ISO/ASTM 51205:2017
(Main)Practice for use of a ceric-cerous sulfate dosimetry system
Practice for use of a ceric-cerous sulfate dosimetry system
1.1 This practice covers the preparation, testing, and procedure for using the ceric-cerous sulfate dosimetry system to measure absorbed dose to water when exposed to ionizing radiation. The system consists of a dosimeter and appropriate analytical instrumentation. For simplicity, the system will be referred to as the ceric-cerous system. The ceric-cerous dosimeter is classified as a type 1 dosimeter on the basis of the effect of influence quantities. The ceric-cerous system may be used as a reference standard dosimetry system or as a routine dosimetry system. 1.2 ISO/ASTM 51205:2017 is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM Practice 52628 for the ceric-cerous system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628. 1.3 This practice describes both the spectrophotometric and the potentiometric readout procedures for the ceric-cerous system. 1.4 This practice applies only to gamma radiation, X-radiation/bremsstrahlung, and high energy electrons.
Pratique de l'utilisation d'un système dosimétrique au sulfate cérique-céreux
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INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM
STANDARD 51205
Third edition
2017-05
Practice for use of a ceric-cerous
sulfate dosimetry system
Pratique de l’utilisation d’un système dosimétrique au sulfate
cérique-céreux
Reference number
©
ISO/ASTM International 2017
© ISO/ASTM International 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Tel. +610 832 9634
Fax +41 22 749 09 47 Fax +610 832 9635
copyright@iso.org khooper@astm.org
www.iso.org www.astm.org
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2017 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
1 Scope. 1
2 Referenced documents. 1
3 Terminology. 2
4 Significance and use. 2
5 Effect of influence quantities. 2
6 Interferences . 3
7 Apparatus. 3
8 Reagents. 3
9 Preparation of the dosimeters. 3
10 Calibration of the dosimetry system . 4
11 Application of dosimetry system . 6
12 Minimum documentation requirements. 6
13 Measurement uncertainty. 6
14 Keywords. 7
Annexes. 7
Figure A1.1 Electrochemical cell. 7
© ISO/ASTM International 2017 – All rights reserved iii
Foreword
ISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO documents should be noted. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ASTM International is one of the world’s largest voluntary standards development organizations with global
participation from affected stakeholders. ASTM technical committees follow rigorous due process balloting
procedures.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO and ASTM International shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
DetailsofanypatentrightsidentifiedduringthedevelopmentofthedocumentwillbeintheIntroductionand/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/
iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by ASTM Committee E61 Radiation Processing and by Technical Committee
ISO/TC 85, nuclear energy, nuclear technologies and radiological protection.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO/ASTM 51205:2009), which has been
technically revised.
iv © ISO/ASTM International 2017 – All rights reserved
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Standard Practice for
Use of a Ceric-Cerous Sulfate Dosimetry System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51205; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
NOTE 1—The lower energy limits are appropriate for a cylindrical
1. Scope
dosimeter ampoule of 12-mm diameter. Corrections for dose gradient
1.1 This practice covers the preparation, testing, and proce-
across the ampoule may be required for electron beams (2). The
dure for using the ceric-cerous sulfate dosimetry system to
ceric-cerous system may be used at lower energies by employing thinner
(in the beam direction) dosimeters (see ICRU Report 35).
measure absorbed dose to water when exposed to ionizing
radiation. The system consists of a dosimeter and appropriate
1.5.4 The irradiation temperature of the dosimeter is above
analytical instrumentation. For simplicity, the system will be
0°C and below 62°C (3).
referred to as the ceric-cerous system.The ceric-cerous dosim-
NOTE 2—The temperature coefficient of dosimeter response is known
eter is classified as a type 1 dosimeter on the basis of the effect
only in this range (see 5.2). Use outside this range requires determination
ofinfluencequantities.Theceric-ceroussystemmaybeusedas
of the temperature coefficient.
a reference standard dosimetry system or as a routine dosim-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
etry system.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 This document is one of a set of standards that provides responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM Practice 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
52628 for the ceric-cerous system. It is intended to be read in
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628. ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.3 This practice describes both the spectrophotometric and
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
the potentiometric readout procedures for the ceric-cerous
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
system.
