ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:2005

Information technology — Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information — Part 5: Software simulation

ISO/IEC 13818-5:2005-05-23 provides a C language software simulation of an encoder and decoder for Part 1 (Systems), Part 2 (Video), Part 3 (Audio), Part 7 (AAC) and Part 11 (IPMP) of ISO/IEC 13818.

Technologies de l'information — Codage générique des images animées et des informations sonores associées — Partie 5: Simulation de logiciel

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 16-Oct-2005
• ICS: 35.040 - Information coding
• ICS: 35.040.40 - Coding of audio, video, multimedia and hypermedia information
• Technical Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 - Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information
• Drafting Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 - Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information
• Current Stage: 9093 - International Standard confirmed
• Completion Date: 12-Oct-2019

Relations

• Revises: ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:1997/Amd 1:1999/Cor 1:2003 - Information technology — Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information — Part 5: Software simulation — Amendment 1: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) — Technical Corrigendum 1
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2008
• Revises: ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:1997/Amd 2:2005 - Information technology — Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information — Part 5: Software simulation — Amendment 2: MPEG-2 IPMP reference software
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2008
• Revises: ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:1997 - Information technology — Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information — Part 5: Software simulation
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2008
• Revises: ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:1997/Amd 1:1999 - Information technology — Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information — Part 5: Software simulation — Amendment 1: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2008
• Revises: ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:1997/Amd 1:1999/Cor 2:2004 - Information technology — Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information — Part 5: Software simulation — Amendment 1: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) — Technical Corrigendum 2
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2008

Standards Content (Sample)

TECHNICAL ISO/IEC
REPORT TR
13818-5
Second edition
2005-10-15


Information technology — Generic coding
of moving pictures and associated audio
information —
Part 5:
Software simulation
Technologies de l'information — Codage générique des images
animées et des informations sonores associées —
Partie 5: Simulation de logiciel




Reference number
ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:2005(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2005

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ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:2005(E)
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©  ISO/IEC 2005
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ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:2005(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.vi
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .2
4 Symbols and abbreviations.17
5 Systems simulation.17
6 Video simulation.18
7 Audio simulation .18
7.1 Layer 1, Layer 2 and Layer 3 .18
7.2 AAC.18
8 MPEG-2 IPMP Reference Software .19
8.1 Architecture .19
8.2 Core Components .20
8.3 Usage of the Reference Software .25
Annex A (normative) Electronic annex containing software.29
Annex B (informative) List of patent holders .30
Bibliography.32

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ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:2005(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information
technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as
an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
In exceptional circumstances, the joint technical committee may propose the publication of a Technical Report
of one of the following types:
— type 1, when the required support cannot be obtained for the publication of an International Standard,
despite repeated efforts;
— type 2, when the subject is still under technical development or where for any other reason there is the
future but not immediate possibility of an agreement on an International Standard;
— type 3, when the joint technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is
normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example).
Technical Reports of types 1 and 2 are subject to review within three years of publication, to decide whether
they can be transformed into International Standards. Technical Reports of type 3 do not necessarily have to
be reviewed until the data they provide are considered to be no longer valid or useful.
ISO/IEC 13818-5, which is a Technical Report of type 3, was prepared by Joint Technical Committee
ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 29, Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and
hypermedia information.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/IEC 13818-5:1997), which has been technically
revised. It also incorporates the Amendments ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:1997/Amd.1:1999 and
ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:1997/Amd.2:2005, and the Technical Corrigenda
ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:1997/Amd.1:1999/Cor.1:2003 and ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:1997/Amd.1:1999/Cor.2:2004.
ISO/IEC 13818 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology — Generic
coding of moving pictures and associated audio information:
 Part 1: Systems
 Part 2: Video
 Part 3: Audio
 Part 4: Conformance testing
 Part 5: Software simulation [Technical Report]
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ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:2005(E)
 Part 6: Extensions for DSM-CC
 Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)
 Part 9: Extension for real time interface for systems decoders
 Part 10: Conformance extensions for Digital Storage Media Command and Control (DSM-CC)
 Part 11: IPMP on MPEG-2 systems
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ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:2005(E)
Introduction
This Part of ISO/IEC 13818 was developed in response to the growing need for a generic coding method of
moving pictures and of associated sound for various applications such as digital storage media, television
broadcasting and communication. The use of this specification means that motion video can be manipulated
as a form of computer data and can be stored on various storage media, transmitted and received over
existing and future networks and distributed on existing and future broadcasting channels.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
draw attention to the fact that it is claimed that compliance with this document may involve the use of patents.
The ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity and scope of this patent right.
The holder of this patent right has assured the ISO and IEC that he is willing to negotiate licences under
reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions with applicants throughout the world. In this respect,
the statement of the holder of this patent right is registered with the ISO and IEC. Information may be obtained
from the companies listed in Annex B.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights other than those identified in Annex B. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or
all such patent rights.

