ISO/FDIS 22475-1.2

Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Sampling methods and groundwater measurements

Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques -- Méthodes de prélèvement et mesurages piézométriques

General Information

• Status: Published
• ICS: 93.020 - Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 182 - Geotechnics
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 182/WG 4 - Drilling and sampling methods and groundwater measurements
• Current Stage: 5020 - FDIS ballot initiated: 2 months. Proof sent to secretariat
• Start Date: 23-Jun-2021
• Completion Date: 23-Jun-2021

RELATIONS

• Revised: ISO 22475-1:2006 - Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Sampling methods and groundwater measurements
• Effective Date: 19-Mar-2016

Standards Content (sample)

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 22475-1.2
ISO/TC 182
Geotechnical investigation and
Secretariat: BSI
testing — Sampling methods and
Voting begins on:
2021-06-23 groundwater measurements —
Voting terminates on:
Part 1:
2021-08-18
Technical principles for the sampling
of soil, rock and groundwater
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques — Méthodes de prélèvement
et mesurages piézométriques —
Partie 1: Principes techniques pour le prélèvement des sols, des roches
et des eaux souterraines
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 22475-1.2:2021(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 22475-1.2:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting

on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address

below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 22475-1.2:2021(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms ................................................................................................................................ 2

3.1 Ground investigation methods .................................................................................................................................................. 2

3.2 Drilling rigs and equipment ......................................................................................................................................................... 3

3.3 Sampling ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

3.4 Rock and soil properties ................................................................................................................................................................. 9

3.5 Abbreviated terms ............................................................................................................................................................................... 9

4 Equipment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................10

4.1 Requirements for the drilling rigs and equipment ...............................................................................................10

4.2 Drilling parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................10

4.3 Safety and special requirements...........................................................................................................................................10

5 Procedures ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................11

5.1 General requirements for sampling ...................................................................................................................................11

5.2 Selection of techniques and methods ...............................................................................................................................11

5.3 Sampling categories for soil ......................................................................................................................................................11

5.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................11

5.3.2 Sample disturbance ....................................................................................................................................................12

5.3.3 Category A sampling ..................................................................................................................................................12

5.3.4 Category B sampling ..................................................................................................................................................13

5.3.5 Category C sampling ..................................................................................................................................................13

5.3.6 Category D sampling ........................................................................................................................................... .......13

5.3.7 Category E sampling ..................................................................................................................................................13

5.4 Sampling categories for rock ...................................................................................................................................................13

5.4.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................13

5.4.2 Sampling disturbance ...............................................................................................................................................14

5.4.3 Category A sampling ..................................................................................................................................................14

5.4.4 Category B sampling ..................................................................................................................................................14

5.4.5 Category C sampling ..................................................................................................................................................15

5.4.6 Category D sampling ........................................................................................................................................... .......15

5.4.7 Category E sampling ..................................................................................................................................................15

5.5 Sampling in trial pits, other excavations, headings and shafts ...................................................................15

5.6 Requirements for ground investigation sites and points ................................................................................15

5.7 Preliminary information needed before starting sampling ..........................................................................16

5.8 Backfilling and site reinstatement ......................................................................................................................................16

6 Soil sampling methods ................................................................................................................................................................................17

6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................17

6.2 Sampling by drilling (continuous sampling) ..............................................................................................................17

6.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................17

6.2.2 Sampling by rotary drilling ..................................................................................................................................26

6.2.3 Sampling by use of hammer driving methods .....................................................................................28

6.2.4 Sampling by cable percussion drilling .......................................................................................................28

6.2.5 Sampling by hollow stem auger drilling ...................................................................................................28

6.2.6 Sampling by grab drilling ......................................................................................................................................28

6.2.7 Soil sampling by small diameter drilling .................................................................................................29

6.2.8 Sampling by resonance drilling ........................................................................................................................29

6.3 Sampling using samplers ............................................................................................................................................................29

6.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................29

6.3.2 Sampling using the open-tube sampler and the piston sampler .........................................33

6.3.3 Sampling using the standard penetration test sampler ..............................................................38

6.3.4 Sampling by using the window sampler ..................................................................................................38

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO/FDIS 22475-1.2:2021(E)

6.3.5 Sampling using the windowless sampler ................................................................................................38

6.4 Block sampling .....................................................................................................................................................................................38

6.4.1 Sampling from trial pits ..........................................................................................................................................38

6.4.2 Sampling using large samplers .........................................................................................................................39