1.4 This practice applies only to gamma radiation,
2. Referenced documents
X-radiation/bremsstrahlung, and high energy electrons.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.5 This practice applies provided the following conditions
C912Practice for Designing a Process for Cleaning Techni-
are satisfied:
cal Glasses
2 4
1.5.1 Theabsorbed-doserangeisfrom5×10 to5×10 Gy
E170Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and
(1).
Dosimetry
6 −1
1.5.2 The absorbed-dose rate does not exceed 10 Gy s
E178Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
(1).
E275PracticeforDescribingandMeasuringPerformanceof
1.5.3 For radionuclide gamma-ray sources, the initial pho-
Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers
ton energy is greater than 0.6 MeV. For bremsstrahlung
E666Practice for CalculatingAbsorbed Dose From Gamma
photons, the initial energy of the electrons used to produce the
or X Radiation
bremsstrahlung photons is equal to or greater than 2 MeV. For
E668 Practice for Application of Thermoluminescence-
electron beams, the initial electron energy is greater than 8
Dosimetry (TLD) Systems for Determining Absorbed
MeV.
DoseinRadiation-HardnessTestingofElectronicDevices
E925Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-
1 Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Bandwidth
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation
Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.02 on Dosimetry does not Exceed 2 nm
Systems, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3.
E958Practice for Estimation of the Spectral Bandwidth of
Current edition approved March 8, 2017. Published May 2017. Originally
published as ASTM E1205–88. Last previous ASTM edition E1205–99. ASTM
E1205–93 was adopted by ISO in 1998 with the intermediate designation ISO
15555:1998(E). The present International Standard ISO/ASTM 51205:2017(E) is a For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
major revision of ISO/ASTM 51205-2009(E). www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothebibliographyattheendofthis Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s
standard. Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
© ISO/ASTM International 2017 – All rights reserved
Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers 3.1.2 ceric-cerous dosimeter—specially prepared solution
of ceric sulfate and cerous sulfate in sulfuric acid, individually
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
sealed in an appropriate container such as a glass ampoule,
51261Practice for Calibration of Routine Dosimetry Sys-
tems for Radiation Processing where the radiation-induced changes in electropotential or
optical absorbance of the solution are related to absorbed dose
51707Guide for Estimation of Measurement Uncertainty in
Dosimetry for Radiation Processing to water.
52628Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing
3.1.3 molar linear absorption coeffıcient, ε —constant re-
m
52701Guide for Performance Characterization of Dosim-
lating the spectrophotometric absorbance, A , of an optically
λ
eters and Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation Pro-
absorbing molecular species at a given wavelength, λ, per unit
cessing
pathlength, d, to the molar concentration, c, of that species in
2.3 ISO Standards:
solution:
12749-4Nuclear energy – Vocabulary – Part 4: Dosimetry
A
λ
for radiation processing ε 5 (1)
m
d·c
2.4 ISO/IEC Standards:
2 −1
SI unit: m mol
17025General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The measurement is sometimes ex-
and Calibration Laboratories
−1 −1
pressed in units of L mol cm .
2.5 Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM)
Reports:
3.1.4 radiation chemical yield, G(x)—quotient of n(x) by ε¯,
JCGM 100:2008, GUM 1995, with minor correc-
where n(x) is the mean amount of a specified entity, x,
tions,Evaluation of measurement data – Guide to the produced, destroyed, or changed by the mean energy, ε,
¯
Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement
imparted to the matter.
JCGM 200:2012 (JCGM 200:2008 with minor revisions),
n x
~ !
VIM,International Vocabulary of Metrology – Basis and G x 5 (2)
~ !
ε¯
General Concepts and Associated Terms
−1
SI unit: mol J
2.6 International Commission on Radiation Units and Mea-
surements (ICRU) Reports: 3.1.5 reference standard dosimetry system—dosimetry
ICRU Report 10b (NBS Handbook 85)Physical Aspects of
system, generally having the highest metrological quality
Irradiation
available at a given location or in a given organization, from
ICRUReport35 RadiationDosimetry:ElectronBeamswith which measurements made there are derived.
Initial Energies Between 1 and 50 MeV
3.1.6 type 1 dosimeter—dosimeter of high metrological
ICRU Report 80 Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation
quality, the response of which is affected by individual influ-
Processing
ence quantities in a well-defined way that can be expressed in
ICRU Report 85a Fundamental Quantities and Units for
terms of independent correction factors.
Ionizing Radiation
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 electropotential, E—difference in potential between
3. Terminology
the solutions in the two compartments of an electrochemical
3.1 Definitions:
cell, measured in millivolts.
