ISO/IEC 14496-28:2012

Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 28: Composite font representation

This part of ISO/IEC 14496 specifies the Composite Font Representation, an XML-based document format that allows combining individual component font resources into a single virtual font. Recent advances in developing the Unicode Standard and the addition of new characters that represent most of the world's languages and writing systems have resulted in a significant increase of the Unicode character repertoire, and this process is likely to continue in the future. Therefore, the ability to combine a number of individual fonts supporting different languages and Unicode ranges in a single virtual font description provides the opportunity for various users and creators of multimedia, graphics and textual content to support all of the world's languages and utilize the existing font rendering solutions that are implemented in current computing platforms and deployed in many existing devices.

Technologies de l'information — Codage des objets audiovisuels — Partie 28: Représentation de la police de caractères composite

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 16-Apr-2012
• ICS: 35.040 - Information coding
• ICS: 35.040.40 - Coding of audio, video, multimedia and hypermedia information
• Technical Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 - Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information
• Drafting Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 - Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information
• Current Stage: 9060 - Close of review
• Start Date: 03-Mar-2028

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 14496-28
First edition
2012-05-01


Information technology — Coding of
audio-visual objects —
Part 28:
Composite font representation
Technologies de l'information — Codage des objets audiovisuels —
Partie 28: Représentation de la police de caractères composite




Reference number
ISO/IEC 14496-28:2012(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2012

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 14496-28:2012(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT


©  ISO/IEC 2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56  CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland

ii © ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 14496-28:2012(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . iv
1  Scope . 1
2  Normative references . 1
3  Abbreviated terms . 1
4  The Composite Font Representation format . 2
4.1  Description . 2
4.2  Filenames . 2
4.3  Syntax and data types . 2
5  The Composite Font Representation structure . 2
5.1  High-level overview . 2
5.2  The 'PosingFont' element . 2
5.3  The 'Name' element . 3
5.4  The 'FontMetrics' element . 3
5.5  The 'Components' element . 6
5.6  The 'LanguagePreferredList' element . 6
5.7  The 'LanguagePreferredComponentDef' element . 6
5.8  The 'Language' element . 6
5.9  The 'ComponentDef' element . 7
5.10  The 'Tracking' element . 7
5.11  The 'Matrix' element . 7
5.12  The 'UnicodeCharSet' element . 8
5.13  The 'cmapOverride' element . 8
5.14  The 'map' element . 8
5.15  The 'ToUnicode' element . 8
5.16  The 'mapChar' element . 9
Annex A (normative) Composite Font Representation Document Type Definition . 10
Annex B (informative) Composite Font Representation Examples . 13
Bibliography . 22

© ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 14496-28:2012(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information
technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as
an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 14496-28 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 29, Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information.
ISO/IEC 14496 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology — Coding of
audio-visual objects:
 Part 1: Systems
 Part 2: Visual
 Part 3: Audio
 Part 4: Conformance testing
 Part 5: Reference software
 Part 6: Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework (DMIF)
 Part 7: Optimized reference software for coding of audio-visual objects
 Part 8: Carriage of ISO/IEC 14496 contents over IP networks
 Part 9: Reference hardware description
 Part 10: Advanced Video Coding
 Part 11: Scene description and application engine
 Part 12: ISO base media file format
 Part 13: Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP) extensions
 Part 14: MP4 file format
 Part 15: Advanced Video Coding (AVC) file format
 Part 16: Animation Framework eXtension (AFX)
iv © ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 14496-28:2012(E)
 Part 17: Streaming text format
 Part 18: Font compression and streaming
 Part 19: Synthesized texture stream
 Part 20: Lightweight Application Scene Representation (LASeR) and Simple Aggregation Format (SAF)
 Part 21: MPEG-J Graphics Framework eXtensions (GFX)
 Part 22: Open Font Format
 Part 23: Symbolic Music Representation
 Part 24: Audio and systems interaction
 Part 25: 3D Graphics Compression Model
 Part 26: Audio conformance
 Part 27: 3D Graphics conformance
 Part 28: Composite font representation

© ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 14496-28:2012(E)

Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects —
Part 28:
Composite font representation
1 Scope
This part of ISO/IEC 14496 specifies the Composite Font Representation, an XML-based document format
that allows combining individual component font resources into a single virtual font. Recent advances in
developing the Unicode Standard and the addition of new characters that represent most of the world's
languages and writing systems have resulted in a significant increase of the Unicode character repertoire, and
this process is likely to continue in the future. Therefore, the ability to combine a number of individual fonts
supporting different languages and Unicode ranges in a single virtual font description provides the opportunity
for various users and creators of multimedia, graphics and textual content to support all of the world's
languages and utilize the existing font rendering solutions that are implemented in current computing
platforms and deployed in many existing devices.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
BCP 47 — Tags for Identifying Languages,
Unicode Version 6.1,
3 Abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviated terms apply.
CFF Compact Font Format
CFR Composite Font Representation
CID Character ID
GID Glyph ID
ICU International Components for Unicode
OFF Open Font Format
OTF OpenType Font
UCS Universal Character Set
UPM Units Per Em
UTF Unicode Transformation Format
© ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved 1

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 14496-28:2012(E)
4 The Composite Font Representation format
4.1 Description
A Composite Font Representation (CFR) resource is an XML representation describing the following essential
components:
 Font name – the name(s) used to identify the CFR resource
 Basic metrics for the font – the metrics derived from all of the component fonts. Typically the largest
values for a specific metric will be used
 Component list
The component list can specify two kinds of components:
 Single component definitions
 Lists of component definitions based on the order of language preference
A component definition in turn is defined by a font name (a PostScript name that uniquely identifies the
component font), along with an optional transformational matrix, optional ICU (International Components for
Unicode) UnicodeSet pattern strings defining the Unicode coverage for the component, and an optional
character mapping (cmap) that defines how Unicode characters map to glyphs in the component font. The
component font must be installed or downloaded for temporary use, and/or registered with the consumer’s
font system in a way that it can be found via its PostScript name. Note that an optional "LocationHint" attribute
may be used as part of the component font definition to specify the location of a component font resource,
whether embedded, local, or remote. The ordering of the components is significant, because for elements or
attributes that are optional but not specified, their values are derived from the font resource that is referenced
by the first instance of a component. Also, the first component containing a particular character mapping is
used when resolving overlapping or conflicting character mappings, or when multiple languages are specified.
This format provides the basic framework to develop a composite font resource that is based purely on
character ranges and language preferences. It can be used to implement a simple virtual font or a fallback font
resource.
4.2 Filenames
CFR resources, when instantiated as a file, may have the extension .cfr.
4.3 Syntax and data types
Refer to the DTD that is provided in Annex A.
5 The Composite Font Representation structure
5.1 High-level overview
A CFR resource consists of a single 'PosingFont' element, and its 'Components' element specifies an arbitrary
number of 'ComponentDef' or 'LanguagePreferredList' elements. A CFR resource can be instantiated as a
standalone file or resource, and it can be referenced by another CFR resource. Examples of Composite Font
Representation are presented in Annex B.
5.2 The 'PosingFont' element
Required. The 'PosingFont' element may contain zero or more 'Name' elements, an optional 'FontMetrics'
element, and a single 'Components' element. It also contains two required attributes, 'name' and 'version'.
Attribute definitions:
name = "string"
Required. A string that uniquely identifies the CFR resource, and that follows PostScript font naming
conventions.
2 © ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 14496-28:2012(E)
version = "string"
Required. A string that represents the version of the CFR resource.
5.3 The 'Name' element
Optional. Each instance of the 'Name' element specifies an attribute that is equivalent to a specific 'name'
table string of an 'sfnt' resource.
Attribute definitions:
type = "string"
Required. An sfnt 'name' table string identifier expressed as an integer.
string = "string"
Required. The actual content of the 'Name' element.
language = "string"
Optional. The BCP 47 tag that corresponds to the language of the 'string' attribute. The script and region can
also be specified, if necessary.
5.4 The 'FontMetrics' element
Optional. The 'FontMetrics' element specifies various line-layout attributes that apply globally to the CFR
resource.
Attribute definitions:
unitsPerEm = "string"
Optional. A virtual UPM (Units Per Em) of the CFR resource expressed as an integer. Its purpose is to
facilitate the correct interpretation of the additional attributes. Unless otherwise specified, the values of the
additional attributes are based on this UPM value.
xMin = "string"
Optional. The minimal X-axis value of the glyph bounding boxes expressed as an integer.
yMin = "string"
Optional. The minimal Y-axis value of the glyph bounding boxes expressed as an integer.
xMax = "string"
Optional. The maximum X-axis value of the glyph bounding boxes expressed as an integer.
yMax = "string"
Optional. The maximum Y-axis value of the glyph bounding boxes expressed as an integer.
macStyle = "string"
Optional. The head.macStyle value expressed as a 16-digit bit array.
lowestRecPPEM = "string"
Optional. The smallest readable size expressed in number of pixels.
© ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved 3