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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:2005(E)

Information technology — Generic coding of moving pictures
and associated audio information —
Part 5:
Software simulation
1 Scope
This Technical Report provides a C language software simulation of an encoder and decoder for Part 1
(Systems), Part 2 (Video), Part 3 (Audio), Part 7 (AAC) and Part 11 (IPMP) of ISO/IEC 13818.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 639 (all parts), Code for the representation of names of languages
ISO 8859-1, Information processing - 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets - Part 1: Latin alphabet
No. 1
ISO/IEC 10918-1:1994, Information technology - Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still
images: Requirements and guidelines (See also ITU-T Rec. T.81.)
ISO/IEC 11172-1:1993, Information technology - Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital
storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s - Part 1: Systems
ISO/IEC 11172-2:1993, Information technology - Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital
storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s - Part 2: Video
ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993, Information technology - Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital
storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s - Part 3: Audio
ISO/IEC 11172-4:1995, Information technology - Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital
storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s - Part 4: Compliance testing
ISO/IEC 11172-5:1998, Information technology - Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital
storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s - Part 5: Software simulation
ISO/IEC 11172-6, Information technology - Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage
media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s - Part 5: Specification for implementation of Inverse Discrete Cosine
Transform
ITU-T Rec. H.222.0 (2000) | ISO/IEC 13818-1:2000, Information technology - Generic coding of moving
pictures and associated audio information : Systems
ITU-T Rec. H.262 (2000) | ISO/IEC 13818-2:2000, Information technology - Generic coding of moving pictures
and associated audio information : Video (See also ITU-T Rec. H.262.)
ISO/IEC 13818-3:1998, Information technology - Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio
information - Part 3: Audio
ISO/IEC 13818-4:2004, Information technology - Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio
information - Part 4: Conformance testing
ISO/IEC 13818-7:2004, Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio
information - Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)
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ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:2005(E)
ISO/IEC 13818-11:2004, Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio
information – Part 11: IPMP on MPEG-2 systems

3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply.

