les operations specifiques ou un site p&is de I’organisme.
La liste ci-dessous enumere certaines techniques courantes a mettre en owvre pour conduire une revue:
- des questionnaires,
- des entrevues,
- des listes de verification,
- des mesurages et controles directs,
- une revue des enregis trements,
- du referencementl ).
Les organismes, y compris les PME, peuvent consulter un certain nombre de sources de references exterieures
comme:
- les agences gouvernementales relatives aux lois et aux permis;
- les bibliotheques ou bases de don&es locales ou regionales;
- les autres organismes charges de &change d’informations;
- les associations industrielles;
- les principaux organismes de defense des consommateurs;
- les constructeurs des equipements utilises;
- les relations d’affaires (par exemple avec les organismes charges du transport et du traitement des
dechets);
- Iassistance professionnelle.
1) Le rbfkencement (en anglais: benchmarking) est une technique permettant d’btudier la pratique la plus adaptee, soit au
sein de I’organisme, soit dans un organisme concurrent, soit dans une industrie diffkente, afin de permettre B I’organisme de
faire son choix ou de I’amkliorer.
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4.1.4 Politique environnementale
Une politique environnementale fixe pour un organisme un sens general de direction a suivre et etablit ses principes
d’action. Elle a pour objectif de presenter le niveau de responsabilite vis-a-vis de I’environnement et de performance
environnementale requise. Ce niveau sert ensuite de reference pour evaluer toutes ses actions ulterieures.
Un nombre croissant d’organismes internationaux incluant des gouvernements, des associations industrielles et des
mouvements de citoyens ont adopte des principes de base (voir deux exemples dans I’annexe A). Ces principes ont
permis aux organismes de definir le domaine general de leur engagement pour la defense de I’environnment. Ils
permettent egalement de doter des organismes differents d’un certain nombre de valeurs communes. De tels
principes aident les organismes a mettre au point leur politique, qui est aussi unique que l’organisme pour lequel elle
est definie.
La mise en place d’une politique environnementale releve ordinairement de la responsabilite de la direction au plus
haut niveau de I’organisme. La direction de I’organisme est responsable de la mise en ceuvre de la politique et de la
mise a disposition des donnees qui permettront de la formuler ou de la modifier.
II convient qu’une politique environnementale tienne compte des points suivants:
mission de I’organisme, sa vision, ses valeurs et ses convictions essentielles;
exigences des parties interessees et communication avec elles;
amelioration continue;
prevention de la pollution;
principes fondamentaux;
coordination avec les autres politiques de I’organisme (par exemple en matiere de qualite, d’hygiene et de
securite du travail);
conditions locales ou regionales specifiques;
conformite aux reglementations, lois et autres criteres environnementaux pertinents auxquels I’organisme a
souscrit.
Quelques questions a considerer pour definir une politique environnementale:
I L’organisme s’est-il dote d’une politique environnementale qui est pertinente vis-a-vis de ses activites, produits
et services?
2 Cette politique reflete-t-elle les valeurs et les principes fondamentaux de I’organisme?
3 Cette politique a-t-elle ete approuvee par la direction au plus haut niveau? Quelqu’un a-t-il ete designe et investi
de I’autorite necessaire pour surveiller et mettre en cwvre cette politique?
4 Cette politique conduit-elle a fixer des objectifs et des cibles en mat&e d’environnement?
5 Cette politique implique-t-elle une veille sur les technologies appropriees et les pra tiques de management de
I’organisme?
6 Quels son t les engagements inclus dans la politique environnementale, par exemple ceux e tayan t le principe
d’amelioration continue, de prevention de la pollution, de I’engagement de I’organisme a veiller au respect des
exigences legales, voire a faire mieux que ce qu’elles demandent, et a tenir compte des attentes des parties
interessees?
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Conseils pra tiques - Politique environnemen tale
Toutes les activites, produits et services peuvent avoir des impacts sur I’environnement. II convient que la
politique environnementale en fasse le consta t.
Une revue detaillee des principes fondamentaux donnes dans I’annexe A peut faciliter la redaction d’une
politique appropriee. Les questions qui doivent etre abordees dans la politique dependent de la nature de
I’organisme. Outre la conformite aux reglements en mat&e d’environnement, la politique peut definir les
engagements de I’organisme a
- diminuer tout impact environnemental significatif negatif des nouvelles activites en adoptant une planification
et des procedures de management environnemental integrees;
- mettre au point des procedures devaluation de la performance environnementale et des indicateurs
associes;
- mettre en application une approche de type modelisa tion du cycle de vie;
- concevoir les produits de maniere a minimiser leur impact sur I’environnement, dans les phases de
production, d’utilisation et de mise au rebut;
- prevenir la pollution, reduire les dechets et la consommation des ressources (materiaux, carburant et
energie) et s’engager, chaque fois que c’est possible, a recuperer et a recycler, plutdt qu’a mettre au rebut,=
- eduquer et former;
- partager I’experience en ma tiere d’environnement;
- impliquer les parties interessees et etablir une bonne communication avec elles;
- travailler pour un developpement durable;
- encourager les fournisseurs et les sous-traitants a adopter un SME.
4.2 Planification
Principe no 2 - Planification
II convient qu’un organisme ktablisse un plan qui lui permette de satisfaire B sa politique environnementale.
4.2.1 Gh5ralit6s
Dans un systgme de management environnemental, les aspects qui rekvent de la planification sont:
- I’identification des aspects environnementaux et I’haluation des impacts environnementaux assock;
- les exigences legales;
- la politique environnementale;
- les critkres internes de performance;
- les objectifs et cibles environnementaux;
- les plans environnementaux et le programme de management environnemental.
4.2.2 Identification des aspects environnementaux et hvaluation des impacts environnementaux assocks
II convient que la politique de I’organisme, les objectifs et cibles soient fond& sur la connaissance des aspects
environnementaux et des impacts environnementaux significatifs, associh B ses activitk, produits ou services.
Cela permet de s’assurer que les impacts environnementaux significatifs, associks B ces aspects, sont pris en
considkation lors de I’ktablissement des objectifs environnementaux.

IS0 14004:1996(F)
63 IS0
L’identification des aspects environnementaux est un processus dynamique qui dktermine les impacts
environnementaux passes, presents et potentiels (qu’ils soient bhefiques ou negatifs) des activitks d’un organisme.
Ce processus implique egalement la prise en compte des contraintes potentielles kglementaires, legales et
kconomiques, affectant I’organisme. II peut kgalement inclure I’identification des impacts sur la Sante et la skcuritk
des personnes, ainsi que kvaluation des risques pour I’environnement.
Quelques questions a considerer pour /‘identification des aspects environnementaux et I’evaluation des impacts
environnementaux:
I Quels sont les aspects environnementaux des activites, produits et services de I’organisme?
2 Les activites, produits ou services de I’organisme ont-ils des impacts environnementaux negatifs significatifs?
3 L’organisme a-t-il une procedure pour evaluer les impacts environnementaux des nouveaux projets?
4 La situation geographique de I’organisme necessite-t-elle une prise en
camp te particuliere aspects
environnementaux, par exemple des zones sensibles pour I’environnement?
5 Comment les modifications volontaires ou les ajouts apportes aux activites, ou services
produits affecten t-ils les
aspects environnementaux et leurs impacts associes?
6 Quel serait le degre de severite des impacts potentiels sur I’environnement dus au dysfonctionnement d’un
procede?
7 Combien de fois la situation doit-elle se produire pour avoir un impact sur I’environnement?
8 Quels sont les aspects environnementaux significatifs; en tenant compte des impacts, de la probabilite, de la
gravite et de la frequence?
9 Les impacts environnementaux significatifs sont-ils de portee locale, regionale ou globale?
Conseils pra tiques - /den tifica tion
aspects en vironnemen faux et e’valua tion des impacts
environnementaux associe’s
La relation entre aspects environnementaux et impacts environnementaux est une relation de cause a effet.
Un aspect environnemental concerne un element de I’activite, du produit ou service de I’organisme pouvant avoir
un impact benefique ou negatif sur I’environnement. Par exemple, il peut impliquer une decharge, une emission,
une consommation ou une reutilisation d’un materiau, ou encore une nuisance sonore.
