ISO 18481:2017

Hydrometry — Liquid flow measurement using end depth method in channels with a free overfall

ISO 18481:2017 specifies a method for the estimation of the sub-critical flow of clear water in a smooth, essentially horizontal channel (or a gently sloping channel), abruptly discontinued at bottom by a hydraulic structure, with a vertical drop and discharging freely. Such an overfall forms a control section and offers a means for the estimation of flow using the end depth measurement method. A wide variety of channel cross-sections with overfall have been studied, but only those which have received general acceptance after adequate research and testing, and therefore do not require in situ calibration, are considered. This document covers channels with the following types of cross-sections: a) rectangular with confined and unconfined nappe; b) trapezoidal; c) triangular; d) circular; e) parabolic. The flow at the brink is curvilinear; therefore, the measured depth at the drop is not equal to the critical depth as computed by the principle based on assumption of parallel flow. However, the end depth and the critical depth (as in the case of the assumption of parallel flow) have unique relation, which is used to estimate the flow through these structures.

Hydrométrie — Mesure du débit liquide dans les chenaux à déversoir sans pelle

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 07-Dec-2017
• ICS: 17.120.20 - Flow in open channels
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 113/SC 2 - Flow measurement structures
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 113/SC 2 - Flow measurement structures
• Current Stage: 9020 - International Standard under periodical review
• Start Date: 15-Oct-2022
• Completion Date: 15-Oct-2022

Relations

• Revises: ISO 3847:1977 - Liquid flow measurement in open channels by weirs and flumes — End-depth method for estimation of flow in rectangular channels with a free overfall
• Effective Date: 28-Jul-2012
• Revises: ISO 4371:1984 - Measurement of liquid flow in open channels by weirs and flumes — End depth method for estimation of flow in non-rectangular channels with a free overfall (approximate method)
• Effective Date: 28-Jul-2012
• Consolidated By: ISO 14978:2018 - Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — General concepts and requirements for GPS measuring equipment
• Effective Date: 06-Jun-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18481
First edition
2017-12
Hydrometry — Liquid flow
measurement using end depth method
in channels with a free overfall
Hydrométrie — Mesure du débit liquide dans les chenaux à déversoir
sans pelle
Reference number
ISO 18481:2017(E)
ISO 2017
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ISO 18481:2017(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland

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ISO 18481:2017(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2  Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3  Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4  Symbols and abbreviated terms ........................................................................................................................................................... 2

5  Principle ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2

6  Installation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2

6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

6.2 Selection of site ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

7  Measurement of end depth ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3

7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

7.2 Head measuring devices ................................................................................................................................................................. 3

7.3 Gauge datum ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3

8 Maintenance .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3

8.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

8.2 Types................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4

8.3 Specifications for the drop structure ................................................................................................................................... 5

8.4 Specifications for installation ..................................................................................................................................................... 6

8.5 Determination of gauge zero ...................................................................................................................................................... 6

8.6 Discharge relationship ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6

8.7 Coefficient of discharge ................................................................................................................................................................... 6

8.7.1 Confined nappe ................................................................................................................................................................. 6

8.7.2 Unconfined nappe ........................................................................................................................................................... 6

8.8 Practical limitations ............................................................................................................................................................................ 6

8.9 Uncertainty of measurement ...................................................................................................................................................... 7

9  Triangular channel drop structure ................................................................................................................................................... 7

9.1 Specifications for the drop structure ................................................................................................................................... 7

9.2 Specifications for installation ..................................................................................................................................................... 7

9.3 Specifications for head measurement ................................................................................................................................. 7

9.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

9.3.2 Determination of channel angle ......................................................................................................................... 7

9.3.3 Determination of gauge zero ................................................................................................................................. 8

9.4 Discharge formula — Unconfined .......................................................................................................................................... 8

9.5 Practical limitations ............................................................................................................................................................................ 8

9.6 Uncertainty of measurement ...................................................................................................................................................... 8

10  Trapezoidal channel drop structure ................................................................................................................................................ 9

10.1 Specifications for the drop structure ................................................................................................................................... 9