7 Rock sampling methods .............................................................................................................................................................................39

7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................39

7.2 Sampling by drilling .........................................................................................................................................................................43

7.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................43

7.2.2 Sampling by rotary dry core drilling ...........................................................................................................43

7.2.3 Sampling by rotary core drilling .....................................................................................................................43

7.2.4 Sampling by wireline core drilling ................................................................................................................44

7.2.5 Sampling of cuttings by rotary open hole drilling............................................................................44

7.3 Block sampling .....................................................................................................................................................................................44

8 Groundwater sampling methods for geotechnical purposes ..............................................................................44

8.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................44

8.2 Equipment ................................................................................................................................................................................................45

8.3 Techniques of groundwater sampling ..............................................................................................................................45

8.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................45

8.3.2 Extraction by pumping ............................................................................................................................................45

8.3.3 Extraction by water sampler ..............................................................................................................................46

8.3.4 Extraction by vacuum bottles ............................................................................................................................46

9 Preservation, labelling, transport and storage of samples ...................................................................................46

9.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................46

9.2 Preservation of samples ...............................................................................................................................................................46

9.3 Labelling of samples ........................................................................................................................................................................47

9.4 Transport and storage of samples .......................................................................................................................................48

9.4.1 General considerations ............................................................................................................................................48

9.4.2 Sampling category A ..................................................................................................................................................48

9.4.3 Sampling category B to E .......................................................................................................................................49

9.4.4 Transport of water samples ................................................................................................................................49

10 Report ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................49

10.1 Field report .............................................................................................................................................................................................49

10.1.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................49

10.1.2 Summary log .....................................................................................................................................................................50

10.1.3 Drilling record .................................................................................................................................................................50

10.1.4 Sampling record ............................................................................................................................................................51

10.1.5 Record of identification and description of soil and rock .........................................................52

10.1.6 Backfilling record .........................................................................................................................................................52

10.1.7 Record of groundwater measurements during drilling and sampling ...........................53

10.1.8 Daily record .......................................................................................................................................................................53

10.2 Report of the results ........................................................................................................................................................................53

Annex A (informative) Example of a form for the preliminary information on the intended

sampling .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................54

Annex B (informative) Field reports ..................................................................................................................................................................56

Annex C (informative) Drilling and sampling equipment for soil and rock .............................................................64

Annex D (informative) Examples of commonly used samplers and sample types ........................................127

Annex E (informative) Vacuum bottles for groundwater sampling ...............................................................................130

Annex F (informative) Sealing and securing samples ..................................................................................................................132

Annex G (informative) Sampling of coarse soils by drilling ..................................................................................................133

Annex H (informative) Sample quality ........................................................................................................................................................134

Bibliography .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................140

iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 22475-1.2:2021(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/

iso/ foreword .html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 182, Geotechnics, in collaboration with

the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 341, Geotechnical

Investigation and Testing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and

CEN (Vienna Agreement).

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 22475-1:2006), which has been

technically revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— clauses on groundwater measurement will be part of ISO 18674-4;
— new sampling categories for soils have been added;
— editorial updates have been made.
A list of all parts in the ISO 22475 series can be found on the ISO website.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 22475-1.2:2021(E)
Geotechnical investigation and testing — Sampling
methods and groundwater measurements —
Part 1:
Technical principles for the sampling of soil, rock and
groundwater
1 Scope

This document deals with principles of sampling of soil, rock and groundwater as part of the programme

of geotechnical investigation and testing.

NOTE 1 This document fulfils the requirements for sampling of soil, rock and groundwater, and groundwater

measurements as part of the programme of geotechnical investigation and testing according to EN 1997-1 and

EN 1997-2.
The aims of such ground investigations are:

a) to recover soil, rock and water samples of a quality appropriate to assess the general suitability of a

site for geotechnical engineering purposes and to determine the required ground characteristics in

the laboratory;

b) to obtain information on the sequence, thickness and orientation of strata and discontinuities;

c) to establish the type, composition and condition of strata;

d) to obtain information on groundwater conditions and recover water samples for assessment of the

interaction of groundwater, soil, rock and construction material.

Soil sampling for the purposes of agricultural and environmental soil investigation is not covered.

NOTE 2 Guidance on soil sampling for these purposes including of contaminated or potentially contaminated

sites is provided in the ISO 18400 series. ISO 18400-204 provides in addition guidance on sampling and

measurement of soil (ground) gas.