Un impact environnemental est relatif au changement se produisant dans I’environnement a cause de cet aspect.
Des exemples d’impact sont la pollution ou la contamination de I’eau ou I’epuisement d’une ressource na turelle.
L ‘identification des aspects environnementaux et I’evaluation des impacts environnementaux associes est un
processus qui peut etre traite en quatre &apes.
itape no I - Choix d’une activitk, d’un produit ou d’un service
II convient que I’activite, le produit ou le service choisi(e) couvre un champ suffisamment important pour que son
examen soit eloquent, mais qu’il ne soit pas trop complexe pour pouvoir etre facilement compris.
&ape no 2 - Identification des aspects environnementaux de I’activitk, du produit ou du service
Identifier le plus grand nombre possible d’aspects environnementaux associes a I’activite, produit ou service
choisi(e).
0 IS0
IS0 14004:1996(F)
Ctape no 3 - lden tifica tion des aspects environnemen taux
dentifier le plus grand nombre possible d/impacts environnementaux, reels et potent&, b&@fiques et nkgatifs,
zssocies a chaque aspect identifie.
3es exemples de ces trois &apes sont present& ci-dessous.
Activit6, produit ou service Aspect Impact
Possibilite de repandre Contamination du sol
Activite - Transport de ma tieres dangereuses
acciden tellemen t ou de I’eau
- Raffinage d’un produit Reformulation du produit Conservation des ressources
Produit
pour reduire son volume na turelles
- Entretien des vehicules Emissions d’echappement Reduction de la pollution
Service
de I’air
itape no 4 - &valuation de l’importance des impacts
L’importance de chacun des impacts environnementaux identifies peut varier d’un organisme a I’autre.
La quantification peut faciliter I’evacuation.
&valuation peut etre facilitee en tenant compte:
des donnees environnementales:
- le degre de I’impact;
- la s&&rite de I’impact;
- sa probabilite d’occurrence;
- la persistance de I’impact;
des donnees economiques:
- I’existence eventuelle de dispositions Iegales et reglementaires;
- la difficulte de changer I’impact;
le coiit d’un changement d’impact;
-
- I’effet d’un changement sur les autres activites et procedes;
- les inquietudes des parties interessees;
- I’effet sur I’image de marque de I’organisme.
4.2.3 Exigences legales et autres exigences
II convient que I’organisme etablisse et maintienne des pro&dures visant B identifier, B avoir acck et B comprendre
les exigences kgales et les autres exigences auxquelles il a souscrit et qui sont directement imputables aux
aspects environnementaux de ses activitk, produits ou services.
Quelques questions a considerer concernant /es exigences legales et autres exigences:
Comment I’organisme accede-t-i/ et identifie-t-i/ /es exigences legales applicables et autres exigences?
I
2 Comment I’organisme garde-t-i/ trace des exigences legales et autres exigences?
3 Comment I’organisme garde-t-i/ trace des changements d’exigences legales et autres exigences?
4 Comment I’organisme communique-t-i/ /‘information pertinente a son personnel en ce qui concerne /es
exigences Iegales et autres exigences?
IS0 14004:1996(F) 0 IS0
Conseils pratiques - Exigences l&gales et autres exigences
Pour assurer la conformite aux reglements, il convient qu’un organisme identifie et comprenne /es exigences
lbgales qui sont applicables 2 ses activites, produits ou services. Ces reglements peuvent se presenter sous
plusieurs formes:
- reglements specifiques a I’activite (par exemple permis d’exploitation du site);
- reglements specifiques aux produits ou services de I’organisme;
- reglements specifiques a I’industrie de I’organisme;
- lois s’appliquant a I’environnement en general;
- autorisations, licences et permis.
Pour identifier /es reglementations en ma tiere d’environnement et /es modifications en tours, plusieurs sources
peuvent etre consultees, dont
- tous /es echelons du gouvernement;
- /es associations ou groupements industriels;
- /es bases de don&es commerciales;
- /es services professionnels.
Pour faciliter la conservation de la trace de toutes /es exigences lkgales qui le concernent, un organisme peut
etablir et maintenir une liste des lois et reglements relatifs a ses activites, produits ou services.
4.2.4 Crithes de performance internes
II convient de developper et de mettre en oeuvre des priori& et des criteres internes chaque fois que les normes
externes ne repondent pas aux besoins de I’organisme ou qu’elles n’existent pas. Les criteres de performance
internes, ainsi que les normes externes aident I’organisme a developper ses propres objectifs et cibles.
Conseils pratiques - Critkres de performance internes
Exemple des domaines oil un organisme peut definir des criteres de performance internes:
- /es systemes de management;
- /es responsabilites des employ&;
- /es acquisitions, la gestion des biens et /es cessions d’actifs;
- /es fournisseurs;
- /es sous-traitants;
- la gestion des produits;
- /es communications sur le theme de I’environnement;
- /es relations forma/i&es par des textes reglementaires;
- la preparation aux situations d’urgence et la capacite a reagir en cas d/incident environnemental;
- la sensibilisation et la formation aux questions environnementales;
- /‘amelioration et /es mesurages environnementaux;
- la diminution du risque lie au procede;
- la prevention de la pollution et la preservation des ressources;
- /es projets essentiels;
- la modification des procedes;
- la gestion des mat&es dangereuses;
- la gestion des dechets;
- la gestion de I’eau (par exemple eaux u&es, de pluie ou souterraines);
- la gestion de la qualite de /‘air;
- la gestion des energies;
- /es transports.
0 IS0 IS0 14004:1996(F)
4.2.5 Objectifs et cibles environnementaux
II convient d’etablir des objectifs pour appliquer la politique environnementale de I’organisme. Ces objectifs sont les
grands buts gh5raux en matihe de performance environnementale qui ont et6 identifies dans la politique
environnementale. En ktablissant les objectifs h atteindre, il convient qu’un organisme tienne egalement compte des
constats pertinents faits B l’occasion des revues environnementales, ainsi que des aspects environnementaux
identifibs et des impacts environnementaux associk
Les ci bles environneme ntales peuvent a re ensuite fixees pour atteindre ces objectifs en respectant des dklais
les cibles soien ts lp6cifiques et mesurables.
prescrits. II convient que
Lorsque les objectifs et cibles sont fix&, il convient que I’organisme &ablisse des indicateurs mesurables de
performance environnementale. Ces indicateurs peuvent 6tre utilisks comme base d’un systkme d’kvaluation de la
performance environnementale et peuvent fournir une information B la fois sur le management environnemental et
sur les systhmes opkationnels.
Les objectifs et cibles peuvent s’appliquer de faGon g&&ale B tous les secteurs d’un organisme, ou plus
specifiquement B certains sites ou B certaines activith. II convient que les objectifs et cibles soient dkfinis au niveau
approprib de la direction. II convient de passer en revue et de rhiser 6gulikrement les objectifs et cibles, et que ces
derniers tiennent compte du point de vue des diffhrentes parties intitresskes.
Quelques questions a considerer pour definir /es objectifs et cibles environnementaux:
Comment /es objectifs et cibles environnementaux refletent- i/s a la fois la politique environnementale et /es
impacts environnementaux significatifs associes aux activites, produits ou services de I’organisme ?
2 Comment le personnel responsable de la realisation des objectifs et cibles a-t-i/ participe a leur
developpement?
3 Comment /es points de vue des parties inter-es&es ont-i/s ete pris en consideration?
4 Quels indicateurs mesurables specifiques ont ete etablis pour /es objectifs et cibles?
5 Les objectifs et cibles sont-i/s regulierement passes en revue et revises afin d’integrer /es ameliorations
souhaitees en matiere de performance environnementale?
Conseils pra tiques - Objectifs et cibles environnementaux
Les objectifs peuvent inclure la volonte:
- de reduire /es dechets et I’epuisement des ressources;
- de reduire ou d’eliminer /es rejets polluants dans I’environnement;
- de concevoir des produits en limitant leur impact environnemental lors de la production, I’utilisation et
I’elimina tion;
- de controler /‘impact environnemental des approvisionnements en ma tieres premieres;
- de limiter tout impact environnemental negatif significatif de nouvelles activites;
- de sensibiliser /es employ& et la collectivite aux problemes lies a I’environnement.
