ISO 10333-2:2000
(Main)Personal fall-arrest systems — Part 2: Lanyards and energy absorbers
Personal fall-arrest systems — Part 2: Lanyards and energy absorbers
This part of ISO 10333 specifies requirements, test methods, instructions for use and maintenance, marking, labelling and packaging, as appropriate, for lanyards and energy absorbers. Lanyards and energy absorbers are used together as a connecting subsystem in personal fall-arrest systems (PFAS) which will be specified in a future International Standard (see ISO 10333-6 in the Bibliography). Two classes of energy absorbers are specified for the purposes of this part of ISO 10333: a) Type 1: used in PFAS where, due to installation, the potential free-fall distance can be limited to a maximum of 1,8 m and, if a fall takes place, the arresting force is limited to a maximum of 4,0 kN; b) Type 2: used in PFAS where, due to installation, the potential free-fall distance can be limited to a maximum of 4,0 m and, if a fall takes place, the arresting force is limited to a maximum of 6,0 kN. This part of ISO 10333 is applicable only to lanyards and energy absorbers limited to single-person use of a total mass not exceeding 100 kg. NOTE Users of fall-protection equipment whose total mass (including tools and equipment) exceeds 100 kg are advised to seek advice from the equipment manufacturer regarding the suitability of this equipment, which may need additional testing. For the purposes of this part of ISO 10333, energy absorbers may be supplied integral to a lanyard, integral to a full body harness (FBH), or may be supplied separately. The scope of this part of ISO 10333 does not extend to: a) PFAS that incorporate lanyards without energy absorbers or without a means of energy dissipation; b) special lanyards and energy absorbers which are integral (i.e. can only be separated by mutilation or by special tool) to the PFAS components as specified in ISO 10333-4. This part of ISO 10333 does not specify those additional requirements that would apply when lanyards and energy absorbers are subjected to special conditions of use (where, for example, there exist unusual limitations concerning access to the place of work and/or particular environmental factors). Thus treatments to ensure the durability of the materials of construction (such as heat treatment, anti-corrosion treatment, protection against physical and chemical hazards) are not specified in this part of ISO 10333, but should comply with appropriate International Standards or, failing that, with national standards and other specifications dealing with relevant physical characteristics and/or the safety of users. In particular, when it is considered necessary to test the corrosion resistance of metallic parts of the equipment, reference should be made to ISO 9227.
Systèmes individuels d'arrêt de chute — Partie 2: Longes et absorbeurs d'énergie
General Information
Related Packages
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10333-2
First edition
2000-03-15
Personal fall-arrest systems —
Part 2:
Lanyards and energy absorbers
Systèmes individuels d'arrêt de chute —
Partie 2: Longes et absorbeurs d'énergie
Reference number
ISO 10333-2:2000(E)
©
ISO 2000
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ISO 10333-2:2000(E)
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ISO 10333-2:2000(E)
Contents Page
Foreword.iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope .1
2 Normative references .2
3 Terms and definitions .2
3.1 Lanyards and energy absorbers .2
3.2 General definitions .4
4 Requirements.4
4.1 General.4
4.2 Lanyard .4
4.3 Energy absorber .6
5 Test methods.8
5.1 Apparatus .8
5.2 Lanyard tests.10
5.3 Energy absorber tests.11
6 Instructions for general use, marking, packaging and maintenance.14
6.1 Instructions for general use .14
6.2 Marking .15
6.3 Packaging.16
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ISO 10333-2:2000(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO 10333 may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 10333-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 94, Personal safety —
Protective clothing and equipment, Subcommittee SC 4, Personal equipment for protection against falls.
ISO 10333 consists of the following parts, under the general title Personal fall-arrest systems:
� Part 1: Full-body harnesses
� Part 2: Lanyards and energy absorbers
� Part 3: Self-retracting lifelines
� Part 4: Vertical rails and vertical lifelines which incorporate a sliding-type fall arrester
� Part 5: Connectors
The systems performance tests will be the subject of a future part 6 to ISO 10333.