10.2 Specifications for head measurement ................................................................................................................................. 9

10.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

10.2.2 Determination of gauge zero ................................................................................................................................. 9

10.3 Discharge formula — Unconfined .......................................................................................................................................... 9

10.4 Practical limitations .........................................................................................................................................................................10

10.5 Uncertainty of measurement ...................................................................................................................................................10

11  Circular channel drop structure ........................................................................................................................................................11

11.1 Specifications for the drop structure ................................................................................................................................11

11.2 Specifications for head measurement ..............................................................................................................................11

11.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................11

11.2.2 Determination of gauge zero ..............................................................................................................................11

11.3 Discharge formula — Unconfined .......................................................................................................................................11

11.4 Practical limitations .........................................................................................................................................................................13

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ISO 18481:2017(E)

11.5 Uncertainty of measurement ...................................................................................................................................................13

12  Parabolic channel drop structure ....................................................................................................................................................14

12.1 Specifications for the drop structure ................................................................................................................................14

12.2 Specifications for head measurement ..............................................................................................................................14

12.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................14

12.2.2 Geometry .............................................................................................................................................................................14

12.2.3 Determination of gauge zero ..............................................................................................................................14

12.3 Discharge formula — Unconfined .......................................................................................................................................15

12.4 Practical limitations .........................................................................................................................................................................15

13  Uncertainties of flow measurement ..............................................................................................................................................15

13.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................15

13.2 Sources of error ...................................................................................................................................................................................15

13.3 Kinds of error ........................................................................................................................................................................................16

13.4 Uncertainties in coefficient values ......................................................................................................................................16

13.5 Uncertainties in measurements made by the user ...............................................................................................17

13.6 Combination of uncertainties to give total uncertainty on discharge ..................................................17

13.7 Example ......................................................................................................................................................................................................17

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................20

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ISO 18481:2017(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following

URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 113, Hydrometry, Subcommittee SC 2,

Flow measurement structures.

This first edition of ISO 18481 cancels and replaces ISO 3847:1977 and ISO 4371:1984, which have been

merged and technically revised.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18481:2017(E)
Hydrometry — Liquid flow measurement using end depth
method in channels with a free overfall
1 Scope

This document specifies a method for the estimation of the sub-critical flow of clear water in a smooth,

essentially horizontal channel (or a gently sloping channel), abruptly discontinued at bottom by a

hydraulic structure, with a vertical drop and discharging freely. Such an overfall forms a control section

and offers a means for the estimation of flow using the end depth measurement method. A wide variety

of channel cross-sections with overfall have been studied, but only those which have received general

acceptance after adequate research and testing, and therefore do not require in situ calibration, are

considered. This document covers channels with the following types of cross-sections:

a) rectangular with confined and unconfined nappe;
b) trapezoidal;
c) triangular;
d) circular;
e) parabolic.

The flow at the brink is curvilinear; therefore, the measured depth at the drop is not equal to the critical

depth as computed by the principle based on assumption of parallel flow. However, the end depth and

the critical depth (as in the case of the assumption of parallel flow) have unique relation, which is used

to estimate the flow through these structures.
2  Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 772, Hydrometry — Vocabulary and symbols
3  Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 772 apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
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ISO 18481:2017(E)
4  Symbols and abbreviated terms
Symbol Unit Definition
A m area of approach channel
2a m semi-latus rectum of parabola
A m area of flow at critical depth
b m width of rectangular channel
C — coefficient of discharge
d m diameter of the circle
h m end depth corresponding to the maximum anticipated discharge
z — side slope 1 vertical to z horizontal
Q m /s total discharge
m m top width of flow
D m critical depth
D m end depth

θ radian apex angles subtended by the top width of flow at the centre of the circle

radian semi-vertex angle of triangular channel
5  Principle

The un-submerged flow at an abrupt end of a long channel can be referred to as free overfall. In many

cases, the measurement of flow depth at the free overfall is possible and could be used for discharge

estimation. Such a discharge measurement method does not generally require any obtrusive structure

to be built. Many available overfall structures constructed for other reasons could also be used for the

discharge measurement with minor modifications.