Les progres realises dans la direction de I’objectif a atteindre peuvent en general se mesurer a /‘aide
d’indicateurs de performance environnementale tels que:
- la quantite de mat&-es premieres ou d’energie utilisee;
- la quantite d’emissions, par exemple le CO,;
la quantite de dechets produits par quantite de produits finis;
-
- le rendement de I’utilisation des materiaux et de I’energie;
- le nombre des incidents lies a I’environnement (par exemple des excursions au-de/a des limites fixees);

IS0 14004:1996(F)
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- le nombre d’accidents lies a I’environnement (par exemple des rejets non pre
...

S L O V E N S K I SIST ISO 14004
prva izdaja
STANDARD
september 2001
Sistemi ravnanja z okoljem - Splošne smernice o načelih, sistemih in
podpornih tehnikah (enakovreden ISO 14004:1996)
Environmental management systems - General guidelines on principles, systems
and supporting techniques
Systèmes de management environnemental - Lignes directrices générales
concernant les principes, les systèmes et les techniques de mise en œuvre
Deskriptorji: okolje, varovanje okolja, ravnanje z okoljem, ustvarjanje, uporaba, uskladitev,
splošne zahteve
Referenčna številka
ICS 13.020.10 SIST ISO 14004:2001 (sl)
Nadaljevanje na straneh od 2 do 36
© Standard je založil in izdal Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo.
Razmnoževanje ali kopiranje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

SIST ISO 14004 : 2001
NACIONALNI UVOD
Standard SIST ISO 14004 (sl), Sistemi ravnanja z okoljem - Splošne smernice o načelih, sistemih in
podpornih tehnikah, prva izdaja, 2001, ima status slovenskega standarda in je enakovreden
mednarodnemu standardu ISO 14004 (en), Environmental management systems - General guidelines
on principles, systems and supporting techniques, 1996.
NACIONALNI PREDGOVOR
Mednarodni standard ISO 14004:1996 je pripravil tehnični odbor Mednarodne organizacije za
standardizacijo ISO/TC 207, Ravnanje z okoljem. Slovenski standard SIST ISO 14004:2001, Sistemi
ravnanja z okoljem - Splošne smernice o načelih, sistemih in podpornih tehnikah, je prevod
mednarodnega standarda ISO 14004:1996.
Slovenski standard SIST ISO 14004:2001, je pripravil tehnični odbor USM/TC UZO Upravljanje z
okoljem. Ob morebitnem sporu glede besedila slovenskega prevoda v tem standardu je odločilen
izvirni mednarodni standard v angleškem jeziku.
Ta slovenski standard je dne 2001-07-13 odobril direktor USM.
OPOMBI
- Povsod, kjer se v besedilu standarda uporablja izraz “mednarodni standard”,
v SIST ISO 14004:2001 to pomeni “slovenski standard”.
- Nacionalni uvod in nacionalni predgovor nista sestavni del standarda.
SIST ISO 14004 : 2001
VSEBINA                                 Stran
1 Namen .8
2 Zveza z drugimi standardi.8
3 Definicije .8
4 Načela in elementi sistema ravnanja z okoljem.9
4.1 Zavezanost in politika .11
4.1.1 Splošno.11
4.1.2 Zavezanost najvišjega vodstva in voditeljstvo .11
4.1.3 Začetni okoljski pregled .11
4.1.4 Okoljska politika.12
4.2 Načrtovanje.13
4.2.1 Splošno.13
4.2.2 Prepoznavanje okoljskih vidikov in vrednotenje z njimi povezanih vplivov na okolje .14
4.2.3 Zakonske in druge zahteve.16
4.2.4 Notranja merila učinka.16
4.2.5 Okvirni in izvedbeni okoljski cilji.17
4.2.6 Program(i) ravnanja z okoljem.18
4.3 Izvajanje.19
4.3.1 Splošno.19
4.3.2 Zagotavljanje sposobnosti .20
4.3.2.1 Viri - človeški, materialni in finančni.20
4.3.2.2 Uvrstitev in vključitev sistema ravnanja z okoljem.20
4.3.2.3 Moralna in druga odgovornost.21
4.3.2.4 Okoljsko zavedanje in motivacija.22
4.3.2.5 Znanje, veščine in usposabljanje.23
4.3.3 Podporne dejavnosti.24
4.3.3.1 Komuniciranje in poročanje .24
4.3.3.2 Dokumentacija sistema ravnanja z okoljem .25
4.3.3.3 Obvladovanje delovanja .26
4.3.3.4 Pripravljenost in odziv na izredne razmere.27
4.4 Merjenje in vrednotenje .27
4.4.1 Splošno.27
4.4.2 Merjenje in spremljanje (stalnega učinka ravnanja) .27
4.4.3 Korektivni in preventivni ukrepi.28
4.4.4 Zapisi sistema ravnanja z okoljem in obvladovanje informacij .28
4.4.5 Presoje sistema ravnanja z okoljem.29
4.5 Pregled in izboljševanje .29
4.5.1 Splošno.29
4.5.2 Pregled sistema ravnanja z okoljem.29
SIST ISO 14004 : 2001
4.5.3 Nenehno izboljševanje .30
Dodatek A: Primeri mednarodnih okoljskih vodilnih načel.31
A.1 Deklaracija Rio o okolju in razvoju .31
A.2 Poslovna listina za zagotavljanje sonaravnega razvoja Mednarodne trgovinske zbornice (ICC) .34
Dodatek B: Bibliografija .36
SIST ISO 14004 : 2001
0 Uvod
0.1 Pregled
Z naraščanjem skrbi za ohranitev in izboljšanje kakovosti okolja ter varovanje zdravja ljudi organizacije
vseh velikosti svojo pozornost čedalje bolj usmerjajo k morebitnim vplivom svojih dejavnosti,
proizvodov ali storitev na okolje. Zainteresirane stranke, tako notranje kot zunanje, pripisujejo učinkom
ravnanja z okoljem v organizaciji čedalje večji pomen. Organizacije pa lahko ustrezen učinek ravnanja
z okoljem dosežejo le z zavezanostjo sistematičnemu pristopu in nenehnemu izboljševanju sistema
ravnanja z okoljem.
Glavni namen tega mednarodnega standarda je pomagati organizacijam pri uvajanju ali izboljševanju
sistema ravnanja z okoljem. Usklajen je z zasnovo sonaravnega razvoja ter ne nasprotuje različnim
kulturnim, socialnim in organizacijskim okvirom.
Poudariti je treba, da samo ISO 14001 vsebuje zahteve, ki jih je mogoče objektivno presojati za
pridobitev certifikacije/registracije oziroma izdajo lastne izjave o izpolnjevanju zahtev standarda. Ta
mednarodni standard vključuje primere, opise in možnosti, ki pomagajo tako pri uvajanju in izvajanju
sistema ravnanja z okoljem kot pri krepitvi povezav s celotnim vodenjem organizacije.
Sistem ravnanja z okoljem omogoča organizacijam da s primerno porazdelitvijo sredstev, določitvijo
odgovornosti ter stalnim vrednotenjem ravnanja, postopkov in procesov vzpostavijo red in doslednost
pri reševanju okoljskih vprašanj.
Tako ta mednarodni standard obravnava elemente sistema ravnanja z okoljem in ponuja praktične
nasvete pri njegovem uvajanju in izvajanju oziroma izboljševanju. Organizacijam svetuje, kako
učinkovito začeti uvajati, izboljševati ali vzdrževati sistem ravnanja z okoljem. Tak sistem je namreč
bistven, da organizacija lahko predvidi in doseže okvirne okoljske cilje ter da nenehno zagotavlja
skladnost z nacionalnimi in mednarodnimi zahtevami.