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ISO 10333-2:2000(E)
Introduction
In cases where the hazard of falling from a height exists and where, for technical reasons or for work of very short
duration, safe access cannot be otherwise provided, it is necessary to consider the use of personal fall-arrest
systems (PFAS). Such use should never be improvised and its adoption should be specifically provided for in the
appropriate formal provisions for safety in the work place.
PFAS complying with this part of ISO 10333 should satisfy ergonomic requirements and should only be used if the
work allows means of connection to a suitable anchor device of demonstrated strength and if it can be implemented
without compromising the safety of the user. Personnel should be trained and instructed in the safe use of the
equipment and be observant of such training and instruction.
This part of ISO 10333 is based on current knowledge and practice concerning the use of PFAS that incorporate a
full body harness as specified in ISO 10333-1.
This part of ISO 10333 presumes that the manufacturer of the PFAS, subsystems or components will, for the sake
of consistency and traceability, operate a quality management system which will comply with national and regional
regulations in force at the time. Guidance on the form this quality management system may take can be found in
ISO 9000 (all parts), Quality management and quality assurance standards.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10333-2:2000(E)
Personal fall-arrest systems
Part 2:
Lanyards and energy absorbers
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10333 specifies requirements, test methods, instructions for use and maintenance, marking,
labelling and packaging, as appropriate, for lanyards and energy absorbers.
Lanyards and energy absorbers are used together as a connecting subsystem in personal fall-arrest systems
(PFAS) which will be specified in a future International Standard (see ISO 10333-6 in the Bibliography).
Two classes of energy absorbers are specified for the purposes of this part of ISO 10333:
a) Type 1: used in PFAS where, due to installation, the potential free-fall distance can be limited to a maximum
of 1,8 m and, if a fall takes place, the arresting force is limited to a maximum of 4,0 kN;
b) Type 2: used in PFAS where, due to installation, the potential free-fall distance can be limited to a maximum
of 4,0 m and, if a fall takes place, the arresting force is limited to a maximum of 6,0 kN.
This part of ISO 10333 is applicable only to lanyards and energy absorbers limited to single-person use of a total
mass not exceeding 100 kg.
NOTE Users of fall-protection equipment whose total mass (including tools and equipment) exceeds 100 kg are advised to
seek advice from the equipment manufacturer regarding the suitability of this equipment, which may need additional testing.
For the purposes of this part of ISO 10333, energy absorbers may be supplied integral to a lanyard, integral to a full
body harness (FBH), or may be supplied separately.
The scope of this part of ISO 10333 does not extend to:
a) PFAS that incorporate lanyards without energy absorbers or without a means of energy dissipation;
b) special lanyards and energy absorbers which are integral (i.e. can only be separated by mutilation or by
special tool) to the PFAS components as specified in ISO 10333-4.
This part of ISO 10333 does not specify those additional requirements that would apply when lanyards and energy
absorbers are subjected to special conditions of use (where, for example, there exist unusual limitations concerning
access to the place of work and/or particular environmental factors). Thus treatments to ensure the durability of the
materials of construction (such as heat treatment, anti-corrosion treatment, protection against physical and
chemical hazards) are not specified in this part of ISO 10333, but should comply with appropriate International
Standards or, failing that, with national standards and other specifications dealing with relevant physical
characteristics and/or the safety of users. In particular, when it is considered necessary to test the corrosion
resistance of metallic parts of the equipment, reference should be made to ISO 9227.
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ISO 10333-2:2000(E)
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this part of ISO 10333. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications
do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 10333 are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated
references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 1140:1990, Ropes — Polyamide — Specification.
ISO 1141:1990, Ropes — Polyester — Specification.
ISO 1834:1999, Short link chain for lifting purposes — General conditions of acceptance.
ISO 1835:1980, Short link chain for lifting purposes — Grade M (4), non-calibrated,for chain slings etc.
ISO 2307:1990, Ropes — Determination of certain physical and mechanical properties.
ISO 3108:1974, Steel wire ropes for general purposes — Determination of actual breaking load.
ISO 4878:1981, Textiles — Flat woven webbing slings made of man-made fibre.
ISO 9227:1990, Corrosion tests in artificial atmospheres — Salt spray tests.
