ISO/TS 11665-13:2017
(Main)Measurement of radioactivity in the environment — Air: radon 222 — Part 13: Determination of the diffusion coefficient in waterproof materials: membrane two-side activity concentration test method
Measurement of radioactivity in the environment — Air: radon 222 — Part 13: Determination of the diffusion coefficient in waterproof materials: membrane two-side activity concentration test method
ISO/TS 11665-13:2017 specifies the different methods intended for assessing the radon diffusion coefficient in waterproofing materials such as bitumen or polymeric membranes, coatings or paints, as well as assumptions and boundary conditions that shall be met during the test. ISO/TS 11665-13:2017 is not applicable for porous materials, where radon diffusion depends on porosity and moisture content.
Mesurage de la radioactivité dans l'environnement — Air : radon 222 — Partie 13: Détermination du coefficient de diffusion des matériaux imperméables : méthode de mesurage de l'activité volumique des deux côtés de la membrane
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TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 11665-13
First edition
2017-10
Measurement of radioactivity in the
environment — Air: radon 222 —
Part 13:
Determination of the diffusion
coefficient in waterproof materials:
membrane two-side activity
concentration test method
Mesurage de la radioactivité dans l'environnement — Air : radon
222 —
Partie 13: Détermination du coefficient de diffusion des matériaux
imperméables : méthode de mesurage de l'activité volumique des
deux côtés de la membrane
Reference number
©
ISO 2017
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Symbols . 5
4 Principle of the test method . 6
5 Measuring system . 6
5.1 Components of the measuring system . 6
5.2 Configuration of the measuring system . 7
6 Test methods . 9
6.1 General information . 9
6.2 Method A — Determining the radon diffusion coefficient during the phase of non-
stationary radon diffusion . 9
6.3 Method B — Determining the radon diffusion coefficient during the phase of
stationary radon diffusion .10
6.4 Method C — Determining the radon diffusion coefficient during the phase of
stationary radon diffusion established during ventilation of the receiver container .11
7 General application procedures .12
7.1 Preparation of samples .12
7.2 Fixing the samples in the measuring device.13
7.3 Test of radon-tightness, assessment of the radon leakage rate of the receiver container .13
7.4 Determining the radon diffusion coefficient according to method A .13
7.5 Determining the radon diffusion coefficient according to method B .14
7.6 Determining the radon diffusion coefficient according to method C .15
7.7 General requirements for performing the tests .16
8 Influence quantities .18
9 Expression of results .18
9.1 Relative uncertainty .18
9.2 Decision threshold and detection limit .19
9.3 Limits of the confidence interval .19
10 Quality management and calibration of the test device .19
11 Test report .20
Annex A (informative) Determining the radon diffusion coefficient during the phase of
stationary radon diffusion according to method C .21
Annex B (informative) Determining the radon diffusion coefficient during the phase of non-
stationary radon diffusion .27
Bibliography .36
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies
and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.
A list of all parts in the ISO 11665 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Radon isotopes 222, 219 and 220 are radioactive gases produced by the disintegration of radium
isotopes 226, 223 and 224, which are decay products of uranium-238, uranium-235 and thorium-232,
respectively, and are all found in the earth's crust. Solid elements, also radioactive, followed by stable
[5]
lead are produced by radon disintegration .
When disintegrating, radon emits alpha particles and generates solid decay products, which are also
radioactive (polonium, bismuth, lead, etc.). The potential effects on human health of radon lie in its solid
decay products rather than the gas itself. Whether or not they are attached to atmospheric aerosols,
radon decay products can be inhaled and deposited in the bronchopulmonary tree to varying depths
according to their size.
[7]
Radon is today considered to be the main source of human exposure to natural radiation. UNSCEAR
suggests that, at the worldwide level, radon accounts for around 52 % of global average exposure to
natural radiation. The radiological impact of isotope 222 (48 %) is far more significant than isotope 220
(4 %), while isotope 219 is considered negligible. For this reason, references to radon in this document
refer only to radon-222.
