ISO 18828-3:2017
(Main)Industrial automation systems and integration — Standardized procedures for production systems engineering — Part 3: Information flows in production planning processes
Industrial automation systems and integration — Standardized procedures for production systems engineering — Part 3: Information flows in production planning processes
ISO 18828-3:2017 describes the information flows identified for each planning discipline within production planning, according to ISO 18828‑2. The following aspects are within the scope of ISO 18828-3:2017: · general overview of the main information flows within the reference planning process; · basic pattern to describe the main information flows; · detailed description of every main information flow; · state notation structure of the main information flows objects; · detailed descriptions for each information object state; · proposal of checklists for benchmarking information objects. The following items are outside the scope of ISO 18828-3:2017: · information flows to intersecting areas, including high-level planning; · data models for production planning; · complete description of all possible information flows/objects within production planning; · workflow engines for automated production planning; · production facilities planning/manufacturing facilities planning (physical plant and equipment); including any kind of resource that is not directly related to the manufacturing process; · value chain (inbound logistics, operations management, outbound logistics, marketing and sales); · process simulation/safeguarding; · investment planning during production process management.
Systèmes d'automatisation industrielle et intégration — Procédures normalisées pour l'ingénierie des systèmes de production — Partie 3: Flux d'informations dans les processus de planification de la production
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18828-3
First edition
2017-07
Industrial automation systems
and integration — Standardized
procedures for production systems
engineering —
Part 3:
Information flows in production
planning processes
Systèmes d’automatisation industrielle et intégration — Procédures
normalisées pour l’ingénierie des systèmes de production —
Partie 3: Flux d’informations dans les processus de planification de la
production
Reference number
ISO 18828-3:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017
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ISO 18828-3:2017(E)
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ISO 18828-3:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 2
3.1 Terms and definitions . 2
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 3
4 Classification of information flows in the reference process . 3
5 Main information flows . 4
5.1 Operation list/process plan . 4
5.1.1 Concept planning phase . 6
5.1.2 Rough planning phase . 7
5.1.3 Detailed planning phase . 8
5.2 Precedence graph . 9
5.2.1 Concept planning phase .10
5.2.2 Rough planning phase .11
5.2.3 Detailed planning phase .12
5.3 Intralogistics .12
5.3.1 Rough planning phase .14
5.3.2 Detailed planning phase .15
5.4 Layout .16
5.4.1 Concept planning phase .17
5.4.2 Rough planning phase .18
5.4.3 Detailed planning phase .20
5.5 Investment planning .21
5.5.1 Concept planning phase .22
5.5.2 Rough planning phase .23
5.5.3 Detailed planning phase .24
Annex A (informative) Information checklist (target-actual comparison) .26
Annex B (normative) Classification .37
Annex C (informative) Comprehensive information flow models .42
Annex D (informative) Business process model and notation.48
Bibliography .52
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ISO 18828-3:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: w w w . i s o .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 184, Automation systems and integration,
Subcommittee SC 4, Industrial data.
A list of all parts in the ISO 18828 series can be found on the ISO website.
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ISO 18828-3:2017(E)
Introduction
Increasing cost pressures in a competitive global environment, coupled with constantly growing levels
of product and process complexity, means that advanced production planning skills are now a key
factor of success for many manufacturing companies. To produce competitively, it is necessary not only
to ensure the efficient operation of the production structures, but also to be in a position to plan and
design these to respond to specific requirements and at a high level of quality. Constantly shortening
planning and development times and, thus, reducing time-to-market is a crucial component of economic
success in today’s markets. In parallel with product design, and prior to the initial start of production
(SOP), production planning is a business process that has great potential with respect to improving
product and process planning. Researching, generating, processing, and transferring information are
important aspects of production planning. Depending on the level of maturity of the planning and
the respective planning discipline (see Clause 4), definable information packages emerge, which are
generated iteratively during planning, and processed further through the overall planning process. The
resulting information flows are followed via a reference planning process. This helps to specify the
state of information at defined points during planning. The comparison of actual states against target
states of information packages is performed at these defined points (see Annex A).
NOTE See Bibliography for further detail on research background.