Ravnanje z okoljem je sestavni del celotnega sistema vodenja v organizaciji. Načrtovanje sistema
ravnanja z okoljem je stalen in interaktiven postopek. Strukturo, odgovornosti, delovne tehnike,
postopke, procese in sredstva, potrebne za uvajanje politike in doseganje okvirnih in izvedbenih
okoljskih ciljev, je mogoče usklajevati z obstoječimi prizadevanji na drugih področjih (na primer:
obratovanje, finance, kakovost, zdravje in varnost pri delu).
Ključna načela za vodstvene delavce, ki uvajajo, izvajajo ali izboljšujejo sistem ravnanja z okoljem, so
navedena v nadaljevanju, vendar je ta načela mogoče razširiti in se ni treba omejiti le na našteta:
-   spoznanje, da je ravnanje z okoljem med najvišjimi cilji organizacije,
-   vzpostavitev in vzdrževanje komunikacij z notranjimi in zunanjimi zainteresiranimi strankami,
-   določitev zahtev, ki izhajajo iz zakonodaje, in okoljskih vidikov, ki se vežejo na dejavnosti,
proizvode ali storitve organizacije,
-  razvijanje zavezanosti vodstva in zaposlenih k varovanju okolja z jasno določitvijo celovite
odgovornosti,
-   spodbujanje k okoljskemu planiranju za vso življenjsko dobo proizvoda ali procesa,
-   vzpostavitev postopka za doseganje ciljnih ravni ravnanja,
-   zagotovitev primernih in zadovoljivih sredstev, vključno z izobraževanjem, da bi ves čas dosegali
ciljne ravni ravnanja,
- ovrednotenje učinka ravnanja z okoljem glede na okoljsko politiko organizacije, okvirne in
izvedbene okoljske cilje ter iskanje izboljšav, kjer je to primerno,
SIST ISO 14004 : 2001
- vzpostavitev procesa vodenja za presojo in pregled sistema ravnanja z okoljem ter za
prepoznavanje priložnosti za izboljšanje sistema in s tem tudi učinkov ravnanja z okoljem,
-   spodbujanje pogodbenikov in dobaviteljev k vzpostavitvi sistema ravnanja z okoljem.
Organizacije lahko razmišljajo o naslednjih različnih vrstah uporabe mednarodnih standardov za sistem
ravnanja z okoljem:
-  o uporabi standarda ISO 14001:1996, Sistemi ravnanja z okoljem - Razčlenitev z navodili za
uporabo (ISO 14001:1996) za pridobitev certifikacije/registracije pri tretji stranki ali za izdajo lastne
izjave o izpolnjevanju zahtev standarda,
- o uporabi tega mednarodnega standarda oziroma posameznih delov standarda za vzpostavitev
oziroma izboljšanje obstoječega sistema ravnanja z okoljem; ta standard pa ni namenjen pridobitvi
certifikacije/registracije,
-   o uporabi tega mednarodnega standarda kot smernice ali standarda ISO 14001 kot specifikacije, v
skladu s katerima lahko zainteresirana stranka v pogodbenem odnosu preverja način ravnanja
druge stranke, kar je lahko primerno v nekaterih poslovnih odnosih,
-   o uporabi sorodnih dokumentov ISO.
Izbor bo odvisen od dejavnikov, kot so:
-   politika organizacije,
-  stopnja zrelosti organizacije; ali obstaja sistematično ravnanje/vodenje, ki lahko olajša uvedbo
sistematičnega ravnanja z okoljem,
- morebitne prednosti in slabosti, na katere lahko vplivajo položaj na trgu, obstoječi sloves in zunanji
odnosi,
- velikost organizacije.
Ta mednarodni standard lahko uporabljajo organizacije vseh velikosti. Ne glede na to pa se vlade in
poslovni svet čedalje bolj zavedajo pomena majhnih in srednje velikih podjetij (MSP). Ta standard
pozna in izpolnjuje tudi zahteve teh podjetij.
0.2 Koristi sistema ravnanja z okoljem
Organizacija naj uvede učinkovit sistem ravnanja z okoljem, da bi varovala zdravje ljudi in okolje pred
morebitnimi vplivi svojih dejavnosti, proizvodov ali storitev ter da bi pomagala pri vzdrževanju in
izboljšanju kakovosti okolja.
Organizacija s sistemom ravnanja z okoljem zainteresiranim strankam zagotavlja, da:
-   je vodstvo predano doseganju zahtev, ki izhajajo iz politike in tudi okvirnih in izvedbenih ciljev,
-   daje poudarek preprečevanju in ne korektivnim ukrepom,
-   obstaja dokazilo o razumni skrbi in izpolnjevanju zahtev zakonodaje,
-   je sistem postavljen tako, da vključuje proces nenehnega izboljševanja.
Organizacija, katere sistem vodenja vključuje sistem ravnanja z okoljem, ima tako podlago, na kateri
lahko uravnava in vključuje ekonomske in okoljske interese. Organizacija, ki je uvedla sistem ravnanja
z okoljem, lahko dosega občutne konkurenčne prednosti.
Z uvedbo sistema ravnanja z okoljem je mogoče pridobiti ekonomske koristi. Te naj organizacija
prepozna zato, da lahko zainteresiranim strankam, še posebej pa delničarjem, prikaže pridobitve, ki jih
SIST ISO 14004 : 2001
organizaciji ponuja dobro ravnanje z okoljem. Organizaciji pa sistem tudi omogoči da okvirne in
izvedbene okoljske cilje poveže s finančnimi učinki in s tem zagotovi, da so sredstva na voljo tam, kjer
prinašajo največ koristi, tako na finančnem kot na okoljskem področju.
Mogoče koristi, povezane z učinkovitim sistemom ravnanja z okoljem, vključujejo:
- zagotovilo kupcem o predanosti dokazljivemu okoljskemu ravnanju,
- vzdrževanje dobrih odnosov z javnostjo/skupnostjo,
- zadovoljitev investitorskih meril in izboljšan dostop do kapitala,
- pridobitev zavarovanja po sprejemljivi ceni,
- večji ugled in večanje deleža na trgu,
- doseganje certifikacijskih meril kupcev (prodaje),
- boljše obvladovanje stroškov,
- zmanjšano število prekrškov in odškodnin zaradi njih,
- izkazovanje primerne skrbi,
- zmanjšan vnos materialov in energije,
- olajšanje pridobivanja dovoljenj in pooblastil,
- spodbujanje razvoja in delitev okoljskih rešitev,
- izboljšanje odnosov med industrijo in vlado.
SIST ISO 14004 : 2001
Sistemi ravnanja z okoljem - Splošne smernice o načelih, sistemih
in podpornih tehnikah
1 Namen
Ta mednarodni standard podaja smernice za razvoj in izvajanje sistemov ravnanja z okoljem in načel
ter njihovo usklajevanje z drugimi sistemi vodenja.
Smernice v tem mednarodnem standardu lahko uporablja vsaka organizacija ne glede na svojo
velikost, vrsto ali raven zrelosti, ki želi razviti, izvajati oziroma izboljšati sistem ravnanja z okoljem.
Te smernice so prostovoljno orodje notranjega vodenja in se ne uporabljajo kot merilo za
certifikacijo/registracijo sistema ravnanja z okoljem.
2 Zveza z drugimi standardi
Standard se ne navezuje na noben drug standard.
3 Definicije
V tem standardu veljajo naslednje definicije.
3.1 Nenehno izboljševanje
Proces stopnjevanja sistema ravnanja z okoljem, tako da se celoten učinek ravnanja z okoljem
izboljšuje v skladu z okoljsko politiko organizacije do okolja.
Opomba: Ni nujno, da proces poteka na vseh področjih dejavnosti hkrati.
3.2 Okolje
Okolica, v kateri organizacija deluje, ki zajema zrak, vodo, tla, naravne vire, rastlinstvo, živalstvo, ljudi
in njihove medsebojne odnose.
Opomba: Okolica se v tej zvezi razteza od notranjosti organizacije do svetovnega sistema.
3.3 Okoljski vidik
Element dejavnosti, proizvodov ali storitev organizacije, ki lahko součinkuje z okoljem.
