ISO/IEC TS 22237-30:2022
(Main)Information technology — Data centre facilities and infrastructures — Part 30: Earthquake risk and impact analysis
Information technology — Data centre facilities and infrastructures — Part 30: Earthquake risk and impact analysis
This document specifies requirements and recommendations for the type of risk assessment to be employed concerning seismic activity and earthquakes in relation to data centres. In addition, it describes design concepts that can be employed as mitigation actions within the construction and other design elements of data centres.
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TECHNICAL ISO/IEC TS
SPECIFICATION 22237-30
First edition
2022-03
Information technology — Data centre
facilities and infrastructures —
Part 30:
Earthquake risk and impact analysis
Reference number
ISO/IEC TS 22237-30:2022(E)
© ISO/IEC 2022
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ISO/IEC TS 22237-30:2022(E)
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ISO/IEC TS 22237-30:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 2
4 ISO/IEC 22237-1 Availability Classes .3
5 Overview of risk associated with seismic activity. 3
5.1 Direct risk of seismic motion . 3
5.1.1 Short-period ground motion . 3
5.1.2 Long-period ground motion . 3
5.1.3 Ground liquefaction . 4
5.2 Indirect risk initiated by seismic motion . 4
5.2.1 Fire and toxic or damaging effluent . 4
5.2.2 Explosion . 4
5.2.3 Flooding. 4
5.2.4 Utilities . 4
5.2.5 Access . 5
5.2.6 Transport . 5
5.2.7 Security systems . 5
6 Seismic activity risk assessment .5
6.1 General . 5
6.2 Ground motion . 6
6.3 Ground stability . 7
6.4 Evaluation by probable maximum loss (PML) . 8
6.4.1 General . 8
6.4.2 Advantages and disadvantages . 9
7 Seismic activity risk mitigation .9
7.1 Direct risk of seismic motion . 9
7.1.1 General . 9
7.1.2 Structural mitigation using isolation base techniques . 10
7.1.3 Localized mitigation . 13
7.1.4 Roofs and ceiling supports . 14
7.2 Indirect risk initiated by seismic motion . 17
7.2.1 Fire and toxic or damaging effluent . 17
7.2.2 Explosion . 17
7.2.3 Flooding. 17
7.2.4 Utilities . 18
7.2.5 Access . 18
7.2.6 Transport . 18
8 Disaster planning and recovery .19
Bibliography .20
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ISO/IEC TS 22237-30:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance
are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria
needed for the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in
accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or
www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents) or the IEC
list of patent declarations received (see https://patents.iec.ch).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html. In the IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 39, Sustainability, IT and data centres.
A list of all parts in the ISO/IEC 22237 series can be found on the ISO and IEC websites.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards
body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html and
www.iec.ch/national-committees.
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ISO/IEC TS 22237-30:2022(E)
Introduction
Parts 1, 3, 4 and 5 of the ISO/IEC 22237 series specify requirements and recommendations for the
design of data centres to meet a given Availability Class. Parts 2 and 6 of the ISO/IEC 22237 series
specify requirements and recommendations for the building construction and security systems for
data centres.
Determination of the risk and scale of seismic activity should be included as part of the overall risk
assessment approach found in ISO/IEC 22237-1. ISO/IEC TS 22237-2 requires a geographical risk
analysis which includes seismic activity and relevant mitigation actions, but does not identify the
specific actions to be applied. ISO/IEC TS 22237-6 addresses external environmental events but does
not explicitly list earthquakes or seismic activity within that group of events (other than general
vibration) or indicate the specific measures required.
Taking these points into consideration, this document provides requirements and recommendations
for the type of risk assessment to be employed in the context of seismic activity and earthquakes in
relation to data centres. It also describes design concepts that can be employed as mitigation actions
within the construction, and other design elements, of data centres.
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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/IEC TS 22237-30:2022(E)
Information technology — Data centre facilities and
infrastructures —
Part 30:
Earthquake risk and impact analysis
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements and recommendations for the type of risk assessment to be
employed concerning seismic activity and earthquakes in relation to data centres. In addition, it
describes design concepts that can be employed as mitigation actions within the construction and
other design elements of data centres.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1.1
availability
ability to be in a state to perform as required
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192:2015, 192-01-23, modified — Note 1 to entry and Note 2 to entry deleted.]