The main information flows in production planning are specified in this document. They are examined
in the context of the reference planning process (see Figure 1) described in ISO 18828-2. Also building
on the reference planning process and on the information flows, this document describes key indicators
for the transparency and assessment of the planning processes.
Figure 1 — Main information flows of the reference planning process (qualitative depiction)
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18828-3:2017(E)
Industrial automation systems and integration —
Standardized procedures for production systems
engineering —
Part 3:
Information flows in production planning processes
1 Scope
This document describes the information flows identified for each planning discipline within production
planning, according to ISO 18828-2.
The following aspects are within the scope of this document:
— general overview of the main information flows within the reference planning process;
— basic pattern to describe the main information flows;
— detailed description of every main information flow;
— state notation structure of the main information flows objects;
— detailed descriptions for each information object state;
— proposal of checklists for benchmarking information objects.
The following items are outside the scope of this document:
— information flows to intersecting areas, including high-level planning;
— data models for production planning;
— complete description of all possible information flows/objects within production planning;
— workflow engines for automated production planning;
— production facilities planning/manufacturing facilities planning (physical plant and equipment);
including any kind of resource that is not directly related to the manufacturing process;
— value chain (inbound logistics, operations management, outbound logistics, marketing and sales);
— process simulation/safeguarding;
— investment planning during production process management.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 15531-1, Industrial automation systems and integration — Industrial manufacturing management
data — Part 1: General overview
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ISO 18828-3:2017(E)
ISO 18828-2, Industrial automation systems and integration — Standardized procedures for production
systems engineering — Part 2: Reference process for seamless production planning
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 15531-1, ISO 18828-2 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1.1
intralogistics
internal logistics
delivery methods and means of transport at the production site and detailed description of the
container concept
Note 1 to entry: The delivery methods include buffers and supermarkets (having defined and simulated ranges),
transport capacity, and delivery cycles. They are supported by electronic tools such as product data management
(PDM) or enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems that map all required resources and the infrastructure.
The detailed container concept includes a complete description of all containers used, the container types, the
container size, their sequences, and the partition and packaging concepts for parts and assemblies.
3.1.2
investment planning
detailed calculation of all costs during production planning that determine the investments and
overhead for a planning alternative of a production system
Note 1 to entry: This calculation is carried out bottom-up for all processes and resources (with respect to
concrete machines, facilities, etc.). It is supported by calculation templates, additional calculation tools, and
digital planning tools featuring extended planning functions.
3.1.3
layout planning
information needed for planning and implementing a production layout, including the arrangement and
sizing of lines, stations, machines, circulation areas, and road network
Note 1 to entry: An additional component of layout planning is the cost calculation for structural measures and
utilities installations for planned facilities.
3.1.4
operation list
list of information including flow charts and personnel allocations, required concrete resources
(manufacturing, assembly or personnel resources), infrastructure for production and associated
required manipulators (operating resources such as cranes and steel constructions)
Note 1 to entry: This list of information is normally stored in digital tools, e.g. ERP systems.
3.1.5
precedence graph
graph that displays all required manufacturing and assembly operations and the associated process
times and work content for a work system in the correct sequence
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3.1.6
product
thing or substance produced by a natural or artificial process
[SOURCE: ISO 10303-1:1994, 3.2.26]
3.2 Abbreviated terms
BPMN business process model and notation
CAD computer-aided design
ERP enterprise resource planning
PDM product data management
UML unified modelling language
4 Classification of information flows in the reference process
When describing the information flows in production planning, it is sensible to restrict it to the most
important planning disciplines found in manufacturing companies. The structure of the reference
model for seamless production planning is given in ISO 18828-2. The following production planning
disciplines are used to identify the main information flows (see Figure 2): manufacturing, assembly,
logistics and layout.
NOTE For further details and decomposition of planning discipline and relations, see ISO 18828-2.
Figure 2 — Main information flows structured by planning discipline
The information flows described in Clause 5 originate from the reference planning process. They
represent an information-oriented view of the overall planning process and take into account both
the planning disciplines and planning phases. This document provides additional information that
focuses on the transparency of the information flows. The process interfaces include the process
phases (i.e. conceptual, rough, and detailed planning) in one dimension, and the planning disciplines of
manufacturing, assembly, logistics, and layout, in the other.