1)
ISO 10333-1:— , Personal fall-arrest systems — Part 1: Full body harnesses.
ISO 10333-4, Personal fall-arrest systems — Part 4: Vertical rails and vertical lifelines which incorporate a sliding-
type fall arrester.
ISO 10333-5, Personal fall-arrest systems — Part 5: Connectors.
ISO 14567, Personal protective equipment for protection against falls from a height — Single-point anchor devices.
EN 892:1996, Mountaineering equipment — Dynamic mountaineering ropes — Safety requirements and test
methods.
EN 1891:1998, Personal protective equipment for prevention of falls from a height — Low stretch kernmantel
ropes.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this part of ISO 10333, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 Lanyards and energy absorbers
3.1.1
lanyard
finished length of flexible material, which in conjunction with an energy absorber is used as a connecting
subsystem in PFAS
3.1.2
adjustable lanyard
lanyard which incorporates a mechanism which allows its length to be shortened or lengthened
1) To be published.
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ISO 10333-2:2000(E)
3.1.3
energy absorber
component designed to dissipate the kinetic energy generated during a fall, and which limits the arresting forces
applied to the PFAS, anchor device and user
3.1.4
energy-absorbing lanyard
lanyard with an integral energy absorber
3.1.5
FBH with energy absorber
FBH with an integral energy absorber
3.1.6
permanent extension
difference in the pin centre lengths of an energy absorber before and after deployment
3.1.7
pin centre length (PCL)
straight line distance measured between the bearing point of one energy absorber termination to the other, with the
absorber under tension
SeeFigure1.
Figure 1 — Example of an energy absorber (upper view) and an energy-absorbing lanyard (lower view)
3.1.8
deployment
when the energy absorber begins and continues to permanently extend in order to dissipate the energy applied to
it,itis saidtohavedeployed
NOTE In the case of the tear-web/tear-stitch types, tearing produces a permanent extension; in the case of the friction
types, dragging of the rope or webbing through the friction device produces a permanent extension.
3.1.9
free-fall distance
total vertical distance through which a worker falls under the forces of gravity and air resistance only, from the start
of the fall to the onset of the arresting force
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ISO 10333-2:2000(E)
3.1.10
total mass
total sum of the worker’s mass plus all attached clothing and equipment
3.2 General definitions
3.2.1
component
constituent part of a PFAS (3.2.3) or subsystem (3.2.2) that has completed the manufacturer’s production cycle and
is available for purchase
3.2.2
subsystem
constituent part of a PFAS (3.2.3) which may consist of one or more components, and is used to connect the user
from the fall-arrest attachment element of the FBH to the anchor device
NOTE A subsystem performs the two essential functions in PFAS of a) connecting, and b) arresting and energy
absorbing.
3.2.3
personal fall-arrest system
PFAS
assembly of interconnected components and subsystems, including a FBH worn by the user, that when connected
to a suitable anchor device will arrest a fall from a height
NOTE A PFAS minimizes the fall-arrest forces, controls the total fall distance so as to prevent collision with the ground or
other relevant obstruction, and maintains the user in a suitable post-fall arrest attitude for rescue purposes.
4 Requirements
4.1 General
To ensure that components assembled into a personal fall-arrest system perform correctly, it is recommended that
[1]
they be tested in accordance with ISO 10333-6 .
4.2 Lanyard
4.2.1 Fibre ropes and webbing
4.2.1.1 Fibre ropes, webbing and sewing threads for lanyards shall be made from virgin high-tenacity filament
or multifilament synthetic fibre or fibres suitable for the intended use.
4.2.1.2 The number of strands of a laid rope shall be at least three. Three-strand polyamide ropes shall
comply with ISO 1140, three-strand polyester ropes with ISO 1141.
4.2.1.3 Lanyards constructed from braided rope shall comply with EN 892 (single rope) or EN 1891, type A.
Any equivalent material is acceptable.
4.2.1.4 Where lanyards are specified for, or when it is known that lanyards will be used in work carried out
near welding or oxy-cutting stations or heat sources, lanyards shall be protected by suitable heat-protective means.