3.1 16x8 prediction [video]: A prediction mode similar to field-based prediction but where the predicted
block size is 16x8 luminance samples.
3.2 AC coefficient [video]: Any DCT coefficient for which the frequency in one or both dimensions is non-
zero.
3.3 access unit [systems]: A coded representation of a presentation unit. In the case of audio, an access
unit is the coded representation of an audio frame.
In the case of video, an access unit includes all the coded data for a picture, and any stuffing that follows it, up
to but not including the start of the next access unit. If a picture is not preceded by a group_start_code or a
sequence_header_code, the access unit begins with the picture start code. If a picture is preceded by a
group_start_code and/or a sequence_header_code, the access unit begins with the first byte of the first of
these start codes. If it is the last picture preceding a sequence_end_code in the bitstream all bytes between
the last byte of the coded picture and the sequence_end_code (including the sequence_end_code) belong to
the access unit.
3.4 adaptive bit allocation [audio]: The assignment of bits to subbands in a time and frequency varying
fashion according to a psychoacoustic model.
3.5 adaptive multichannel prediction [audio]: A method of multichannel data reduction exploiting statistical
inter-channel dependencies.
3.6 adaptive noise allocation [audio]: The assignment of coding noise to frequency bands in a time and
frequency varying fashion according to a psychoacoustic model.
3.7 adaptive segmentation [audio]: A subdivision of the digital representation of an audio signal in variable
segments of time.
3.8 alias [audio]: Mirrored signal component resulting from sub-Nyquist sampling.
3.9 analysis filterbank [audio]: Filterbank in the encoder that transforms a broadband PCM audio signal
into a set of subsampled subband samples.
3.10 ancillary data [audio]: part of the bitstream that might be used for transmission of ancillary data.
3.11 audio access unit [audio]: For Layers I and II, an audio access unit is defined as the smallest part of
the encoded bitstream which can be decoded by itself, where decoded means "fully reconstructed sound". For
Layer III, an audio access unit is part of the bitstream that is decodable with the use of previously acquired
main information.
3.12 audio buffer [audio]: A buffer in the system target decoder for storage of compressed audio data.
3.13 audio sequence [audio]: A non-interrupted series of audio frames (base frames plus optional
extension frames) in which the following parameters are not changed:
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ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:2005(E)
- ID
- Layer
- Sampling Frequency
For Layer I and II, a decoder is not required to support a continuously variable bitrate (change in the bitrate
index) of the base stream. Such a relaxation of requirements does not apply to the extension stream.
3.14 B-field picture [video]: A field structure B-Picture.
3.15 B-frame picture [video]: A frame structure B-Picture.
3.16 B-picture; bidirectionally predictive-coded picture [video]: A picture that is coded using motion
compensated prediction from past and/or future reference fields or frames.
3.17 backward compatibility: A newer coding standard is backward compatible with an older coding
standard if decoders designed to operate with the older coding standard are able to continue to operate by
decoding all or part of a bitstream produced according to the newer coding standard.
3.18 backward motion vector [video]: A motion vector that is used for motion compensation from a
reference frame or reference field at a later time in display order.
3.19 backward prediction [video]: Prediction from the future reference frame (field).
3.20 Bark [audio]: Unit of critical band rate. The Bark scale is a non-linear mapping of the frequency scale
over the audio range closely corresponding with the frequency selectivity of the human ear across the band.
3.21 base layer [video]: First, independently decodable layer of a scalable hierarchy.
3.22 big picture [video]: A coded picture that would cause VBV buffer underflow as defined in C.7 Annex C
of ISO/IEC 13818-2. Big pictures can only occur in sequences where low_delay is equal to 1. “Skipped
picture” is a term that is sometimes used to describe the same concept.
3.23 bitrate [audio]: The rate at which the compressed bitstream is delivered to the input of a decoder.
3.24 bitstream; stream: An ordered series of bits that forms the coded representation of the data.
3.25 bitstream verifier [video]: A process by which it is possible to test and verify that all the requirements
specified in ISO/IEC 13818-2 are met by the bitstream.
3.26 block [video]: An 8-row by 8-column matrix of samples, or 64 DCT coefficients (source, quantised or
dequantised).
3.27 block companding [audio]: Normalising of the digital representation of an audio signal within a certain
time period.
3.28 bottom field [video]: One of two fields that comprise a frame. Each line of a bottom field is spatially
located immediately below the corresponding line of the top field.
3.29 bound [audio]: The lowest subband in which intensity stereo coding is used.
3.30 byte aligned: A bit in a coded bitstream is byte-aligned if its position is a multiple of 8-bits from the first
bit in the stream.