In addition, the information flows per se can be regarded as individual, isolated information flows.
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Five main information flows have been identified and modelled, each of which takes all the process
interfaces that were derived from the reference planning process. They describe the total information
exchange between the accompanying activities and the type of data exchanged. In this respect, they
resemble unified modelling language (UML) activity diagrams.
Each information flow has been modelled around a specific flow object. This approach has the benefits of
increased transparency of the interactions and data flows for each object. End users who are interested
in a specific flow can easily check the entirety of their data and complete this specific flow. Software
providers also benefit from the object/process-oriented approach. Defining inputs and outputs for each
activity enables the rapid derivation of an initial rough information flow. In addition, the function flow
indirectly defines user interfaces, existing business and application logic, and applicable programming
environments.
Figure 3 provides a general overview of the networked interactions of the planning phases and planning
disciplines, with respect to each main information flow. Figure 3 also shows all the required and
accompanying activities, relationships, and decisions for each information flow. Software providers can
also use this information in a work flow process.
NOTE For further details and decomposition of planning phases and relations, see ISO 18828-2.
Figure 3 — Main information flows structured by planning phases
In order to graphically depict the interaction between processes and information flows, the business
process model and notation (BPMN) has been selected. The BPMN language uses semantically unique
graphical elements for flows, connectors, and artifacts, which are similar to the activity diagrams of
the UML. The formal visualization characteristics primarily used in this document are described in
Annex D.
5 Main information flows
5.1 Operation list/process plan
The main information flow for an operation list or a process plan includes two information objects. The
first object is referred to as “preliminary information for the operation list” and includes prerequisites
for planning. It has only one single state and is not considered further in the planning process. The
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second information object is referred to as an “operation list” and assumes various states during the
course of the planning process. Each state converts data from a previous state and supplements it with
additional information or aggregates it into a subsequent state object. Ten different states have been
identified for the operation list information object. They are depicted in Figure 4.
Key
transition of state
start state
end state
internal version state
Figure 4 — States of the operation list information object
NOTE The depicted states are described in greater detail in Annexes B and C.
Each state has been provided with a unique identifier, which follows a specific classification scheme.
The first digit represents the information object; the middle digit stands for the current planning phase;
and the last digit represents the current version number of the information object. Accordingly, the last
digit also contains the information state of the object. The accompanying letter “D” identifies the type
of information, in this case, “data.”
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5.1.1 Concept planning phase
Figure 5 — Concept planning phase of the operation list information flow
Based on preliminary information (D1.1.1 in Figure 5) that has been compiled from various relevant
sources, the concept planning phase generates an initial conceptual operation list (D2.1.4).
To start the concept planning phase, various preliminary information is required for defining an
operation list. It generally includes:
— product information (e.g. parts and assemblies);
— number of pieces;
— applicable technologies (e.g. welding, milling, stamping, etc.);
— additional brown field information (e.g. available resources);
— additional green field information (e.g. applicable resources);
— available time database (e.g. process times for operations).
These planning prerequisites determine an initial operation list. The information list is the result
of a first rough definition of process steps (A.1.1.2). The following step of developing manufacturing
concepts (A1.1.3) supplements the initial operation list with additional information and results in an
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extended conceptual operation list (D2.1.3). The estimation of rough manufacturing costs (A1.1.4)
based on the data of the conceptual operation list makes it possible to add rough costs to the extended
conceptual operation list (D2.1.4).
The last version of the concept planning phase generally includes four to five alternative operation
lists for manufacturing a part or an assembly. This version also determines process times for each
alternative operation list (for example, milling four min., machining three min., etc.), and is passed on to
the rough planning phase.
5.1.2 Rough planning phase
Figure 6 — Rough planning phase of the operation list information flow
During the rough planning phase, more detail is added to the conceptual operation list (D2.2.4 in
Figure 6) in accordance with relevant continuing planning process steps, to create a rough operation
list (D2.2.7).