Opomba: Pomemben okoljski vidik je tisti okoljski vidik, ki pomembno ali ki lahko pomembno vpliva na okolje.
3.4 Vpliv na okolje
Vsako spreminjanje okolja, bodisi neugodno ali ugodno, ki v celoti ali delno izvira iz dejavnosti,
proizvodov ali storitev organizacije.
3.5 Sistem ravnanja z okoljem
Tisti del celotnega sistema vodenja, ki vključuje organizacijsko strukturo, planiranje dejavnosti,
odgovornosti, delovne tehnike, postopke, procese in sredstva za razvoj, izvajanje, doseganje,
pregledovanje in vzdrževanje okoljske politike.
3.6 Presoja sistema ravnanja z okoljem
Sistematičen in dokumentiran verifikacijski proces, s katerim se nepristransko pridobijo in ovrednotijo
dokazi za ugotavljanje, ali sistem ravnanja z okoljem ustreza presojevalnim merilom, ki jih je postavila
organizacija, ter za obveščanje vodstva o rezultatih tega procesa.
SIST ISO 14004 : 2001
3.7 Okvirni okoljski cilj
Celovit okoljski cilj, ki si ga zastavi organizacija na podlagi okoljske politike in se izrazi v kvantitativnih
vrednostih, kadar je to izvedljivo.
3.8 Učinek ravnanja z okoljem
Merljivi rezultati sistema ravnanja z okoljem, povezani z obvladovanjem okoljskih vidikov, ki temeljijo
na okoljski politiki ter okvirnih in izvedbenih okoljskih ciljih organizacije.
3.9 Okoljska politika
Izjava organizacije o njenih namerah in načelih o celotnem učinku ravnanja z okoljem in je okvir za
delovanje in postavitev okvirnih in izvedbenih okoljskih ciljev.
3.10 Izvedbeni okoljski cilj
Podrobna zahteva v zvezi z učinki, kvantificirana, če je to izvedljivo, ki jo je mogoče navezati na celotno
organizacijo ali njene dele in izhaja iz okvirnih okoljskih ciljev ter jo organizacija mora postaviti in
izpolniti, če želi doseči te okvirne okoljske cilje.
3.11 Zainteresirana stranka
Posameznik ali skupina, ki se ukvarja z učinkom ravnanja z okoljem organizacije ali je zaradi tega
učinka ravnanja z okoljem prizadet(a).
3.12 Organizacija
Družba, korporacija, firma, podjetje, upravni organ ali ustanova ali njen/njegov del ali njihova kombinacija,
ki je lahko povezana ali ne, javna ali zasebna, ki ima svoje lastne naloge in administracijo.
Opomba: Pri organizacijah, ki imajo več kot eno delovno enoto, se lahko tudi posamezna delovna enota šteje za organizacijo.
3.13 Preprečevanje onesnaževanja
Uporaba procesov, tehnik dela, materialov ali proizvodov, s katerimi se je moč izogniti onesnaževanju
ali ga zmanjšati ali obvladovati, in lahko zajema reciklažo, obdelavo, spremembe procesov,
mehanizme obvladovanja, učinkovito izrabo virov in zamenjavo materiala.
Opomba: Morebitne koristi preprečevanja onesnaževanja so zmanjšanje škodljivih vplivov na okolje, izboljšanje
učinkovitosti in zmanjšanje stroškov.
4 Načela in elementi sistema ravnanja z okoljem
Model sistema ravnanja z okoljem (glej sliko 1) sledi osnovnemu pogledu organizacije, ki upošteva ta
načela:
1. načelo - zavezanost in politika
Organizacija naj določi svojo okoljsko politiko in zagotovi zavezanost sistemu ravnanja z okoljem.
2. načelo - načrtovanje
Organizacija naj izdela plan za izpolnitev svoje okoljske politike.
3. načelo - izvajanje
Za učinkovito izvajanje naj organizacija razvije sposobnosti in podporne mehanizme, potrebne za
doseganje okoljske politike ter okvirnih in izvedbenih okoljskih ciljev.
SIST ISO 14004 : 2001
4. načelo - merjenje in vrednotenje
Organizacija naj meri, spremlja in vrednoti učinek svojega ravnanja z okoljem.
5. načelo - pregled in izboljševanje
Organizacija naj pregleduje in nenehno izboljšuje svoj sistem ravnanja z okoljem, da bo tako izboljšala
celostni učinek ravnanja z okoljem.
Ob upoštevanju naštetega si je sistem ravnanja z okoljem najbolje predstavljati kot organizacijski okvir,
ki naj ga organizacija nenehno spremlja/nadzoruje in periodično pregleduje, da zagotavlja učinkovito
usmerjanje okoljske dejavnosti organizacije kot odziv na spreminjajoče se notranje in zunanje
dejavnike. Vsak posameznik v organizaciji naj sprejme odgovornost za izboljševanje okolja.
*Izrazi iz ISO 14001.
Slika 1: Model sistema ravnanja z okoljem za ta mednarodni standard
SIST ISO 14004 : 2001
4.1 Zavezanost in politika
1. načelo - zavezanost in politika
Organizacija naj določi svojo okoljsko politiko in zagotovi zavezanost sistemu ravnanja z okoljem.
4.1.1 Splošno
Organizacija naj začne uvajati sistem tam, kjer je to očitno koristno, na primer, osredotoči naj se na
izpolnjevanje zahtev, ki izhajajo iz zakonodaje, omeji vire morebitnih odškodninskih zahtev ali
učinkoviteje izrablja materiale.
Medtem ko organizacija pridobiva izkušnje ter začenja oblikovati sistem ravnanja z okoljem, lahko
postavi (določi) postopke, programe in tehnologije za nadaljnje izboljševanje učinka ravnanja z
okoljem. Z dozorevanjem sistema ravnanja z okoljem pa lahko okoljska načela vključi v vse poslovne
odločitve.
4.1.2 Zavezanost najvišjega vodstva in voditeljstvo
Da bi bil uspeh zagotovljen, mora biti najvišje vodstvo organizacije že na začetku razvijanja ali
izboljševanja sistema ravnanja z okoljem predano izboljšanju okoljskega vodenja svojih dejavnosti,
proizvodov ali storitev. Nenehna zavezanost in voditeljstvo najvišjega vodstva sta odločilna.
4.1.3 Začetni okoljski pregled
Trenutni položaj organizacije glede na okolje je mogoče določiti z začetnim okoljskim pregledom.
Začetni pregled lahko vključuje:
- prepoznavanje zahtev, ki izhajajo iz zakonodaje in predpisov,
- prepoznavanje okoljskih vidikov dejavnosti, proizvodov ali storitev organizacije, da se določijo
tisti, ki pomembno vplivajo na okolje oziroma so lahko vir odškodninskih zahtevkov,
- ovrednotenje učinkov v primerjavi z ustreznimi notranjimi merili, zunanjimi standardi, predpisi,
industrijskimi pravili za tehniko dela ter nabori načel in smernic,
- obstoječe delovne tehnike in postopke ravnanja z okoljem,
- prepoznavanje obstoječe politike ter postopkov nabave in sklepanja pogodb,
- pridobitev povratnih informacij iz preiskovanja predhodnih primerov neustreznosti,
- prepoznavanje priložnosti za konkurenčne prednosti,
- stališča zainteresiranih strank,
- naloge ali dejavnosti drugih organizacijskih sistemov, ki lahko omogočijo ali ovirajo učinek
ravnanja z okoljem.
V vseh primerih naj organizacija pretehta celoten obseg obratovalnih pogojev, vključno z morebitnimi
nezgodami in načinom ravnanja v nujnih primerih.
Proces in izsledke začetnega okoljskega pregleda naj organizacija dokumentira in prepozna možnosti
za razvoj sistema ravnanja z okoljem.
SIST ISO 14004 : 2001
Praktična pomoč - začetni okoljski pregled
Prvi pomemben korak je izdelava seznama področij, ki jih je treba pregledati. Ta seznam lahko
vključuje dejavnosti organizacije, posamezne operacije ali posamezno lokacijo.