NOTE 3 The sampling methods, presented in this document may not be suitable for all types of soil e.g. peat

with strong fibrous structure.

NOTE 4 Some of the sampling methods presented in this document are suitable for both soil and rock.

Water sampling for the purposes of quality control, quality characterisation and identification of

sources of pollution of water, including bottom deposits and sludges, is not covered.

NOTE 5 Water sampling for these purposes can be found in the ISO 5667 series.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 14688-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and classification of soil — Part 1:

Identification and description

ISO 14689, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification, description and classification of rock

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 22475-1.2:2021(E)

ISO 3551-1, Rotary core diamond drilling equipment — System A — Part 1: Metric units

ISO 3552-1, Rotary core diamond drilling equipment — System B — Part 1: Metric units

ISO 10097-1, Wireline diamond core drilling equipment — System A — Part 1: Metric units

ISO/IEC Guide 98-3, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in

me a s ur ement (GUM: 1995)

ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008/Suppl 1:2008, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression

of uncertainty in measurement (GUM: 1995) — Supplement 1: Propagation of distributions using a Monte

Carlo method

ISO/IEC Guide 98-1, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 1: Introduction to the expression of uncertainty

in measurement
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 14688-1, ISO 14689 and the

following apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 Ground investigation methods
3.1.1
trial pit

open excavation constructed to examine the ground conditions in-situ, recover samples (3.3.4) or carry

out field testing
3.1.2
shaft

open or steeply inclined excavation, typically more than 5 m deep, constructed to examine the ground

conditions in-situ, recover samples (3.3.4) or carry out field testing
3.1.3
heading
adit

small tunnel driven horizontally or with a slight inclination from a shaft (3.1.2) or into sloping ground

to examine the ground conditions in-situ, recover samples (3.3.4) or carry out field testing

3.1.4
borehole

hole of any predetermined diameter and length formed in any geological formation or manmade

material by drilling (3.1.5)

Note 1 to entry: Investigations carried out in such a hole can be to recover rock, soil or water samples (3.3.4) from

a specified depth or to carry out field tests and measurements.
3.1.5
drilling

process by which a borehole (3.1.4) is produced in any geological formation by rotary, rotary percussive,

percussive, resonance/sonic or thrust methods and in any predetermined direction in relation to the

drill rig (3.2.3)
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 22475-1.2:2021(E)
3.1.6
small diameter drilling

drilling (3.1.5) in the soil with a diameter greater than 30 mm but less than 80 mm

3.1.7
drilling method
technique employed to create and stabilise the borehole (3.1.4)
3.2 Drilling rigs and equipment
3.2.1
drilling tool

device, which is attached to, or an integral part of, the drill string that is used for penetrating the

geological formation as a cutting tool
3.2.2
drill bit

device, which is attached to, or an integral part of, the drill string that is used as a cutting tool to

penetrate the formation being drilled by the drilling method (3.1.7) employed
3.2.3
drill rig
device which carries out the drilling (3.1.5) function
3.2.4
casing
tubing temporarily or permanently inserted into a borehole (3.1.4)

Note 1 to entry: It is used e.g. to stabilise it, to prevent the loss of flushing medium (3.2.5) to the surrounding

formation or to prevent cross flow between different groundwater horizons.
3.2.5
flushing medium

liquid or gaseous medium to remove cuttings (3.3.10) from the borehole (3.1.4), to aid sampling and to

lubricate and cool the drilling tool (3.2.1)
3.2.6
additive

substance added to the flushing medium (3.2.5) in order to affect or change its properties to improve its

functioning and can include borehole (3.1.4) stabilization
3.2.7
core lifter

split, internally slotted or serrated conical spring steel ring fitted to the core barrel to hold and retain

the core sample (3.3.8) whilst the core barrel is being hoisted from the borehole (3.1.4)

3.2.8
sample retainer
cylindrical device containing flexible spring fingers, hinge
...