3.1.2
computer room space
area within the data centre (3.1.3) that accommodates the data processing, data storage and
telecommunication equipment that provides the primary function of the data centre
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 22237-1:2021, 3.1.6]
3.1.3
data centre
structure, or group of structures, dedicated to the centralized accommodation, interconnection and
operation of information technology and network telecommunications (NT) equipment providing data
storage, processing and transport services together with all the facilities and infrastructures for power
distribution and environmental control together with the necessary levels of resilience (3.1.8) and
security required to provide the desired service availability (3.1.1)
Note 1 to entry: A structure can consist of multiple buildings and/or spaces with specific functions to support the
primary function.
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ISO/IEC TS 22237-30:2022(E)
Note 2 to entry: The boundaries of the structure or space considered the data centre which includes the
information and communication technology equipment (3.1.4) and supporting environmental controls can be
defined within a larger structure or building.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 30134-1:2016, 3.1.4]
3.1.4
information and communication technology equipment
equipment providing data storage, processing and transport services
Note 1 to entry: This represents the “critical load” of the data centre (3.1.3).
3.1.5
peak ground acceleration
maximum ground acceleration occurring during earthquake shaking at a location
Note 1 to entry: Peak ground acceleration (PGA) is equal to the amplitude of the largest absolute acceleration
recorded on an accelerogram at a site during a particular earthquake.
Note 2 to entry: Earthquake shaking generally occurs in all directions. Therefore, PGA is often split into
horizontal and vertical components. Horizontal PGAs are generally larger than those in the vertical direction, but
this is not always true, especially close to large earthquakes.
Note 3 to entry: The design basis earthquake ground motion (DBEGM) is often defined in terms of PGA.
3.1.6
probable maximum loss
ratio (expressed as a percentage) of the restoration cost (3.1.9) to the re-procurement cost (3.1.7) taking
into account the degree of earthquake risk, the stability of ground, the earthquake resistance of the
building and the earthquake resistance of the facilities
3.1.7
re-procurement cost
total cost required to reconstruct the assets damaged at the time of evaluation
3.1.8
resilience
capacity to withstand failure in one or more of the information and communication technology (ICT)
equipment or data centre (3.1.3) infrastructures
3.1.9
restoration cost
cost required to recover the damage caused by seismic activity (earthquake)
3.2 Abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviated terms apply.
DBEGM design basis earthquake ground motion
FL liquefaction index
ICT information and communication technology
IT information technology
LPI liquefaction potential index
NT network telecommunications
PGA peak ground acceleration
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ISO/IEC TS 22237-30:2022(E)
PL probability of liquefaction
PML probable maximum loss
PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
SIS seismic intensity scale
SLA service level agreement
4 ISO/IEC 22237-1 Availability Classes
ISO/IEC 22237-1 defines four classes of overall availability of the set of facilities and infrastructures
of the data centre, described as Classes 1 to 4, which are intended to provide increasing levels of
availability.
The desired Availability Class is supported by design solutions for:
a) power supply and distribution systems (ISO/IEC 22237-3),
b) environmental control systems (ISO/IEC 22237-4),
c) telecommunications cabling infrastructure (ISO/IEC TS 22237-5).
If the data centre is to be located in a region of seismic activity, then mitigation actions are necessary in
order to maintain the desired Availability Class (but not further define it).
The intention of these actions is to provide the data centre of a desired Availability Class with aseismic
performance.
5 Overview of risk associated with seismic activity
5.1 Direct risk of seismic motion
5.1.1 Short-period ground motion
Ground motion denotes the positional change of an area of ground relative to objects or other areas of
ground nearby in both horizontal and vertical directions.
Short-period (high frequency) ground motion can cause the structural damage generally associated
with earthquakes.
A number of mitigation techniques can be employed, including rack isolators within computer room
spaces and the application of base isolation techniques for the structure accommodating the facilities
and infrastructures of the data centre.
5.1.2 Long-period ground motion
Long-period (low frequency) ground motion is motion with a period typically between 1 and 5 seconds.
This type of ground motion can occur at significant distances from an earthquake epicentre.
Long-period ground motion can cause the structural damage generally associated with earthquakes.
Mitigation techniques should be employed to support the facilities of the data centre by using base
isolation techniques.