Splošne tehnike za izvajanje pregledov vključujejo:
-  vprašalnike,
-  pogovore,
-  kontrolne sezname,
-  neposredne preglede in meritve,
-  pregled zapisov,
1)
- zgledovalno primerjanje .
Organizacije, tudi MSP, se lahko posvetujejo z zunanjimi viri, kot so:
-  vladne agencije v zvezi z zakoni in dovoljenji,
-  lokalne ali regionalne knjižnice ali baze podatkov,
-  druge organizacije, kjer se izmenjujejo informacije,
-  industrijska (panožna) združenja,
-  večje organizacije porabnikov,
-  izdelovalci uporabljane opreme,
-  poslovni stiki (na primer s tistimi, ki prevažajo in odstranjujejo odpadke),
-  strokovna pomoč.
4.1.4 Okoljska politika
Okoljska politika določa splošno usmerjenost in načela ravnanja organizacije. Glede na stopnjo
okoljske odgovornosti in učinkov ravnanja z okoljem določa cilje, ki so merilo za presojanje vsega
nadaljnjega ravnanja.
Naraslo je število mednarodnih organizacij in tudi vladnih organizacij in industrijskih združenj ter skupin
državljanov, ki so razvile vodilna načela (dva primera sta navedena v dodatku A). Takšna vodilna
načela pomagajo organizaciji določiti celotno področje zavezanosti okolju. Pomagajo tudi različnim
organizacijam določiti skupni nabor vrednot. Takšna vodilna načela lahko pomagajo pri oblikovanju
politike, ki je lahko tako individualna, kot je individualna organizacija, za katero je napisana.
Okoljska politika naj upošteva:
-  poslanstvo, vizijo, temeljne vrednote in prepričanje organizacije,
-  zahteve zainteresiranih strank in komunikacije z njimi,
-  nenehno izboljševanje,
-  preprečevanje onesnaženja,
-  vodilna načela,
-  usklajenost z drugo politiko organizacije (na primer kakovost, zdravje in varnost na delovnem mestu),
-  posebne lokalne ali regijske razmere,
-  izpolnjevanje ustreznih okoljskih predpisov, zakonov in drugih meril, ki jih organizacija mora upoštevati.

1)
Zgledovalno primerjanje je tehnika, pri kateri se proučijo najboljše delovne tehnike ne glede na to, ali obstajajo znotraj lastne
organizacije, v organizaciji poslovnih tekmecev ali v drugi industriji, z namenom prevzeti jih ali jih zboljšati.
SIST ISO 14004 : 2001
Ob okoljski politiki je treba pretehtati nekaj vprašanj:
1. Ali okoljska politika organizacije ustreza njenim dejavnostim, proizvodom ali storitvam?
2. Ali politika odraža vrednote in vodilna načela organizacije?
3. Ali je okoljsko politiko potrdilo najvišje vodstvo in je nekdo imenovan in pooblaščen za nadzorovanje  in
uvajanje sprejete politike?
4. Ali politika usmerja postavitev okvirnih in izvedbenih okoljskih ciljev?
5. Ali politika usmerja organizacijo k nadzorovalnemu spremljanju ustreznih tehnologij in vodstvenih praks?
6. Kako je zavezanost organizacije vgrajena v okoljsko politiko, na primer podpora nenehnemu
izboljševanju, podpora preprečevanju onesnaževanja, nadzorovalno spremljanje, doseganje ali
preseganje zakonodajnih zahtev in upoštevanje pričakovanj zainteresiranih strank?
Praktična pomoč - okoljska politika
Vse dejavnosti, proizvodi ali storitve lahko vplivajo na okolje. To naj bo razvidno iz okoljske politike.
Dodatek A vsebuje podroben pregled vodilnih načel, ki lahko pomagajo pri snovanju primerne
politike. Problematika, zajeta v politiki, pa je odvisna od narave organizacije. Poleg izpolnjevanja
okoljske zakonodaje lahko politika izraža zavezanost:
-  zmanjšanju kakršnihkoli pomembnih neugodnih vplivov na okolje zaradi nadaljnjega razvoja z
uporabo integriranih okoljskih postopkov vodenja in načrtovanja,
-  razvoju postopkov za oceno učinka ravnanja z okoljem in z njim povezanih kazalcev,
-  vključitvi razmišljanja o življenjskih ciklih,
-  načrtovanju proizvodov tako, da se čimbolj zmanjšajo vplivi na okolje med njihovo proizvodnjo,
uporabo in pri končnem odstranjevanju,
-  preprečevanju onesnaževanja, zmanjšanju količin odpadkov in porabe virov (materialov, goriva in
energije) ter ponovni uporabi in reciklaži v nasprotju z odlaganjem, kjer je to izvedljivo,
-  izobraževanju in usposabljanju,
-  izmenjevanju izkušenj na tem področju,
-  vključitvi zainteresiranih strank in komuniciranju z njimi,
-  delovanju v smeri sonaravnega razvoja,
-  spodbujanju uporabe sistemov ravnanja z okoljem pri dobaviteljih in pogodbenikih.
4.2 Načrtovanje
2. načelo - načrtovanje
Organizacija naj izdela plan za izpolnitev svoje okoljske politike.
4.2.1 Splošno
Elementi sistema ravnanja z okoljem, ki so vezani na načrtovanje, vključujejo:
-  prepoznavanje okoljskih vidikov in vrednotenje z njimi povezanih vplivov na okolje,
-  zahteve, ki izhajajo iz zakonodaje,
-  okoljsko politiko,
-  notranja merila učinka,
-  okvirne in izvedbene okoljske cilje,
-  okoljske plane in program ravnanja.
SIST ISO 14004 : 2001
4.2.2 Prepoznavanje okoljskih vidikov in vrednotenje z njimi povezanih vplivov na okolje
Politika ter okvirni in izvedbeni cilji temeljijo na poznavanju okoljskih vidikov in pomembnih vplivov na
okolje, ki izhajajo iz dejavnosti, proizvodov ali storitev organizacije. To zagotavlja, da so pomembni
vplivi na okolje, povezani s temi vidiki, upoštevani pri postavljanju okvirnih okoljskih ciljev.
Prepoznavanje okoljskih vidikov je stalen proces, ki določa pretekle, trenutne in morebitne vplive
(pozitivne in negativne) dejavnosti organizacije na okolje. Postopek vključuje tudi prepoznavanje
morebitne izpostavljenosti organizacije zahtevam predpisov, zakonodaje in poslovnim zahtevam.
Vključuje lahko tudi prepoznavanje vplivov na zdravje in varnost ter ocenjevanje okoljskega tveganja.
Pri prepoznavanju okoljskih vidikov in vrednotenju z njimi povezanih vplivov je treba pretehtati nekaj
vprašanj:
1.  Kateri okoljski vidiki izhajajo iz dejavnosti, proizvodov ali storitev organizacije?
2.  Ali dejavnosti, proizvodi ali storitve povzročajo pomembne neugodne vplive na okolje?
3.  Ali ima organizacija postopek za vrednotenje vplivov na okolje pri novih projektih?
4.  Ali lokacija organizacije zahteva poseben odnos do okolja, na primer na občutljivih okoljskih
območjih?
5.  Kako se bodo nameravane spremembe dejavnosti, proizvodov ali storitev ali dodajanje novih
odražale v okoljskih vidikih in z njimi povezanih vplivih?
6.  Kako pomembni ali občutni bi bili morebitni vplivi na okolje, če bi nastala okvara v procesu?
7.  Kako pogosto lahko nastane situacija, ki vodi v nastanek vplivov?
8.  Kateri so pomembni okoljski vidiki glede na vplive, verjetnost dogodka, težo posledic in
pogostnost?
9.  Ali so pomembni vplivi na okolje po obsegu lokalni, regionalni ali globalni?
SIST ISO 14004 : 2001
Praktična pomoč - prepoznavanje okoljskih vidikov in vrednotenje z njimi povezanih vplivov
na okolje
Med okoljskimi vidiki in vplivi na okolje velja zveza vzrokov in posledic.