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 22475-1
ISO/TC 182
Geotechnical investigation and
Secretariat: BSI
testing — Sampling methods and
Voting begins on:
2020-02-25 groundwater measurements —
Voting terminates on:
Part 1:
2020-04-21
Technical principles for the sampling
of soil, rock and groundwater
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 22475-1:2020(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2020
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 22475-1:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting

on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address

below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 22475-1:2020(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms ................................................................................................................................ 2

3.1 Ground investigation methods .................................................................................................................................................. 2

3.2 Drilling rigs and equipment ......................................................................................................................................................... 3

3.3 Sampling ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

3.4 Rock and soil properties ................................................................................................................................................................. 8

3.5 Abbreviated terms ............................................................................................................................................................................... 8

4 Equipment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

4.1 Requirements for the drilling rigs and equipment .................................................................................................. 9

4.2 Drilling parameters ............................................................................................................................................................................. 9

4.3 Safety and special requirements.............................................................................................................................................. 9

5 Procedures ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................10

5.1 General requirements for sampling ...................................................................................................................................10

5.2 Selection of techniques and methods ...............................................................................................................................10

5.3 Sampling categories for soil ......................................................................................................................................................11

5.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................11

5.3.2 Sample disturbance ....................................................................................................................................................11

5.3.3 Category A sampling ..................................................................................................................................................12

5.3.4 Category B sampling ..................................................................................................................................................12

5.3.5 Category C sampling ..................................................................................................................................................12

5.3.6 Category D sampling ........................................................................................................................................... .......13

5.3.7 Category E sampling ..................................................................................................................................................13

5.4 Sampling categories for rock ...................................................................................................................................................13

5.4.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................13

5.4.2 Sampling disturbance ...............................................................................................................................................14

5.4.3 Category A sampling ..................................................................................................................................................15

5.4.4 Category B sampling ..................................................................................................................................................15

5.4.5 Category C sampling ..................................................................................................................................................15

5.4.6 Category D sampling ........................................................................................................................................... .......15

5.4.7 Category E sampling ..................................................................................................................................................15

5.5 Sampling in trial pits, other excavations, headings and shafts ...................................................................15

5.6 Requirements for ground investigation sites and points ................................................................................16

5.7 Preliminary information needed before starting sampling ..........................................................................16

5.8 Backfilling and site reinstatement ......................................................................................................................................17

6 Soil sampling methods ................................................................................................................................................................................17

6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................17

6.2 Categories of soil sampling methods ................................................................................................................................17

6.3 Sampling by drilling (continuous sampling) ..............................................................................................................18

6.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................18

6.3.2 Sampling by rotary drilling ..................................................................................................................................21

6.3.3 Sampling by use of hammer driving methods .....................................................................................23

6.3.4 Sampling by cable percussion drilling .......................................................................................................23

6.3.5 Sampling by hollow stem auger drilling ...................................................................................................23

6.3.6 Sampling by grab drilling ......................................................................................................................................24

6.3.7 Soil sampling by small diameter drilling .................................................................................................24

6.3.8 Sampling by resonance drilling ........................................................................................................................24

6.4 Sampling using samplers ............................................................................................................................................................24

6.4.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................24

6.4.2 Sampling using the open-tube sampler and the piston sampler .........................................28

6.4.3 Sampling using the standard penetration test sampler ..............................................................33

© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 22475-1:2020(E)

6.4.4 Sampling by using the window sampler ..................................................................................................33

6.4.5 Sampling using the windowless sampler ................................................................................................33

6.5 Block sampling .....................................................................................................................................................................................33

6.5.1 Sampling from trial pits ..........................................................................................................................................33

6.5.2 Sampling using large samplers .........................................................................................................................34

7 Rock sampling methods .............................................................................................................................................................................34

7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................34

7.2 Sampling by drilling .........................................................................................................................................................................38

7.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................38

7.2.2 Sampling by rotary dry core drilling ...........................................................................................................38

7.2.3 Sampling by rotary core drilling .....................................................................................................................38

7.2.4 Sampling by wireline core drilling ................................................................................................................39

7.2.5 Sampling of cuttings by rotary open hole drilling............................................................................39

7.3 Block sampling .....................................................................................................................................................................................39

8 Groundwater sampling methods for geotechnical purposes ..............................................................................39

8.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................39

8.2 Equipment ................................................................................................................................................................................................40

8.3 Techniques of groundwater sampling ..............................................................................................................................40

8.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................40

8.3.2 Extraction by pumping ............................................................................................................................................40

8.3.3 Extraction by water sampler ..............................................................................................................................41

8.3.4 Extraction by vacuum bottles ............................................................................................................................41

9 Preservation, labelling, transport and storage of samples ...................................................................................41

9.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................41

9.2 Preservation of samples ...............................................................................................................................................................41

9.3 Labelling of samples ........................................................................................................................................................................42

9.4 Transport and storage of samples .......................................................................................................................................43

9.4.1 General considerations ............................................................................................................................................43

9.4.2 Sampling category A ..................................................................................................................................................43