There is a unique relationship between the flow discharge and the critical depth in an open channel.

The ratio of end depth to the critical depth (EDR) established theoretically and verified experimentally

offers an easy method to measure the discharge using end depth method.
6  Installation
6.1  General

General requirements of overfall discharge measurement installation are described in the following

clauses. Special requirements of different types are described in clauses which deal with specific types.

6.2  Selection of site

A preliminary survey shall be made of the physical and hydraulic features of the proposed site to check

that it conforms (or may be made to conform) to the requirements necessary for measurement by

the end depth method. The potential application of this method of flow measurement is at proposed

or existing water and waste water treatment plants, where flumes and channels form part of such

installations. The discharge measurement using end depth can be installed on existing flumes and

channels after verification that they conform to the requirements necessary for measurement by the

end depth method or they can be modified to make them conform to the requirements. Particular

attention should be paid to the following features in selecting the site and ensuring the necessary flow

conditions.

a) An adequate straight length (at least 20h , where h is the end depth corresponding to the maximum

e e

discharge anticipated) of channel of regular cross-section should be available upstream of the drop.

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ISO 18481:2017(E)

b) The flow in the approach channel shall be uniform and steady, with the velocity distribution

approximating that in a channel of sufficient length to develop satisfactory flow in smooth, straight

channels. Baffles and flow straighteners can be used to simulate satisfactory velocity distribution,

but their location with respect to the measuring section shall be not less than the minimum length

prescribed for the approach channel.

c) The channel bottom should be horizontal. Gentle positive slopes not greater than 1 in 2 000 are

admissible; the flow shall be sub-critical, practically uniform upstream of the drop, and the water

surface shall be relatively stable and free from perturbations at even during low velocities.

d) The side walls, as well as the bottom, shall be smooth as far as possible (in this document, a

smooth surface shall correspond to a neat cement finish). The finish of the structure shall be well

maintained; changes in wall roughness due to various forms of deposition will change the discharge

relationship.

e) The end (face) of channel shall be normal to its longitudinal centre line and water shall be allowed

to fall freely beyond this point.

f) In the case of a confined nappe, the downstream side walls shall be extended to a distance not less

than six times the maximum end depth.

g) In the case of unconfined nappe, the side walls shall end at the drop and nappe should be completely

free at the sides to permit unrestricted spreading.
h) The nappe bottom shall be fully aerated in all the cases.
7  Measurement of end depth
7.1  General

The end depth is computed by deducting the bed level (gauge datum) from water surface level, both

measured at the end or at the fall. The depth shall be measured exactly at the end (drop) of the channel.

The flow at the drop is fully curvilinear and any small error in the location of the gauge will result in

large error in measurement of discharge.
7.2  Head measuring devices

The water surface at the fall or end may be measured using a point gauge or other suitable measuring

device. The pointer shall be at the centre of the channel width. The use of hook gauge or any other

measuring device requiring insertion inside water is not advised and is discouraged. The flow would

drag the pointer and displace it away from the point of measurement or the pointer will vibrate leading

to inaccurate measurement. The device selected should not disturb the flow conditions at the free fall.

Stilling well or float well cannot be used for the measurement of the end depth.
7.3 Gauge datum

Accuracy of end depth measurement is critically dependent upon the determination of the gauge datum

or gauge zero, which is defined as the gauge reading corresponding to the channel bed (bottom) at

the end (drop) in case of rectangular or trapezoidal channels, or the lowest point of the triangular or

circular channel at the end (drop).
8 Maintenance
8.1  General

Maintenance of the drop structure is necessary to achieve the accuracy in measurement. The approach

channel shall be kept free of silt, vegetation and obstructions which might have deleterious effects

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ISO 18481:2017(E)

on the flow conditions specified for the standard installation. The downstream channel shall be kept

free of obstructions which might cause submergence or inhibit full ventilation of the nappe under all

conditions of flow.

The drop structure shall be kept clean. In the process of cleaning, care shall be taken to avoid damage

to the surface of the drop structure, particularly brink edge and upstream bed and side surface. The

head measuring devices like point gauge shall be checked periodically to ensure accuracy.

Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 downstream face
Figure 1 — Drop edge of overfall

The drop edge shall be sharp at its intersection without any burrs. To ensure that the brink edge and

sides are sharp, a machined metallic rim could be fitted at the end of the channel. The thickness of the

metallic rim should be uniform and it should be between 1 mm and 2 mm along the flow. The metallic

rim shall be fitted flush with the vertical face of the overfall structure to ensure that no gaps exist

between the rim and the channel. The downstream edges of the metallic rim shall be chamfered if the

rim plate is thicker than the maximum allowable width along the flow. The surface of the chamfer shall

make an angle of not less than π/4 radians (45°) with a line extending along the horizontal channel

bed or side surfaces of the fall (see detail, Figure 1). The metallic rim shall be made of corrosion-

resistant metal; but if it is not, all the smooth surfaces and sharp edges shall be kept coated with a thin,

protective film (for example, oil, wax, silicone) applied with a soft cloth. If a flow straightener is used in

the approach channel, perforated plates shall be kept clean so that the percentage open area remains

greater than 40 %.
8.2 Types

The free overfall structures in rectangular channels are further classified into two types: confined

nappe and unconfined nappe.

The confined nappe is the jet formed by the flow where the guide walls of the structure extend to at

least six times the end depth at maximum flow beyond the brink edge and where the bottom of nappe is

sufficiently ventilated to ensure atmospheric pressure below the nappe (see Figure 2).

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ISO 18481:2017(E)
Key
1 aeration hole in side wall 5 flow
2 nappe width same as channel 6 overfall at the end of the channel
3 horizontal bottom 7 fall
4 point of measurement exactly at the drop 8 tail water level (TWL)
Figure 2 — Rectangular channel with confined nappe (bottom nappe aerated)

The unconfined nappe is the jet formed by the flow where the guide walls of the structure end at the

edge of the drop structure and permit free lateral expansion of flow and where the nappe is sufficiently

ventilated to ensure atmospheric pressure below the nappe (see Figure 3).
Key
1 horizontal bottom 5 flow
2 overfall (at the end of channel) 6 tail water level
3 two alternative forms of nappe 7 fall
4 point of measurement exactly at the drop 8 nappe
Figure 3 — Rectangular channel with unconfined nappe
8.3  Specifications for the drop structure

The basic overfall structure consists of an abrupt drop or discontinuity in the bed at the end of a

rectangular channel. The overfall shall be plane, rigid and perpendicular to the walls and the floor of

the approach channel. The surface finish along the bed and sides shall be the same until the drop. The

side walls of the rectangular channel shall be parallel to each other and the distance between them

(width of channel) shall be the same for the specified length of the channel. The brink (overfall edge)

line shall be horizontal and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the rectangular channel.

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ISO 18481:2017(E)
8.4  Specifications for installation

The specifications stated in 6.2 shall apply. In general, the overfall structure used for end depth

discharge measurement shall be located in a straight, horizontal, rectangular approach channel. The

full width of the approach channel shall be used as the drop structure. The flow in the approach channel

shall be uniform and steady, as specified in 6.2.
8.5  Determination of gauge zero

The hook gauge is lowered to the edge of the channel and its reading is recorded. The reading taken at

any point over the width shall be same.
8.6  Discharge relationship

In terms of end depth, the basic discharge formula for a rectangular overfall is given by Formula (1):

QC= bgD (1)
where
Q is the total discharge expressed in cubic metres per second (m /s);

C is the effective coefficient of discharge for subcritical flow in the upstream channel;

b is the width of the channel expressed in m;
g is the gravitational acceleration (standard value) expressed in m/s ;

D is the end depth exactly at the overfall, measured at the centre of the edge width.

8.7  Coefficient of discharge
8.7.1  Confined nappe

The coefficient of discharge C for horizontal channel with confined nappe on the sides and aerated

bottom is given by
C=1,6542
8.7.2  Unconfined nappe

The coefficient of discharge C for horizontal channel with unconfined nappe and aera

...