Radon activity concentration can vary from one to more orders of magnitude over time and space.
Exposure to radon and its decay products varies tremendously from one area to another, as it depends
on the amount of radon emitted by the soil, weather conditions, and on the degree of containment in the
areas where individuals are exposed.
As radon tends to concentrate in enclosed spaces like houses, the main part of the population exposure
is due to indoor radon. Soil gas is recognized as the most important source of residential radon through
infiltration pathways. Other sources are described in other parts of ISO 11665 and ISO 13164 series for
[2]
water .
Radon enters into buildings via diffusion mechanism caused by the all-time existing difference between
radon activity concentrations in the underlying soil and inside the building, and via convection
mechanism inconstantly generated by a difference in pressure between the air in the building and the
air contained in the underlying soil. Indoor radon activity concentration depends on radon activity
concentration in the underlying soil, the building structure, the equipment (chimney, ventilation
systems, among others), the environmental parameters of the building (temperature, pressure, etc.)
and the occupants’ lifestyle.
−3
To limit the risk to individuals, a national reference level of 100 Bq·m is recommended by the World
[8] −3
Health Organization . Wherever this is not possible, this reference level should not exceed 300 Bq·m .
This recommendation was endorsed by the European Community Member States that shall establish
national reference levels for indoor radon activity concentrations. The reference levels for the annual
−3[9]
average activity concentration in air shall not be higher than 300 Bq·m .
To reduce the risk to the overall population, building codes should be implemented that require radon
prevention measures in buildings under construction and radon mitigating measures in existing
buildings. Radon measurements are needed because building codes alone cannot guarantee that radon
concentrations are below the reference level.
When a building requires protection against radon from the soil, radon-proof insulation (based on
membranes, coatings or paints) placed between the soil and the indoors may be used as a stand-alone
radon prevention/remediation strategy or in combination with other techniques such as passive or
active soil depressurization. Radon-proof insulation functions at the same time as the waterproof
insulation.
Radon diffusion coefficient is a parameter that determines the barrier properties of waterproof
materials against the diffusive transport of radon. Applicability of the radon diffusion coefficient for
radon-proof insulation can be prescribed by national building standards and codes. Requirements for
radon-proof insulation as regards the durability, mechanical and physical properties and the maximum
design value of the radon diffusion coefficient can also be prescribed by national building standards
and codes.
As no reference standards and reference materials are currently available for these types of materials
and related values
...
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 11665-13
First edition
2017-10
Measurement of radioactivity in the
environment — Air: radon 222 —
Part 13:
Determination of the diffusion
coefficient in waterproof materials:
membrane two-side activity
concentration test method
Mesurage de la radioactivité dans l'environnement — Air : radon
222 —
Partie 13: Détermination du coefficient de diffusion des matériaux
imperméables : méthode de mesurage de l'activité volumique des
deux côtés de la membrane
Reference number
©
ISO 2017
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Symbols . 5
4 Principle of the test method . 6
5 Measuring system . 6
5.1 Components of the measuring system . 6
5.2 Configuration of the measuring system . 7
6 Test methods . 9
6.1 General information . 9
6.2 Method A — Determining the radon diffusion coefficient during the phase of non-
stationary radon diffusion . 9
6.3 Method B — Determining the radon diffusion coefficient during the phase of
stationary radon diffusion .10
6.4 Method C — Determining the radon diffusion coefficient during the phase of
stationary radon diffusion established during ventilation of the receiver container .11
7 General application procedures .12
7.1 Preparation of samples .12
7.2 Fixing the samples in the measuring device.13
7.3 Test of radon-tightness, assessment of the radon leakage rate of the receiver container .13
7.4 Determining the radon diffusion coefficient according to method A .13
7.5 Determining the radon diffusion coefficient according to method B .14
7.6 Determining the radon diffusion coefficient according to method C .15
7.7 General requirements for performing the tests .16
8 Influence quantities .18
9 Expression of results .18
9.1 Relative uncertainty .18
9.2 Decision threshold and detection limit .19
9.3 Limits of the confidence interval .19
10 Quality management and calibration of the test device .19
11 Test report .20
Annex A (informative) Determining the radon diffusion coefficient during the phase of
stationary radon diffusion according to method C .21
Annex B (informative) Determining the radon diffusion coefficient during the phase of non-
stationary radon diffusion .27
Bibliography .36
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies
and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.