Okoljski vidik se nanaša na element dejavnosti, proizvoda ali storitve organizacije, ki lahko ugodno
ali neugodno vpliva na okolje. Vključuje lahko, na primer, izpust, emisijo, porabo ali ponovno
uporabo materiala ali hrup.
Vpliv na okolje se nanaša na spremembo v okolju, ki nastane kot posledica vidika. Primeri vplivov so
lahko onesnaževanje ali zastrupitev vode ali izčrpanost naravnih virov.
Prepoznavanje okoljskih vidikov in vrednotenje z njimi povezanih vplivov na okolje je postopek, ki ga
je moč obravnavati v štirih korakih.
1. korak – izbor dejavnosti, proizvoda ali storitve
Izbrana dejavnost, proizvod ali storitev naj bo dovolj velika, da je mogoč smiseln pregled, in dovolj
majhna, da omogoča zadovoljivo razumevanje.
2. korak – prepoznavanje okoljskih vidikov dejavnosti, proizvoda ali storitve
Prepoznati je treba čimveč okoljskih vidikov, ki so povezani z izbrano dejavnostjo, proizvodom ali
storitvijo.
3. korak – prepoznavanje vplivov na okolje
Prepoznati je treba čimveč dejanskih ter morebitnih pozitivnih in negativnih vplivov na okolje, ki so
povezani z vsakim prepoznanim vidikom.
Primeri teh treh korakov so prikazani spodaj:
Dejavnost, proizvod ali Vidik Vpliv
storitev
Dejavnost - ravnanje z Možnost naključnega izlitja Zastrupitev zemlje ali vode
nevarnimi snovmi
Proizvod - izboljšava Manjšanje prostornine ob Ohranjanje naravnih virov
proizvoda predelavi proizvoda
Storitev - vzdrževanje vozil Izpusti emisij Zmanjšanje emisij v ozračje
4. korak - vrednotenje pomena vplivov
Pomen vsakega prepoznanega vpliva na okolje je lahko za vsako organizacijo drugačen. Merljivost
lahko olajša presojo.
Pri vrednotenju si je mogoče pomagati s preverjanjem:
a) okoljskih postavk:
-  obsega vpliva,
-  teže vpliva,
-  verjetnosti vpliva,
-  trajanja vpliva;
SIST ISO 14004 : 2001
b) poslovnih postavk:
-   potencialne izpostavljenosti predpisom in zakonodaji,
-   težavnosti spreminjanja vpliva,
-   stroškov spreminjanja vpliva,
-   učinka sprememb na druge dejavnosti in procese,
-   zaskrbljenosti zainteresiranih strank,
-   učinka na ugled organizacije v javnosti.
4.2.3 Zakonske in druge zahteve
Organizacija naj vzpostavi in vzdržuje postopek za prepoznavanje, dostop in razumevanje tistih
zakonskih in drugih zahtev, na katere je organizacija pristala in ki se neposredno nanašajo na okoljske
vidike njenih dejavnosti, proizvodov ali storitev.
Pri zakonskih in drugih zahtevah je treba pretehtati nekaj vprašanj:
1.  Kako so organizaciji dostopne in kako prepoznava bistvene zakonske in druge zahteve?
2.  Kako organizacija spremlja zakonske in druge zahteve?
3.  Kako organizacija zaznava spremembe v zakonskih in drugih zahtevah?
4.  Kako organizacija sporoča ustrezne informacije o zakonskih in drugih zahtevah svojim
zaposlenim?
Praktična pomoč – zakonske in druge zahteve
Da bi organizacija vzdrževala ustreznost predpisom, naj prepozna in razume zahteve zakonodaje, ki
se nanašajo na njene dejavnosti, proizvode ali storitve. Predpisi imajo lahko več oblik:
-  tisti, ki so značilni za dejavnost (na primer uporabna dovoljenja),
-  tisti, ki so značilni za proizvode ali storitve organizacije,
-  tisti, ki so značilni za vrsto industrije, v kateri organizacija deluje,
-  splošni okoljski zakoni,
-  pooblastila, licence in dovoljenja.
Pri prepoznavanju okoljskih predpisov in nenehnih sprememb je moč uporabiti več virov, vključno z:
-  vsemi vladnimi ravnmi,
-  industrijskimi združenji ali skupinami,
-  komercialnimi bazami podatkov,
-  strokovnimi storitvami.
Za lažje spremljanje zakonskih zahtev lahko organizacija vzpostavi in vzdržuje seznam zakonov in
predpisov, ki se nanašajo na njene dejavnosti, proizvode ali storitve.
4.2.4 Notranja merila učinka
Kjer zunanji standardi ne izpolnjujejo potreb organizacije ali pa jih sploh ni, naj organizacija razvije in
uvede notranje prioritete in merila. Notranja merila učinka skupaj z zunanjimi standardi pomagajo
organizaciji pri razvijanju njenih okvirnih in izvedbenih ciljev.
SIST ISO 14004 : 2001
Praktična pomoč – notranja merila učinka
Primeri področij, na katerih ima organizacija lahko notranja merila učinka, so:
- sistemi vodenja,
- odgovornosti zaposlenih,
- nakup, prodaja in ravnanje z nepremičninami,
- dobavitelji,
- pogodbeniki,
- upravljanje proizvodov,
- okoljsko komuniciranje,
- odnos do predpisov,
- odziv in pripravljenost za ravnanje v nujnih primerih,
- okoljsko zavedanje in usposabljanje,
- okoljske meritve in izboljševanje,
- zmanjšanje tveganosti procesa,
- preprečevanje onesnaževanja in ohranjanje virov,
- pomembni projekti,
- sprememba procesov,
- ravnanje z nevarnimi snovmi,
- ravnanje z odpadki,
- ravnanje z vodo (na primer: odpadne, meteorne in talne vode),
- obvladovanje kakovosti zraka,
- ravnanje z energijo,
-prevozi.
4.2.5 Okvirni in izvedbeni okoljski cilji
Okvirni cilji naj izpolnjujejo zahteve, ki izhajajo iz okoljske politike organizacije. To so splošni cilji, ki naj
dosegajo zaželene učinke ravnanja z okoljem, kot jih določa okoljska politika. Pri postavitvi okvirnih
ciljev naj organizacija upošteva bistvene izsledke okoljskih pregledov ter prepoznane okoljske vidike in
z njimi povezane okoljske vplive.
Izvedbeni cilji so potem določeni tako, da izpolnjujejo zastavljene okvirne cilje v predpisanem
časovnem obdobju. Izvedbeni cilji so specifični in merljivi.
Ko so okvirni in izvedbeni cilji določeni, naj organizacija razmisli o vzpostavitvi merljivih kazalcev učinka
ravnanja z okoljem. Ti kazalci so osnova za sistem vrednotenja učinka ravnanja z okoljem in dajejo
informacije o sistemu ravnanja z okoljem in tudi o operacijskih sistemih.
Okvirni in izvedbeni okoljski cilji se lahko nanašajo na organizacijo na splošno ali pa so omejeni na
posebno lokacijo ali posamezno dejavnost. Okvirni in izvedbeni cilji naj se določajo na primernih
vodstvenih ravneh. Organizacija naj okvirne in izvedbene cilje periodično pregleduje in obnavlja,
upošteva naj stališča zainteresiranih strank.
Pri okvirnih in izvedbenih okoljskih ciljih je treba pretehtati nekaj vprašanj:
1. Kako okvirni in izvedbeni okoljski cilji odražajo tako okoljsko politiko kot tudi pomembne vplive na
okolje, ki izhajajo iz dejavnosti, proizvodov ali storitev organizacije?
2. Kako so zaposleni, ki so odgovorni za doseganje okvirnih in izvedbenih ciljev, sodelovali pri
njihovem razvoju?
3. Kako so bila upoštevana stališča zainteresiranih strank?
4. Kateri specifični merljivi kazalci so bili vzpostavljeni za okvirne in izvedbene cilje?
5. Kako se okvirni in izvedbeni cilji redno pregledujejo ter kako se ti cilji popravljajo, da odražajo
želene izboljšave in učinek ravnanja z okoljem?