4.2.2 Chains
Chains shall comply with the requirements for 6,0 mm chains given in ISO 1835. Egg-shaped or similar end links
and all connecting links shall be compatible with the chain in all respects. After manufacture, chain lanyards shall
be proof tested to the levels given in ISO 1834.
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ISO 10333-2:2000(E)
4.2.3 Terminations
4.2.3.1 One end of a lanyard may be permanently spliced or fixed to a FBH in accordance with ISO 10333-1,
or to an energy absorber according to this part of ISO 10333, or to a connector which meets the requirements of
ISO 10333-5. The free end(s) of the lanyard shall be terminated in such a manner that they can be connected into
a PFAS by an appropriate connector which meets the requirements of ISO 10333-5.
4.2.3.2 Eye splices in laid fibre rope shall consist of four tucks using all the yarns in the strands and two
tapered tucks. The length of the splicing tails emerging after the last tuck shall be at least one rope diameter. Tails
shall be whipped to the rope and protected with a rubber or plastic sleeve, or otherwise integrally finished to
prevent the termination or splice from unravelling. Sealing compounds used shall be compatible with the rope
material. Eyes shall be formed around a plastic or metal thimble of size and strength in accordance with the rope
manufacturer’s recommendations.
4.2.3.3 Stitched eye terminations on webbing lanyards shall be sewn using lock stitching. Thread shall be
compatible with the webbing material and shall be a contrasting colour to facilitate inspection. Reinforcement or
another method shall be used to protect terminations from concentrated wear at all webbing-to-metal fitting
interfaces. Webbing ends shall be seared or otherwise prevented from unravelling.
4.2.3.4 Eye terminations of wire rope lanyards shall be manufactured either with:
a) a spliced eye with one compression swage with thimble; or
b) a return eye with a minimum of two compression swages with thimble.
4.2.3.5 Selection of swage fitting, size, material type, compression die size/pressure, position of swage(s) on
rope, and thimble size, shall be carried out in accordance with the rope manufacturer’s recommendations. In
particular, aluminium swages are recommended for steel wire ropes and copper swages for stainless-steel wire
ropes.
4.2.3.6 Wire rope ends shall be brazed, whipped or have an equivalent finish to prevent unravelling. Brazing
should be carried out prior to forming the eye.
4.2.3.7 Knots shall not be used to form lanyard terminations.
4.2.4 Fittings
4.2.4.1 All buckles, adjustment mechanisms, thimbles, and integral connections shall be smoothly finished and
free from defects due to faulty material and manufacture. They shall not have sharp or rough edges that may cut,
abrade or otherwise damage the lanyard material or cause injury to the user.
4.2.4.2 Adjustment mechanisms shall self-lock securely onto the lanyard material but shall not present
roughened surfaces or sharp edges that may abrade or otherwise damage the material.
4.2.4.3 When tested in accordance with 5.2.4, all metallic fittings shall be free from red rust, as visible to the
unaided eye, or other evidence of corrosion of the base metal. The presence of white scale after the test is
acceptable.
4.2.5 Adjustment slippage
When tested in accordance with 5.2.1, the adjustment mechanism on adjustable lanyards shall not allow a lanyard
slippage of more than 25 mm.
4.2.6 Static strength
When tested in accordance with 5.2.2, the lanyard, including its terminations and if applicable its adjustment
device, shall sustain a force as specified in Table 1 without tearing or rupture of any element.
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ISO 10333-2:2000(E)
Table 1 — Force requirements for static strength
Component Maximum force
kN
Webbing-based lanyards 22
Fibre-rope-based lanyards 22
Wire-rope-based lanyards 15
Chain-based lanyards 15
NOTE The higher strength requirement for textile materials is
necessary as these materials are more prone to wear and are more
vulnerable to damage than their metallic counterparts.
4.2.7 Dynamic strength for adjustable lanyards
When tested in accordance with 5.2.3, adjustable lanyards shall retain the test mass clear of the ground without
tearing or rupture of any element.
4.3 Energy absorber
4.3.1 General
4.3.1.1 Energy absorber material and mechanisms designed to be utilized in the dissipation of kinetic energy
shall have protective coverings incorporated to shield against external contaminants, sharp objects and adverse
climate.