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ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:2005(E)
3.31 byte: Sequence of 8-bits.
3.32 centre channel [audio]: An audio presentation channel used to stabilise the central component of the
frontal stereo image.
3.33 channel [audio]: A sequence of data representing an audio signal being transported.
3.34 chroma simulcast [video]: A type of scalability (which is a subset of SNR scalability) where the
enhancement layer (s) contain only coded refinement data for the DC coefficients, and all the data for the
AC coefficients, of the chrominance components.
3.35 chrominance format [video]: Defines the number of chrominance blocks in a macroblock.
3.36 chrominance component [video]: A matrix, block or single sample representing one of the two colour
difference signals related to the primary colours in the manner defined in the bitstream. The symbols used for
the chrominance signals are Cr and Cb.
3.37 coded audio bitstream [audio]: A coded representation of an audio signal as specified in part 3 of
ISO/IEC 13818.
3.38 coded B-frame [video]: A B-frame picture or a pair of B-field pictures.
3.39 coded frame [video]: A coded frame is a coded I-frame, a coded P-frame or a coded B-frame.
3.40 coded I-frame [video]: An I-frame picture or a pair of field pictures, where the first field picture is an I-
picture and the second field picture is an I-picture or a P-picture.
3.41 coded order [video]: The order in which the pictures are transmitted and decoded. This order is not
necessarily the same as the display order.
3.42 coded P-frame [video]: A P-frame picture or a pair of P-field pictures.
3.43 coded picture [video]: A coded picture is made of a picture header, the optional extensions
immediately following it, and the following picture data. A coded picture may be a coded frame or a coded
field.
3.44 coded representation: A data element as represented in its encoded form.
3.45 coded video bitstream [video]: A coded representation of a series of one or more pictures as defined
in ISO/IEC 13818-2.
3.46 coding parameters [video]: The set of user-definable parameters that characterise a coded bitstream.
Bitstreams are characterised by coding parameters. Decoders are characterised by the bitstreams that they
are capable of decoding.
3.47 component [video]: A matrix, block or single sample from one of the three matrices (luminance and
two chrominance) that make up a picture.
3.48 compression: Reduction in the number of bits used to represent an item of data.
3.49 constant bitrate: Operation where the bitrate is constant from start to finish of the coded bitstream.
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ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:2005(E)
3.50 constrained parameters [video]: The values of the set of coding parameters defined in 2.4.3.2 of
ISO/IEC 11172-2.
3.51 constrained system parameter stream; CSPS [systems]: A Program Stream for which the
constraints defined in 2.7.9 of ISO/IEC 13818-1 apply.
3.52 CRC: The Cyclic Redundancy Check to verify the correctness of data.
3.53 critical band [audio]: Psychoacoustic measure in the spectral domain which corresponds to the
frequency selectivity of the human ear. This selectivity is expressed in Bark.
3.54 critical band rate [audio]: Psychoacoustic function of frequency. At a given audible frequency, it is
proportional to the number of critical bands below that frequency. The units of the critical band rate scale are
Barks.
3.55 data element: An item of data as represented before encoding and after decoding.
3.56 data partitioning [video]: A method for dividing a bitstream into two separate bitstreams for error
resilience purposes. The two bitstreams have to be recombined before decoding.
3.57 DC coefficient [video]: The DCT coefficient for which the frequency is zero in both dimensions.
3.58 DCT coefficient [video]: The amplitude of a specific cosine basis function.
3.59 de-emphasis [audio]: Filtering applied to an audio signal after storage or transmission to undo a linear
distortion due to emphasis.
3.60 decoded stream: The decoded reconstruction of a compressed bitstream.
3.61 decoder input buffer [video]: The first-in first-out (FIFO) buffer specified in the video buffering verifier.
3.62 decoder: An embodiment of a decoding process.
3.63 decoder sub-loop [video]: Stages within encoder which produce numerically identical results to the
decode process described in ISO/IEC 13818-2 clause 7. Encoders capable of producing more than just I-
pictures embed a decoder sub-loop to create temporal predictions and to model the behaviour of downstream
decoders.
3.64 decoding (process): The process defined in ISO/IEC 13818 parts 1, 2 and 3 that reads an input coded
bitstream and outputs decoded pictures or audio samples.
3.65 decoding time-stamp; DTS [systems]: A field that may be present in a PES packet header that
indicates the time that an access unit is decoded in the system target decoder.
3.66 dequantisation: The process of rescaling the quantised DCT coefficients after their representation in
the bitstream has been decoded and before they are presented to the inverse DCT.
3.67 digital storage media; DSM: A digital storage or transmission device or system.
3.68 discrete cosine transform; DCT: Either the forward discrete cosine transform or the inverse discrete
cosine transform. The DCT is an invertible, discrete orthogonal transformation.