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 14496-28:2012(E)
ascender = "string"
Optional. The horizontal typographic ascent expressed as an integer.
descender = "string"
Optional. The horizontal typographic descent expressed as an integer.
lineGap = "string"
Optional. The horizontal typographic line gap expressed as an integer.
vertTypoAscender = "string"
Optional. The vertical typographic ascent expressed as an integer.
vertTypoDescender = "string"
Optional. The vertical typographic descent expressed as an integer.
vertTypoLineGap = "string"
Optional. The vertical typographic line gap expressed as an integer.
advanceWidthMax = "string"
Optional. The maximum horizontal advance width expressed as an integer.
advanceHeightMax = "string"
Optional. The maximum vertical advance height expressed as an integer.
minLeftSideBearing = "string"
Optional. The minimum left sidebearing value expressed as an integer.
minRightSideBearing = "string"
Optional. The minimum right sidebearing value, calculated as (advanceWdthMax - minLeftSideBearing -
(xMax - xMin)), and expressed as an integer.
minTopSideBearing = "string"
Optional. The minimum top sidebearing value expressed as an integer.
minBottomSideBearing = "string"
Optional. The minimum bottom sidebearing value expressed as an integer.
xMaxExtent = "string"
Optional. The value of the formula (minLeftSideBearing + (xMax - xMin)) expressed as an integer.
yMaxExtent = "string"
Optional. The value of the formula (minTopSideBearing + (yMax - yMin)) expressed as an integer.
caretSlopeRise = "string"
4 © ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 14496-28:2012(E)
Optional. Used to calculate the slope of the cursor according to the formula (caretSlopeRise ÷ caretSlopeRun).
Use the value 1 for a vertical cursor, which is best for horizontal writing mode.
caretSlopeRun = "string"
Optional. Used to calculate the slope of the cursor according to the formula (caretSlopeRise ÷ caretSlopeRun).
Use the value 0 for a vertical cursor, which is best for horizontal writing mode.
caretOffset = "string"
Optional. The amount by which a slanted highlight on a glyph needs to be shifted to produce the best
appearance. Use the value 0 for non-slanted fonts.
vertCaretSlopeRise = "string"
Optional. Used to calculate the slope of the cursor according to the formula (vertCaretSlopeRise ÷
vertCaretSlopeRun). Use the value 0 for a horizontal cursor, which is best for vertical writing mode.
vertCaretSlopeRun = "string"
Optional. Used to calculate the slope of the cursor according to the formula (vertCaretSlopeRise ÷
vertCaretSlopeRun). Use the value 1 for a horizontal cursor, which is best for vertical writing mode.
vertCaretOffset = "string"
Optional. The amount by which a slanted highlight on a glyph needs to be shifted to produce the best
appearance. Use the value 0 for non-slanted fonts.
italicAngle = "string"
Optional. The italic angle in counter-clockwise degrees from the vertical expressed as an integer. Upright text
should be set to 0, and text that leans to the right should be set to a negative value.
underlinePosition = "string"
Optional. The top of the underline expressed as an integer. If it is below the baseline, a negative value should
be used.
underlineThickness = "string"
Optional. The suggested value for the underline thickness expressed as an integer.
isFixedPitch = "string"
Optional. A value that specifies whether the glyphs in the CFR resource are monospaced (non-zero) or
proportional (zero).
numGlyphs = "string"
Optional. The implied maximum number of glyphs in the CFR resource, which is intended to be used for the
purpose of optimization.
weightClass = "string"
Optional. The visual weight of the glyphs in the CFR resource expressed as an integer.
widthClass = "string"
Optional. The relative aspect ratio of the glyphs in the CFR resource expressed as an integer.
© ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved 5