The first process step in the rough planning phase consists of detailing the manufacturing process steps
and work content (A1.2.2) and thus converts the conceptual operation list into a rough operation list
(D2.2.5). The information in this list is used to estimate the required manufacturing capacity (A.1.2.3)
and for planning and allocating operating resources (A1.2.5). The rough operation list is developed
further into an extended rough operation list (D2.2.6). This list contains further information and is
used in developing manufacturing concepts for new product variants (A1.2.6) and supply concepts
(A3.2.1). All this information is finally aggregated and documented in a rough operation list (D2.2.7).
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The rough operation list normally includes various alternative operation lists that, similarly to the
conceptual operation list, identify corresponding process times. Depending on these alternative
operation lists, the rough operation list defines generic required resources (manufacturing, assembly,
personnel resources, etc.). Furthermore, the rough operation list determines the required infrastructure
as well as manipulators and operating resources (for example, cranes and steel constructions). Due to
the level of detail, the list is often managed in digital form (for example in ERP systems, or specialized
planning tools).
5.1.3 Detailed planning phase
Figure 7 — Detailed planning phase of the operation list information object
During the detailed planning phase, more detail is added to the rough operation list (D2.3.7 in Figure 7),
which is developed into an elaborated complete operation list (D2.3.10).
In the detailed planning phase, the rough operation list (D2.3.7) is used to establish the details of
manufacturing process steps and work content (A1.3.2). The rough operation list is converted into an
initial detailed operation list (D2.3.8), which is used to determine the required manufacturing capacity
(A1.3.3) and for allocating operating resources to process steps (A1.3.5).
The aforementioned processes enrich the initial detailed operation list into an extended detailed
operation list (D2.3.9). This list is applied in various subsequent planning steps within the scope of
manufacturing planning, for example, when performing a preliminary calculation of manufacturing
costs (A1.3.6), developing work instructions for manufacturing (A1.3.8), and an initial ergonomic
assessment (A1.3.9). The extended detailed operation list is then used to plan logistics for optimizing
the material flows and the value stream (A3.3.1), and to plan the required capacity (A3.3.3).
At the end of the detailed planning phase, all relevant information, consisting of the operation list
including schedules, personnel allocations, required concrete resources (operating resources, assembly
resources, personnel), the infrastructure, and operating resources (cranes, steel constructions), is
collated in a detailed operation list (D2.3.10). At this stage, the management of the list is generally
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ISO 18828-3:2017(E)
supported by digital planning instruments. For this purpose, work schedules are stored in special
planning tools, such as spreadsheet analysis or ERP systems.
5.2 Precedence graph
The main information flow for the precedence graph consists of an information object that assumes
various states during the planning process. Each state converts data from a previous state and
supplements it with additional information or aggregates it into a subsequent state object. Five different
states have been identified for the precedent information object, which are depicted in Figure 8.
Key
transition of state
start state
end state
internal version state
Figure 8 — States of the precedence graph information object
NOTE The depicted states are described in greater detail in Annexes B and C.
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5.2.1 Concept planning phase
Figure 9 — States of the precedence graph information object
During the concept planning phase, initial steps for developing a precedence graph are carried out. This
phase results in a conceptual precedence graph for the sequence of various combined operations, called
modules (D.3.1.2 in Figure 9).
The assembly planning uses the information provided by previous planning iterations (D3.1.1) (e.g.
from the previous product generation) to develop the precedence graph (A2.1.3).
The result of this process is a conceptual precedence graph for modules. This information consists of
a rough flow chart that describes the sequence of combined operations. It can be used in subsequent
planning processes, especially the rough planning phase.
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5.2.2 Rough planning phase
Figure 10 — Rough planning phase of the precedence graph information flow
The general information based on the conceptual precedence graph (D3.2.2 in Figure 10) is converted
into a rough precedence graph (D3.2.3) that is based on modules from the rough planning phase.
The conceptual precedence graph consists of a rough flow chart that defines the sequence of combined
modules. It represents the information input for detailing the assembly process steps and work content
(A2.2.2). The information it processes generates a rough precedence graph that is based on modules
to which work content has a
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