SIST ISO 14004 : 2001
Praktična pomoč - okvirni in izvedbeni okoljski cilji
Okvirni cilji lahko vključujejo zavezanost:
- zmanjšanju količine odpadkov in izčrpavanja virov,
- zmanjšanju ali prenehanju izpuščanja onesnaževalcev v okolje,
- načrtovanju proizvodov tako, da se čimbolj zmanjšajo njihovi vplivi na okolje med proizvodnjo,
uporabo in pri končnem odstranjevanju,
- obvladovanju vplivov surovinskih virov na okolje,
- zmanjšanju kakršnihkoli pomembnih neugodnih vplivov na okolje ob nadaljnjem razvoju,
- dvigovanju okoljske zavesti med zaposlenimi in v skupnosti.
Napredek pri doseganju okvirnih ciljev je na splošno mogoče meriti s kazalci učinka ravnanja z
okoljem, kot so:
-količina uporabljenih surovin in energije,
-količina emisij, na primer CO ,
-količina proizvedenih odpadkov na količino izdelanega proizvoda,
-učinkovitost izrabe materialov in energije,
- število okoljskih nezgod (na primer preseganje mejnih dovoljenih vrednosti),
- število okoljskih nesreč (nenačrtovanih izpustov),
- delež recikliranih odpadkov,
- delež recikliranih materialov, ki se uporabljajo za pakiranje,
- število kilometrov, ki jih prevozijo vozila, na enoto proizvodnje,
-količine posebnih onesnaževalcev, na primer NO , SO , CO, HC, Pb, CFCs,
x 2
- naložbe v varstvo okolja,
- število sodnih prekrškov,
- obseg zemljišč, namenjenih naravnemu življenjskemu prostoru.
Celovit primer:
Okvirni cilj: zmanjšanje energije, potrebne za proizvodno dejavnost.
Izvedbeni cilj: desetodstotno zmanjšanje porabe energije v primerjavi z minulim letom.
Kazalec: količina goriv in elektrike na enoto proizvodnje.
4.2.6 Program(i) ravnanja z okoljem
Organizacija naj v okviru splošnih dejavnosti načrtovanja pripravi program ravnanja z okoljem, ki bo
zajel vse okvirne okoljske cilje. Za večjo učinkovitost naj organizacija načrtovanje ravnanja z okoljem
vključi v svoj strateški načrt. Programi ravnanja z okoljem naj vključujejo časovne plane, sredstva in
odgovornosti za doseganje okvirnih in izvedbenih okoljskih ciljev organizacije.
V programu ravnanja z okoljem so prepoznane specifične dejavnosti, ki so skladno s prioritetami
uvrščene v okvir, ki ga daje načrtovanje ravnanja z okoljem. Te dejavnosti se lahko nanašajo na
posamezne procese, projekte, proizvode, storitve, lokacije ali zgradbe na lokaciji.
Programi ravnanja z okoljem pomagajo organizaciji izboljšati učinek ravnanja z okoljem. Programi naj
bodo dinamični in redno obnovljeni tako, da se v njih odražajo spremembe v okvirnih in izvedbenih
ciljih.
SIST ISO 14004 : 2001
Ob programu (programih) ravnanja z okoljem je treba pretehtati nekaj vprašanj:
1. Kakšen postopek ima organizacija za razvoj programov ravnanja z okoljem?
2. Ali postopek načrtovanja ravnanja z okoljem vključuje vse odgovorne strani?
3. Ali obstaja postopek za periodični pregled programa?
4. Kako ti programi rešujejo vprašanja sredstev, odgovornosti, časovnih rokov in prioritet?
5. Kako se v programih ravnanja z okoljem odražajo okoljska politika in splošne aktivnosti načrtovanja?
6. Kako se izvajata nadzorno spremljanje in pregled programov ravnanja z okoljem?
Praktična pomoč - program ravnanja z okoljem
Sledi primer procesa razvoja programa ravnanja z okoljem:
Zavezanost in politika Načrtovanje Primer
Obveznost, ki izhaja iz Ohranjanje naravnih virov
1)
okoljske politike 1
Okvirni cilj 1 Zmanjšanje količine porabljene vode,
kjerkoli je to tehnično in komercialno
izvedljivo
Izvedbeni cilj 1 V enem letu zmanjšanje količine porabljene
vode na izbranih lokacijah za petnajst
odstotkov glede na sedanjo porabo
Okoljski program 1 Ponovna uporaba vode
Ukrep 1 Vgraditev naprav za ponovno uporabo vode
za izpiranje, ki nastaja v procesu A, v
procesu B
1)
Organizacija naj ta proces ponavlja za vse obveznosti iz okoljske politike, okvirne in izvedbene cilje.
4.3 Izvajanje
3. načelo - izvajanje
Za učinkovito izvajanje naj organizacija razvije potrebne sposobnosti in podporne mehanizme,
potrebne za doseganje okoljske politike ter okvirnih in izvedbenih okoljskih ciljev.
4.3.1 Splošno
Sposobnosti in podporni mehanizmi, ki jih potrebuje organizacija, se ves čas razvijajo z odzivanjem na
spreminjajoče se zahteve zainteresiranih strank, dinamičnega poslovnega okolja in postopka
nenehnega izboljševanja. Organizacija lahko svoje okvirne okoljske cilje doseže s tem, da se
osredotoči na svoje ljudi, sisteme, strategijo, sredstva in strukturo.
Številne organizacije lahko ravnanje z okoljem izvajajo v več korakih. Izvajanje naj temelji na stopnji
spoznanih okoljskih zahtev, vidikov, pričakovanj in ugodnosti ter razpoložljivosti sredstev.
SIST ISO 14004 : 2001
4.3.2 Zagotavljanje sposobnosti
4.3.2.1. Viri - človeški, materialni in finančni
Organizacija naj določi ustrezne človeške, materialne (na primer naprave, opremo) in finančne vire, ki
so nujni pri uvajanju okoljske politike organizacije in pri doseganju okvirnih ciljev, ter naj poskrbi za
njihovo razpoložljivost. Pri razporejanju virov lahko organizacije razvijejo postopke, ki spremljajo koristi
in tudi stroške njihovih dejavnosti, povezanih z okoljem. Vključena so lahko vprašanja, kot so stroški
nadzora nad onesnaževanjem, odpadki in ravnanja z odpadki.
Pri človeških, materialnih in finančnih virih je treba pretehtati vprašanji:
1.  Kako organizacija prepoznava in razporeja človeške, tehnične in finančne vire, ki so potrebni za
doseganje okvirnih in izvedbenih okoljskih ciljev, vključno s tistimi, ki jih potrebuje pri novih
projektih?
2. Kako organizacija spremlja stroške in pridobitve okoljskih dejavnosti?
Praktična pomoč - človeški, materialni in finančni viri
Razpoložljivi viri in organizacijska struktura majhnih in srednje velikih podjetij (MSP) lahko pri
izvajanju sistema predstavljajo določene omejitve. Te omejitve naj majhno ali srednje veliko podjetje
poskuša premagati tako, da, kjerkoli je to mogoče, razmišlja o strategijah sodelovanja z:
- večjimi organizacijami, s katerimi posluje, zaradi izmenjevanja tehnologij in znanja,
- drugimi majhnimi in srednje velikimi podjetji v dobavni verigi ali v bližini, s katerimi lahko
določa in obravnava skupna vprašanja, izmenjuje znanje, podpira tehnični razvoj, skupaj
uporablja naprave, določi način, kako proučiti sistem ravnanja z okoljem, uporablja skupne
svetovalce,
- organizacijami za standardizacijo, majhnimi in srednje velikimi podjetji, gospodarskimi
zbornicami pri programih usposabljanja in ozaveščanja,
- univerzami in drugimi raziskovalnimi središči, ki lahko dajejo podporo proizvodnji in inovacijam.
4.3.2.2 Uvrstitev in vključitev sistema ravnanja z okoljem
Organizacija naj za učinkovito ravnanje z okoljem elemente sistema ravnanja z okoljem načrtuje ali
pregleduje tako, da so učinkovito uvrščeni in vključeni v obstoječe el
...