---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 14496-28:2012(E)
familyClass = "string"
Optional. The IBM Font Class and the IBM Font Subclass parameter values of the CFR resource expressed
as an integer.
5.5 The 'Components' element
Required. The 'Components' element contains one or more of either the 'ComponentDef' or
'LanguagePreferredList' elements.
5.6 The 'LanguagePreferredList' element
The 'LanguagePreferredList' element contains one or more 'LanguagePreferredComponentDef' elements.
5.7 The 'LanguagePreferredComponentDef' element
Required. The 'LanguagePreferredComponentDef' element contains a single 'Language' element and one or
more 'ComponentDef' elements. If the same 'ComponentDef' element is meant to serve more than one
language, multiple instances of the 'LanguagePreferredComponentDef' element may be specified.
The 'LanguagePreferredList' makes most sense if there is more than one 'LanguagePreferredComponentDef'
element specified, though it is not an error if it specifies only one 'LanguagePreferredComponentDef' element.
The user's language setting determines which 'LanguagePreferredComponentDef' element to use first, and
when a character that is not supported by the font specified by that 'LanguagePreferredComponentDef'
element is encountered, the ordering of the 'LanguagePreferredComponentDef' elements is significant, and
the first 'LanguagePreferredComponentDef' element that supports the character is used.
Furthermore, the 'LanguagePreferredComponentDef' elements in the 'LanguagePreferredList' element can be
reordered according to the language preference settings of the user's system or environment. For example, a
CFR resource can specify a 'LanguagePreferredList' element such as the following:

, language="ja">
, language="zh-Hant">
, language="zh-Hans">

By default, the order of the component fonts is "Tokyo," "Taipei," then "Beijing." This may be suitable for a
typical Japanese environment, but for a user in Shanghai, the preferred language would be Simplified Chinese,
and the preferred order of the component fonts should be "Beijing," "Taipei," then "Tokyo," because the user's
language preference is likely to be Simplified Chinese first, Traditional Chinese second, and perhaps followed
by no other language preference. This reordering within the 'LanguagePreferredList' element takes place in
applications or environment for which users' language settings are applicable, otherwise the order of the
'LanguagePreferredComponentDef' elements should be respected.
As described above, 'LanguagePreferredComponentDef' elements can be reordered by the consumer, but
consumers cannot remove nor add them.
5.8 The 'Language' element
Required. The 'Language' element specifies the language that is to be applied to the 'ComponentDef'
elements of the 'LanguagePreferredComponentDef' element.
Attribute definitions:
string = "string"
6 © ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 14496-28:2012(E)
Required. The BCP 47 tag that corresponds to the language of the 'Language' element. In some cases, such
as to distinguish Simplified and Traditional Chinese, script and/or region codes may be appended, following a
hyphen, such as zh-Hans for Simplified Chinese or zh-Hant for Traditional Chinese.
5.9 The 'ComponentDef' element
Required. The 'ComponentDef' element may contain one 'Tracking' element, one 'Matrix' element, any
number of 'UnicodeCharSet' elements, one 'cmapOverride' element and one 'ToUnicode' element.
Attribute definitions:
name = "string"
Required. The PostScript name of the font resource specified by the 'ComponentDef' element. For CIDFont
resources, the CIDFontName string should be used. For recursive use of CFR resources, the 'PosingFont'
element's 'name' attribute should be used.
locationHint = "string"
Optional. The location of the font resource described in various ways, such as a URL or local system path.
The value of this attribute is not limited to being a URL or local system path. If the value cannot be resolved,
the consumer is to default to its standard font resource locating mechanism.
5.10 The 'Tracking' element
Optional. The 'Tracking' element is used to specify tracking that is applied to the 'ComponentDef' element.
Attribute definitions:
trackingValue = "string"
Required. A tracking value expressed as a negative or positive percentage.
5.11 The 'Matrix' element
Optional. The 'Matrix' element specifies a six-element transformational matrix that is applied to the
'ComponentDef' element. This is the same 2×3 transformation matrix as used by the PostScript imaging
model.
Attribute definitions:
xx = "string"
Required. The first element of the six-element transformational matrix.
xy = "string"
Required. The second element of the six-element transformational matrix.
yx = "string"
Required. The third element of the six-element transformational matrix.
yy = "string"
Required. The fourth element of the six-element transformational matrix.
tx = "string"
Required. The fifth element of the six-element transformational matrix.
© ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved 7