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ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:2005(E)
3.69 display aspect ratio [video]: The ratio height/width (in SI units) of the intended display.
3.70 display order [video]: The order in which the decoded pictures are displayed. Normally this is the
same order in which they were presented at the input of the encoder.
3.71 display process [video]: The (non-normative) process by which reconstructed frames are displayed.
3.72 downmix [audio]: A matrixing of n channels to obtain less than n channels.
3.73 drift [video]: Accumulation of mismatch between the reconstructed output produced by the
hypothetical decoder sub-loop embedded within an encoder (see definition of "decoder sub-loop") and the
reconstructed outputs produced by a (downstream) decoder.
3.74 DSM-CC: digital storage media command and control.
3.75 dual channel mode [audio]: A mode, where two audio channels with independent programme
contents (e.g. bilingual) are encoded within one bitstream. The coding process is the same as for the stereo
mode.
3.76 dual-prime prediction [video]: A prediction mode in which two forward field-based predictions are
averaged. The predicted block size is 16x16 luminance samples. Dual-prime prediction is only used in
interlaced P-pictures.
3.77 dynamic crosstalk [audio]: A method of multichannel data reduction in which stereo-irrelevant signal
components are copied to another channel.
3.78 dynamic transmission channel switching [audio]: A method of multichannel data reduction by
allocating the most orthogonal signal components to the transmission channels.
3.79 editing: The process by which one or more coded bitstreams are manipulated to produce a new coded
bitstream. Conforming edited bitstreams must meet the requirements defined in parts 1, 2, and 3 of ISO/IEC
13818.
3.80 Elementary Stream Clock Reference; ESCR [systems]: A time stamp in the PES Stream from which
decoders of PES streams may derive timing.
3.81 elementary stream; ES [systems]: A generic term for one of the coded video, coded audio or other
coded bitstreams in PES packets. One elementary stream is carried in a sequence of PES packets with one
and only one stream_id.
3.82 emphasis [audio]: Filtering applied to an audio signal before storage or transmission to improve the
signal-to-noise ratio at high frequencies.
3.83 encoder: An embodiment of an encoding process.
3.84 encoding (process): A process, not specified in ISO/IEC 13818, that reads a stream of input pictures
or audio samples and produces a valid coded bitstream as defined in parts 1, 2, and 3 of ISO/IEC 13818.
3.85 enhancement layer [video]: A relative reference to a layer (above the base layer) in a scalable
hierarchy. For all forms of scalability, its decoding process can be described by reference to the lower layer
decoding process and the appropriate additional decoding process for the enhancement layer itself.
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ISO/IEC TR 13818-5:2005(E)
3.86 entitlement control message; ECM [systems]: Entitlement Control Messages are private conditional
access information which specify control words and possibly other, typically stream-specific, scrambling
and/or control parameters.
3.87 entitlement management message; EMM [systems]: Entitlement Management Messages are private
conditional access information which specify the authorisation levels or the services of specific decoders.
They may be addressed to single decoders or groups of decoders.
3.88 entropy coding: Variable length lossless coding of the digital representation of a signal to reduce
redundancy.
3.89 event [systems]: An event is defined as a collection of elementary streams with a common time base,
an associated start time, and an associated end time.
3.90 evil bitstreams: Bitstreams orthogonal to reality.
3.91 extension bitstream [audio]: Information contained in an optional additional bit stream related to the
audio base bit stream at the system level, to support bit rates beyond those defined in ISO/IEC 11172-3. The
optional extension bit stream contains the remainder of the multichannel and multilingual data.
3.92 fast reverse playback [video]: The process of displaying the picture sequence in the reverse of
display order faster than real-time.
3.93 fast forward playback [video]: The process of displaying a sequence, or parts of a sequence, of
pictures in display-order faster than real-time.
3.94 FFT: Fast Fourier Transformation. A fast algorithm for performing a discrete Fourier transform (an
orthogonal transform).
3.95 field [video]: For an interlaced video signal, a “field” is the assembly of alternate lines of a frame.
Therefore an interlaced frame is composed of two fields, a top field and a bottom field.
3.96 field period [video]: The reciprocal of twice the frame rate.
3.97 field picture; field structure picture [video]: A field structure picture is a coded picture with
picture_structure is equal to "Top field" or "Bottom field".
3.98 field-based prediction [video]: A prediction mode using only one field of the reference frame. The
predicted block size is 16x16 luminance samples. Field-based prediction is not used in progressive frames.
3.99 filterbank [audio]: A set of band-pass filters covering the entire audio frequency range.
3.100 fixed segmentation [audio]: A subdivision of the digital representation of an audio signal into fixed
segments of time.
3.101 flag:
...