4.3.1.2 Where energy absorbers are specified for, or when it is known that they will be used in work carried out
near welding or oxy-cutting stations or heat sources, energy absorbers shall be protected by suitable heat-
protective means.
4.3.2 Terminations
4.3.2.1 One end of an energy absorber may be permanently spliced or fixed to an FBH in accordance with
ISO 10333-1, or to a lanyard in accordance with this part of ISO 10333, or to a connector which meets the
requirements of ISO 10333-5. The free end(s) of the energy absorber shall be terminated in such a manner that
they can be connected into a PFAS by an appropriate connector which meets the requirements of ISO 10333-5.
4.3.2.2 Where the free end(s) of the energy absorber are connected to metal components or will be connected
into a PFAS using connectors in accordance with ISO 10333-5, suitable reinforcement or another method shall be
used to protect terminations from concentrated wear at all textile-to-metal fitting interfaces.
4.3.2.3 All buckles, fittings, thimbles and integral connections shall be smoothly finished and free from defects
due to faulty material and manufacture. They shall not have sharp or rough edges that may cut, abrade or
otherwise damage textile material or cause injury to the user.
4.3.2.4 When tested in accordance with 5.3.9, all metallic fittings shall be free from red rust, as visible to the
unaided eye, or other evidence of corrosion of the base metal. The presence of white scale after the test is
acceptable.
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ISO 10333-2:2000(E)
4.3.3 Energy-absorbing lanyards and FBH with energy absorber
If an energy absorber is integral with a lanyard or harness (i.e. the energy absorber cannot be removed without
mutilating the lanyard or harness, or without the use of a special dedicated tool), all the requirements specified in
4.3 apply. Alternative test methods are specified for these types of subsystems.
4.3.4 Inadvertent operation
In order to avoid inadvertent deployment, an energy absorber shall not have a permanent extension greater than
40 mm when tested in accordance with 5.3.1 or 5.3.2.
4.3.5 Dynamic performance
When tested in accordance with 5.3.3 or 5.3.4 or 5.3.5, an energy absorber shall limit the arrest force to a
maximum of 4,0 kN for Type 1 or 6,0 kN for Type 2. Permanent extension of the energy absorber shall not exceed
1,2 m for Type 1 or 1,75 m for Type 2.
4.3.6 Static strength
When tested in accordance with 5.3.6 or 5.3.7, a fully deployed energy absorber shall withstand a force of 22 kN for
Type 1 or 15 kN for Type 2 without tearing or rupture.
4.3.7 Dynamic performance after conditioning
4.3.7.1 General
The requirements in 4.3.7.2 to 4.3.7.5 are optional, but are strongly recommended where it is known that the
energy absorber is intended for use in extremes of climate.
4.3.7.2 Elevated temperature
The energy absorber shall be tested in accordance with 5.3.3 or 5.3.4 or 5.3.5 within 5 min after the conditioning
described in 5.3.8.2. The energy absorber shall limit the arrest force to a maximum of 4,0 kN for Type 1 or 6,0 kN
for Type 2. Permanent extension of the energy absorber shall not exceed 1,2 m for Type 1 or 1,75 m for Type 2.
4.3.7.3 Wet
The energy absorber shall be tested in accordance with 5.3.3 or 5.3.4 or 5.3.5 within 5 min after the conditioning
described in 5.3.8.3. The energy absorber shall limit the arrest force to a maximum of 5,0 kN for Type 1 or 6,0 kN
for Type 2. Permanent extension of the energy absorber shall not exceed 1,2 m for Type 1 or 1,75 m for Type 2.
4.3.7.4 Cold
The energy absorber shall be tested in accordance with 5.3.3 or 5.3.4 or 5.3.5 within 5 min after the conditioning
described in 5.3.8.4. The energy absorber shall limit the arrest force to a maximum of 5,0 kN for Type 1 or 6,0 kN
for Type 2. Permanent extension of the energy absorber shall not exceed 1,2 m for Type 1 or 1,75 m for Type 2.