In addition, long-period ground motion and can have unexpected consequences which are not directly
constructional. For example, fuel storage tanks subject to long-period ground motion are at risk of fire
due to “sloshing” of the fuel contained within them.
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ISO/IEC TS 22237-30:2022(E)
5.1.3 Ground liquefaction
Ground liquefaction resulting from ground motion results in a significant reduction in the load-bearing
capacity of the ground. This can result in the uneven settlement (or unequal settlement) of buildings
comprising the facilities of the data centre.
5.2 Indirect risk initiated by seismic motion
5.2.1 Fire and toxic or damaging effluent
Even if a data centre has employed mitigation measures and is unaffected structurally during an
earthquake, the data centre can be affected by fire in the local areas. These fires can produce effluent
which is toxic or damaging to the equipment within the data centre.
5.2.2 Explosion
Even if a data centre has employed mitigation measures and is unaffected structurally during an
earthquake, the data centre can be affected by explosions of other facilities in the local area.
5.2.3 Flooding
Even if a data centre has employed mitigation measures and is unaffected structurally during an
earthquake, the data centre can be affected by flooding from damaged water supplies or from surges in
natural water sources.
5.2.4 Utilities
5.2.4.1 General
Even if a data centre has employed mitigation measures and is unaffected structurally during an
earthquake, the data centre can be affected by failures of utility supply including electricity, gas, water
and sewerage.
5.2.4.2 Electricity
For electrical power, data centres of Availability Class 2 and above feature design solutions to provide
an additional supply to support the primary supply (see ISO/IEC 22237-3). Following an earthquake,
the primary supply can be subject to multiple outrages and ongoing restrictions. Where the additional
supply is fuel-based then the continued supply of the fuel is critical.
5.2.4.3 Gas
Following an earthquake, damage to gas supply piping infrastructure at or in the vicinity of the data
centres (typically installed underground and subject to ground instability as described in 6.3), and also
to the gas supply facilities, can result in disruption to supply.
In addition, even if damage has not occurred, if a seismograph installed at a supply facility detects a
certain level of earthquake motion, the supply can be automatically shut down.
In both cases, the supply will not be provided until safety has been confirmed. The length of disruption
can extend from days to weeks, depending on the scale of damage and repair actions found to be
necessary.
5.2.4.4 Water
Following an earthquake, damage to water supply piping infrastructure at or in the vicinity of the data
centres (typically installed underground and subject to ground instability as described in 6.3), and
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ISO/IEC TS 22237-30:2022(E)
also to the supply facilities (for water intake, water purification and water distribution) can result in
disruption to supply.
In addition, even if damage has not occurred, the primary power supply to the facilities can be disrupted.
Where a data centre relies on the continual provision of water, the alternative provision of power to
supply facilities should be assessed.
The length of disruption can extend from days to weeks, depending on the scale of damage and repair
actions found to be necessary. Extreme situations have been known to extend this period to months.
5.2.4.5 Sewerage
Following an earthquake, the impact of damage to sewerage piping infrastructure and facilities serving
the data centre should be considered to be similar to that of the water supply.
5.2.5 Access
Even if a data centre has employed mitigation measures and is unaffected structurally during an
earthquake, the roads surrounding and leading to the data centre can be damaged and even destroyed.
This can restrict access for:
a) emergency services to address events (e.g. fires) in the local area which can increase associated for
the operation of the data centre; and
b) the ongoing provision of consumables to the data centre.
5.2.6 Transport
Even if a data centre has employed mitigation measures and is unaffected structurally during an
earthquake, the road and rail infrastructure surrounding and to the data centre can be damaged
and even destroyed. In addition, local regulations can restrict the type of vehicles allowed to use that
infrastructure to emergency and authorized vehicles.
This not only affects supply of consumables to the data centre but can restrict the availability of
personnel to operate the data centre.
Even if access to the data centre is unaffected, the earthquake can reduce the availability of appropriate
vehicles e.g. a lack of fuel tankers can limit the provision of fuel for additional power supplies.
5.2.7 Security systems
Measures intended to prevent unauthorized access and intrusion across the Protection Class boundaries
of the data centre (see ISO/IEC TS 22237-6) can be damaged.
6 Seismic activity risk assessment
6.1 General
Determination of the risk and scale of seismic activity should be included as part of the overall risk
assessment approach that assesses the risks and events that potentially impact the data centre. Further
guidance in relation to the risk assessment approach can be found in ISO/IEC 22237-1.