3.1.1 approved laboratory—laboratory that is a recognized
3.3 Definitions of other terms used in this practice that
nationalmetrologyinstitute,orhasbeenformallyaccreditedto
pertain to radiation measurement and dosimetry may be found
ISO/IEC 17025, or has a quality system consistent with the
in ISO 12749-4, ASTM Terminology E170, ICRU 85a, and
requirements of ISO/IEC 17025.
VIM; these documents, therefore, may be used as alternativ
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM
STANDARD 51205
Third edition
2017-05
Practice for use of a ceric-cerous
sulfate dosimetry system
Pratique de l’utilisation d’un système dosimétrique au sulfate
cérique-céreux
Reference number
©
ISO/ASTM International 2017
© ISO/ASTM International 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Tel. +610 832 9634
Fax +41 22 749 09 47 Fax +610 832 9635
copyright@iso.org khooper@astm.org
www.iso.org www.astm.org
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2017 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
1 Scope. 1
2 Referenced documents. 1
3 Terminology. 2
4 Significance and use. 2
5 Effect of influence quantities. 2
6 Interferences . 3
7 Apparatus. 3
8 Reagents. 3
9 Preparation of the dosimeters. 3
10 Calibration of the dosimetry system . 4
11 Application of dosimetry system . 6
12 Minimum documentation requirements. 6
13 Measurement uncertainty. 6
14 Keywords. 7
Annexes. 7
Figure A1.1 Electrochemical cell. 7
© ISO/ASTM International 2017 – All rights reserved iii
Foreword
ISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO documents should be noted. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ASTM International is one of the world’s largest voluntary standards development organizations with global
participation from affected stakeholders. ASTM technical committees follow rigorous due process balloting
procedures.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO and ASTM International shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
DetailsofanypatentrightsidentifiedduringthedevelopmentofthedocumentwillbeintheIntroductionand/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/
iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by ASTM Committee E61 Radiation Processing and by Technical Committee
ISO/TC 85, nuclear energy, nuclear technologies and radiological protection.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO/ASTM 51205:2009), which has been
technically revised.
iv © ISO/ASTM International 2017 – All rights reserved
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Standard Practice for
Use of a Ceric-Cerous Sulfate Dosimetry System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51205; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
NOTE 1—The lower energy limits are appropriate for a cylindrical
1. Scope
dosimeter ampoule of 12-mm diameter. Corrections for dose gradient
1.1 This practice covers the preparation, testing, and proce-
across the ampoule may be required for electron beams (2). The
dure for using the ceric-cerous sulfate dosimetry system to
ceric-cerous system may be used at lower energies by employing thinner
(in the beam direction) dosimeters (see ICRU Report 35).
measure absorbed dose to water when exposed to ionizing
radiation. The system consists of a dosimeter and appropriate
1.5.4 The irradiation temperature of the dosimeter is above
analytical instrumentation. For simplicity, the system will be
0°C and below 62°C (3).
referred to as the ceric-cerous system.The ceric-cerous dosim-
NOTE 2—The temperature coefficient of dosimeter response is known
eter is classified as a type 1 dosimeter on the basis of the effect
only in this range (see 5.2). Use outside this range requires determination
ofinfluencequantities.Theceric-ceroussystemmaybeusedas
of the temperature coefficient.
a reference standard dosimetry system or as a routine dosim-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
etry system.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 This document is one of a set of standards that provides responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM Practice 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
52628 for the ceric-cerous system. It is intended to be read in
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628. ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.3 This practice describes both the spectrophotometric and
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
the potentiometric readout procedures for the ceric-cerous
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
system.
1.4 This practice applies only to gamma radiation,
2. Referenced documents
X-radiation/bremsstrahlung, and high energy electrons.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.5 This practice applies provided the following conditions
C912Practice for Designing a Process for Cleaning Techni-
are satisfied:
cal Glasses
2 4
1.5.1 Theabsorbed-doserangeisfrom5×10 to5×10 Gy
E170Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and
(1).
Dosimetry
6 −1
1.5.2 The absorbed-dose rate does not exceed 10 Gy s
E178Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
(1).