4.3.7.5 Wet and cold
The energy absorber shall be tested in accordance with 5.3.3 or 5.3.4 or 5.3.5 within 5 min after the conditioning
described in 5.3.8.5. The energy absorber shall limit the arrest force to a maximum of 6,0 kN for Type 1 and
Type 2. Permanent extension of the energy absorber shall not exceed 1,2 m for Type 1 or 1,75 m for Type 2.
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ISO 10333-2:2000(E)
Table 2 — Summary of test requirements for energy absorbers
Clauses Type 1 Type 2
4.3.4 Inadvertent operation (kN) 2 2
4.3.5 Dynamic performance (kN, max.) / 4/1,2 6 /1,75
permanent extension (m, max.)
4.3.7 Dynamic performance after conditioning (kN, max.) /
permanent extension (m, max.) (optional)
4.3.7.2 Elevated temperature (optional) 4 / 1,2 6 / 1,75
4.3.7.3 Wet (optional) 5 / 1,2 6 / 1,75
4.3.7.4 Cold (optional) 5 / 1,2 6 / 1,75
4.3.7.5 Wet and cold (optional) 6 / 1,2 6 / 1,75
4.3.6 Static strength (kN) 22 15
5 Test methods
5.1 Apparatus
5.1.1 Test lanyard
5.1.1.1 Test lanyard for Type 1 energy absorber
Use a wire rope lanyard terminated with snap hooks such that the combined length of wire and hooks is
(2 400� 25) mm, measured from snap hook to snap hook bearing points under a tension of 44 N. The lanyard shall
be fabricated from Type 302 stainless steel of 9,5 mm diameter, 7� 19 aircraft cable construction. The lanyard
terminations shall be formed by a method which prevents cable slippage.
5.1.1.2 Test lanyard for Type 2 energy absorber
Use a chain lanyard of length (2 000� 25) mm, measured from end link to end link bearing points with the test
chain in a taut condition. The chain shall comply at least with the requirements for 6 mm chains given in ISO 1835.
Egg-shaped or similar end links and all connecting links shall be compatible with the chain in all respects.
5.1.2 Test structure, comprising a rigid anchor structure so constructed that its natural frequency of vibration in
the vertical axis at the anchor point is not less than 100 Hz and so that the application of a force of 20 kN on the
anchor point does not cause a deflection greater than 1 mm.
The rigid anchor point should be a ring of (20� 1) mm bore and (15� 1) mm diameter cross-section, or a rod of the
same diameter cross-section.
The rigid anchor point shall be at such a height as to prevent the test mass from striking the floor during dynamic
testing.
5.1.3 Static strength test apparatus, comprising a test frame, winch or hydraulic puller and indicator, with
sufficient traverse to load the components for test.
5.1.4 Quick-release device, compatible with the eyebolt of the test mass or connectors, which ensures the
release of the test mass without initial velocity.
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ISO 10333-2:2000(E)
5.1.5 Test mass,of steel,(100� 1) kg, rigidly connected to an eyebolt which provides a secure connection.
The test mass shall have a nominal diameter of 200 mm. The eyebolt shall be central at one end, but an offset
additional eyebolt position is also permissible to accommodate horizontal dimensional constraints of relevant
testing procedures and equipment.
5.1.6 Force-measuring instrumentation, capable of measuring forces from 1,2 kN to 20 kN with an accuracy of
�2 % and of withstanding a force of 50 kN without damage, and arranged so that measurements are carried out
with a continuously active band up to 100 Hz but with a minimum sampling rate of 1 000 Hz.
The arrest-force measurement system shall have a corner frequency of 100 Hz with frequency response
characteristics which fall within the shaded area illustrated in Figure 2.
5.1.7 Recorder, to obtain the time trace of the force, either at the actual time (when recording with the auxiliary
measuring device) or at a later time, after storage of the information.
Frequency response values:
a = �����1/4 dB f =0,1Hz
L
b = ��1/2 dB, �1dB f =60Hz
H
c = ��1/2 dB, �3dB f = 100 Hz
N
d = �30 dB
Key
1 Slope = �9 dB per octave
2 Slope = �24 dB per octave
Figure 2 — Frequency response characteristics for the force-measuring instrumentation
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