---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 14496-28:2012(E)
ty = "string"
Required. The sixth element of the six-element transformational matrix.
5.12 The 'UnicodeCharSet' element
Optional. The 'UnicodeCharSet' element specifies the Unicode code points or code point ranges for which the
'ComponentDef' element is to be used.
Attribute definitions:
uset = "string"
Required. A series of Unicode code points or code point ranges that are specified according to ICU's
UnicodeSet pattern syntax. As an example, the ranges U+0020 through U+007E and U+4E00 through
U+9FCC can thus be expressed as [[\u0020-\u007E][\u4E00-\u9FCC]].
5.13 The 'cmapOverride' element
Optional. The 'cmapOverride' element contains one or more 'map' elements.
The 'cmapOverride' element provides a mechanism to override the 'cmap' table of the font resource specified
by the 'ComponentDef' element. The resulting font will have a character set that is the intersection of the
'cmapOverride' element and the actual font resource. The consumer must honor this element in order to
determine whether the component font contains a glyph for a referenced character. It is considered an
exception if the font fails to supply a glyph for its advertised character set, but this is true for any font resource.
5.14 The 'map' element
Required. The 'map' element maps between a glyph and a Unicode code point or Unicode code point
sequence.
Attribute definitions:
charValue = "string"
Required. A Unicode code point or Unicode code point sequence that is specified with a notation that uses
Unicode scalar values, substituting the "U+" prefix with a "u" prefix, such as "u4E00" for U+4E00.
charName = "string"
Optional. The Unicode name of the Unicode code point. If there is no corresponding Unicode name, an
arbitrary name can be specified.
glyphRefID = "string"
Required. The GID (Glyph ID) of the glyph. For purposes of efficiency, even for CID-keyed fonts, this still
refers to the GID.
glyphName = "string"
Optional. A descriptive name of the glyph. For most purposes, naming glyphs according to the AGL
Specification [1] is recommended.
5.15 The 'ToUnicode' element
Optional. The 'ToUnicode' element contains one or more 'mapChar" elements.
Attribute definitions:
fromEncoding = "string"
8 © ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 14496-28:2012(E)
Optional. The name of the encoding from which the 'ToUnicode' element transcodes to Unicode. Do not use if
the encoding is Unicode.
5.16 The 'mapChar' element
Required. The 'mapChar' element maps from arbitrary character codes or arbitrary character code sequences,
including Unicode, to Unicode.
Attribute definitions:
fromCharValue = "string"
Required. An arbitrary character code or character code sequence that is specified by the '0x' prefix followed
by multiples of two hexadecimal digits whereby each two hexadecimal digits represent a single byte. If a
Unicode code point or Unicode code point sequence is used, it should be specified according to ICU's
UnicodeSet pattern syntax.
toCharValue = "string"
Required. A Unicode code point or Unicode code point sequence that is specified with a notation that uses
Unicode scalar values, substituting the "U+" prefix with a "u" prefix, such as "u4E00" for U+4E00.
© ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved 9

---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 14496-28:2012(E)
Annex A
(normative)

Composite Font Representation Document Type Definition
A.1 Introduction
This Annex defines the DTD for the Composite Font Representation.
A.2 Composite Font Representation DTD


name CDATA #REQUIRED
version CDATA #REQUIRED
>



type CDATA #REQUIRED
string CDATA #REQUIRED
language CDATA #IMPLIED
>



unitsPerEm CDATA #IMPLIED
xMin CDATA #IMPLIED
yMin CDATA #IMPLIED
xMax CDATA #IMPLIED
yMax CDATA #IMPLIED
macStyle CDATA #IMPLIED
lowestRecPPEM CDATA #IMPLIED
ascender CDATA #IMPLIED
descender CDATA #IMPLIED
lineGap CDATA #IMPLIED
vertTypoAscender CDATA #IMPLIED
vertTypoDescender CDATA #IMPLIED
vertTypoLineGap CDATA #IMPLIED
advanceWidthMax CDATA #IMPLIED
advanceHeightMax CDATA #IMPLIED
minLeftSideBearing CDATA #IMPLIED
minRightSideBearing CDATA #IMPLIED
minTopSideBearing CDATA #IMPLIED
minBottomSideBearing CDATA #IMPLIED
 xMaxExtent CDATA #IMPLIED
yMaxExtent CDATA #IMPLIED
caretSlopeRise CDATA #IMPLIED
caretSlopeRun CDATA #IMPLIED
caretOffset CDATA #IMPLIED
vertCaretSlopeRise CDATA #IMPLIED
vertCaretSlopeRun CDATA #IMPLIED
vertCaretOffset CDATA #IMPLIED
italicAngle CDATA #IMPLIED
underlinePosition CDATA #IMPLIED
underlineThickness CDATA #IMPLIED
is
...