E275PracticeforDescribingandMeasuringPerformanceof
1.5.3 For radionuclide gamma-ray sources, the initial pho-
Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers
ton energy is greater than 0.6 MeV. For bremsstrahlung
E666Practice for CalculatingAbsorbed Dose From Gamma
photons, the initial energy of the electrons used to produce the
or X Radiation
bremsstrahlung photons is equal to or greater than 2 MeV. For
E668 Practice for Application of Thermoluminescence-
electron beams, the initial electron energy is greater than 8
Dosimetry (TLD) Systems for Determining Absorbed
MeV.
DoseinRadiation-HardnessTestingofElectronicDevices
E925Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-
1 Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Bandwidth
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation
Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.02 on Dosimetry does not Exceed 2 nm
Systems, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3.
E958Practice for Estimation of the Spectral Bandwidth of
Current edition approved March 8, 2017. Published May 2017. Originally
published as ASTM E1205–88. Last previous ASTM edition E1205–99. ASTM
E1205–93 was adopted by ISO in 1998 with the intermediate designation ISO
15555:1998(E). The present International Standard ISO/ASTM 51205:2017(E) is a For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
major revision of ISO/ASTM 51205-2009(E). www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothebibliographyattheendofthis Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s
standard. Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
© ISO/ASTM International 2017 – All rights reserved
Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers 3.1.2 ceric-cerous dosimeter—specially prepared solution
of ceric sulfate and cerous sulfate in sulfuric acid, individually
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
sealed in an appropriate container such as a glass ampoule,
51261Practice for Calibration of Routine Dosimetry Sys-
tems for Radiation Processing where the radiation-induced changes in electropotential or
optical absorbance of the solution are related to absorbed dose
51707Guide for Estimation of Measurement Uncertainty in
Dosimetry for Radiation Processing to water.
52628Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing
3.1.3 molar linear absorption coeffıcient, ε —constant re-
m
52701Guide for Performance Characterization of Dosim-
lating the spectrophotometric absorbance, A , of an optically
λ
eters and Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation Pro-
absorbing molecular species at a given wavelength, λ, per unit
cessing
pathlength, d, to the molar concentration, c, of that species in
2.3 ISO Standards:
solution:
12749-4Nuclear energy – Vocabulary – Part 4: Dosimetry
A
λ
for radiation processing ε 5 (1)
m
d·c
2.4 ISO/IEC Standards:
2 −1
SI unit: m mol
17025General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The measurement is sometimes ex-
and Calibration Laboratories
−1 −1
pressed in units of L mol cm .
2.5 Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM)
Reports:
3.1.4 radiation chemical yield, G(x)—quotient of n(x) by ε¯,
JCGM 100:2008, GUM 1995, with minor correc-
where n(x) is the mean amount of a specified entity, x,
tions,Evaluation of measurement data – Guide to the produced, destroyed, or changed by the mean energy, ε,
¯
Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement
imparted to the matter.
JCGM 200:2012 (JCGM 200:2008 with minor revisions),
n x
~ !
VIM,International Vocabulary of Metrology – Basis and G x 5 (2)
~ !
ε¯
General Concepts and Associated Terms
−1
SI unit: mol J
2.6 International Commission on Radiation Units and Mea-
surements (ICRU) Reports: 3.1.5 reference standard dosimetry system—dosimetry
ICRU Report 10b (NBS Handbook 85)Physical Aspects of
system, generally having the highest metrological quality
Irradiation
available at a given location or in a given organization, from
ICRUReport35 RadiationDosimetry:ElectronBeamswith which measurements made there are derived.
Initial Energies Between 1 and 50 MeV
3.1.6 type 1 dosimeter—dosimeter of high metrological
ICRU Report 80 Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation
quality, the response of which is affected by individual influ-
Processing
ence quantities in a well-defined way that can be expressed in
ICRU Report 85a Fundamental Quantities and Units for
terms of independent correction factors.
Ionizing Radiation
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 electropotential, E—difference in potential between
3. Terminology
the solutions in the two compartments of an electrochemical
3.1 Definitions:
cell, measured in millivolts.
3.1.1 approved laboratory—laboratory that is a recognized
3.3 Definitions of other terms used in this practice that
nationalmetrologyinstitute,orhasbeenformallyaccreditedto
pertain to radiation measurement and dosimetry may be found
ISO/IEC 17025, or has a quality system consistent with the
in ISO 12749-4, ASTM Terminology E170, ICRU 85a, and
requirements of ISO/IEC 17025.
VIM; these documents, therefore, may be used as alternativ
...
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