Following the determination of the risk and scale of seismic activity, appropriate mitigation actions
should be employed.
Subclause 6.2 addresses ground motion.
Subclause 6.3 address ground stability (liquefaction).
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ISO/IEC TS 22237-30:2022(E)
6.2 Ground motion
The basis of the risk assessment can be the various national and regional seismic hazard maps which
typically show the probability of an earthquake in a given geographic area, within a given time period,
and with ground motion intensity exceeding a given threshold.
The time periods and thresholds vary from country to country but are typically in the region of 30 to 50
2 2
years with PGA in the range of 0,3 g (3 m/s ) to 0,5 g (5 m/s ) respectively.
For a given earthquake, the PGA will differ for the locations affected depending on a number of
parameters, the most obvious of which is distance. Table 1 shows the range of PGA values associated
with recognized seismic intensity scales (SIS).
Table 1 — PGA and SIS
PGA 0,25 to 0,80 0,80 to 1,40 1,40 to 2,50 2,50 to 3,15 3,15 to 4,00 > 4,00
2
m/s
Mercalli V to VII V to VIII VI to IX VIII to X IX to X X to XII
SIS
Japanese 4 5 6 7
shindo SIS
5 lower 5 upper 6 lower 6 upper
3,5 to 3,9 4,0 to 4,4 4,5 to 4,9 5,0 to 5,4 5,5 to 5,9 6,0 to 6,4 > 6,5
A SIS is associated with the probable type of damage. Table 2 indicates the type of damage associated
with a given PGA value.
Table 2 — PGA and typical damage
PGA Impact on buildings Impact on outside spaces Impact on utilities
range
Normal buildings can receive No landslides or cracks Primary power supply can fail for a
slight damage. occur. short time.
0,25 to 0,80
Earthquake-resistant build-
ings will survive, most likely
without damage.
Cracks are formed in walls of Cracks can appear in soft Primary power supply can be inter-
normal buildings. ground. Rockfalls and small rupted.
slope failures take place.
Earthquake-resistant build- Safety devices can cut off the gas
0,80 to 1,40
ings suffer slight damage. supply.
Water pipes can be damaged and
supply interrupted.
Medium to large cracks are Cracks can appear in soft Primary power supply can be inter-
formed in walls. ground. Rockfalls and small rupted.
slope failures take place.
1,40 to 2,50
Crossbeams and pillars of Gas pipes and water mains are
earthquake-resistant build- damaged and supplies interrupted
ings can suffer cracks. in certain areas.
NOTE 1 The term "normal buildings" in this table refers to buildings without earthquake-resistant features.
NOTE 2 The PGA of 3,15 is the boundary commonly used to differentiate “damage” from “severe damage”.
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ISO/IEC TS 22237-30:2022(E)
Table 2 (continued)
PGA Impact on buildings Impact on outside spaces Impact on utilities
range
Normal buildings receive Small to medium cracks ap- Primary power supply can be inter-
heavy damage and can be pear in the ground. Larger rupted.
destroyed. landslides take place.
Gas pipes and water mains are dam-
Earthquake-resistant build- aged and there can be widespread
ings can suffer large cracks in interruption of supply.
2,50 to 3,15
walls and will be moderately
damaged.
In some buildings, wall tiles
and windowpanes are dam-
aged and fall.
Walls collapse or are severely Cracks can appear in the Primary power supply is interrupt-
damaged. Normal buildings ground, and landslides take ed.
collapse. place.
3,15 to 4,00
Gas pipes and water mains are dam-
Earthquake-resistant build- aged and there can be widespread
ings suffer severe damage. interruption of supply.
Most or all buildings suffer The ground is considerably Electrical, gas and water supplies
severe damage. distorted by large cracks are interrupted.
and fissures, and slope
> 4,00
failures and landslides take
place, which can change
topographic features.
NOTE 1 The term "normal buildings" in this table refers to buildings without earthquake-resistant features.
NOTE 2 The PGA of 3,15 is the boundary commonly used to differentiate “damage” from “severe damage”.
6.3 Ground stability
Soil liquefaction following seismic activity represents risk to buildings and other structure as shown in
the schematic of Figure 1. On stable soil, grains are held together by friction with water filling any gaps
(see Figure 1a). Shaking increases the gaps between grains, such that soil lo
...
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