A list of all parts in the ISO 11665 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Radon isotopes 222, 219 and 220 are radioactive gases produced by the disintegration of radium
isotopes 226, 223 and 224, which are decay products of uranium-238, uranium-235 and thorium-232,
respectively, and are all found in the earth's crust. Solid elements, also radioactive, followed by stable
[5]
lead are produced by radon disintegration .
When disintegrating, radon emits alpha particles and generates solid decay products, which are also
radioactive (polonium, bismuth, lead, etc.). The potential effects on human health of radon lie in its solid
decay products rather than the gas itself. Whether or not they are attached to atmospheric aerosols,
radon decay products can be inhaled and deposited in the bronchopulmonary tree to varying depths
according to their size.
[7]
Radon is today considered to be the main source of human exposure to natural radiation. UNSCEAR
suggests that, at the worldwide level, radon accounts for around 52 % of global average exposure to
natural radiation. The radiological impact of isotope 222 (48 %) is far more significant than isotope 220
(4 %), while isotope 219 is considered negligible. For this reason, references to radon in this document
refer only to radon-222.
Radon activity concentration can vary from one to more orders of magnitude over time and space.
Exposure to radon and its decay products varies tremendously from one area to another, as it depends
on the amount of radon emitted by the soil, weather conditions, and on the degree of containment in the
areas where individuals are exposed.
As radon tends to concentrate in enclosed spaces like houses, the main part of the population exposure
is due to indoor radon. Soil gas is recognized as the most important source of residential radon through
infiltration pathways. Other sources are described in other parts of ISO 11665 and ISO 13164 series for
[2]
water .
Radon enters into buildings via diffusion mechanism caused by the all-time existing difference between
radon activity concentrations in the underlying soil and inside the building, and via convection
mechanism inconstantly generated by a difference in pressure between the air in the building and the
air contained in the underlying soil. Indoor radon activity concentration depends on radon activity
concentration in the underlying soil, the building structure, the equipment (chimney, ventilation
systems, among others), the environmental parameters of the building (temperature, pressure, etc.)
and the occupants’ lifestyle.
−3
To limit the risk to individuals, a national reference level of 100 Bq·m is recommended by the World
[8] −3
Health Organization . Wherever this is not possible, this reference level should not exceed 300 Bq·m .
This recommendation was endorsed by the European Community Member States that shall establish
national reference levels for indoor radon activity concentrations. The reference levels for the annual
−3[9]
average activity concentration in air shall not be higher than 300 Bq·m .
To reduce the risk to the overall population, building codes should be implemented that require radon
prevention measures in buildings under construction and radon mitigating measures in existing
buildings. Radon measurements are needed because building codes alone cannot guarantee that radon
concentrations are below the reference level.
When a building requires protection against radon from the soil, radon-proof insulation (based on
membranes, coatings or paints) placed between the soil and the indoors may be used as a stand-alone
radon prevention/remediation strategy or in combination with other techniques such as passive or
active soil depressurization. Radon-proof insulation functions at the same time as the waterproof
insulation.
Radon diffusion coefficient is a parameter that determines the barrier properties of waterproof
materials against the diffusive transport of radon. Applicability of the radon diffusion coefficient for
radon-proof insulation can be prescribed by national building standards and codes. Requirements for
radon-proof insulation as regards the durability, mechanical and physical properties and the maximum
design value of the radon diffusion coefficient can also be prescribed by national building standards
and codes.
As no reference standards and reference materials are currently available for these types of materials
and related values
...
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