9.4.3 Sampling category B to E .......................................................................................................................................43

9.4.4 Transport of water samples ................................................................................................................................44

10 Report ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................44

10.1 Field report .............................................................................................................................................................................................44

10.1.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................44

10.1.2 Summary log .....................................................................................................................................................................45

10.1.3 Drilling record .................................................................................................................................................................45

10.1.4 Sampling record ............................................................................................................................................................46

10.1.5 Record of identification and description of soil and rock .........................................................47

10.1.6 Backfilling record .........................................................................................................................................................47

10.1.7 Record of groundwater measurements during drilling and sampling ...........................48

10.1.8 Daily record .......................................................................................................................................................................48

10.2 Report of the results ........................................................................................................................................................................48

Annex A (informative) Example of a form for the preliminary information on the intended

sampling .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................49

Annex B (informative) Field reports ..................................................................................................................................................................51

Annex C (informative) Drilling and sampling equipment for soil and rock .............................................................59

Annex D (informative) Examples of commonly used samplers and sample types ........................................121

Annex E (informative) Vacuum bottles for groundwater sampling ...............................................................................124

Annex F (informative) Sealing and securing samples ..................................................................................................................126

Annex G (informative) Sampling of coarse soils by drilling ..................................................................................................127

Annex H (informative) Sample quality ........................................................................................................................................................128

Bibliography .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................132

iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 22475-1:2020(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/

iso/ foreword .html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 182, Geotechnics, in collaboration with

the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 341, Geotechnical

Investigation and Testing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and

CEN (Vienna Agreement).

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 22475-1:2006), which has been

technically revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— clauses on groundwater measurement will be part of ISO 18674-4;
— new sampling categories for soils have been added;
— editorial updates have been made.
A list of all parts in the ISO 22475 series can be found on the ISO website.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved v
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 22475-1:2020(E)
Geotechnical investigation and testing — Sampling
methods and groundwater measurements —
Part 1:
Technical principles for the sampling of soil, rock and
groundwater
1 Scope

This document deals with principles of sampling of soil, rock and groundwater as part of the programme

of geotechnical investigation and testing.

NOTE 1 This document fulfils the requirements for sampling of soil, rock and groundwater, and groundwater

measurements as part of the programme of geotechnical investigation and testing according to EN 1997-1 and

EN 1997-2. The aims of such ground investigations are:

a) to recover soil, rock and water samples of a quality appropriate to assess the general suitability of a site for

geotechnical engineering purposes and to determine the required ground characteristics in the laboratory;

b) to obtain information on the sequence, thickness and orientation of strata and discontinuities;

c) to establish the type, composition and condition of strata;

d) to obtain information on groundwater conditions and recover water samples for assessment of the

interaction of groundwater, soil, rock and construction material.

Soil sampling for the purposes of agricultural and environmental soil investigation is not covered.

NOTE 2 Guidance on soil sampling for these purposes including of contaminated or potentially contaminated

sites is provided in the ISO 18400 series. ISO 18400-204 provides in addition guidance on sampling and

measurement of soil (ground) gas.

NOTE 3 The sampling methods, presented in this document may not be suitable for all types of soil e.g. peat

with strong fibrous structure.

NOTE 4 Some of the sampling methods presented in this document are suitable for both soil and rock.

Water sampling for the purposes of quality control, quality characterisation and identification of

sources of pollution of water, including bottom deposits and sludges, is not covered.

NOTE 5 Water sampling for these purposes can be found in the ISO 5667 series.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 14688-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and classification of soil — Part 1:

Identification and description

ISO 14689, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification, description and classification of rock

ISO 3551-1, Rotary core diamond drilling equipment — System A — Part 1: Metric units

ISO 3552-1, Rotary core diamond drilling equipment — System B — Part 1: Metric units

© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO/FDIS 22475-1:2020(E)

ISO 10097-1, Wireline diamond core drilling equipment — System A — Part 1: Metric units

ISO/IEC Guide 98-3, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in

measurement (GUM: 1995)

ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008/Suppl 1:2008, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression

of uncertainty in measurement (GUM: 1995) — Supplement 1: Propagation of distributions using a Monte

Carlo method

ISO/IEC Guide 98-1, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 1: Introduction to the expression of uncertainty

in measurement
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 14688-1, ISO 14689 and the

following apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 Ground investigation methods
3.1.1
trial pit

open excavation constructed to examine the ground conditions in-situ, recover samples (3.3.4) or carry

out field testing
3.1.2
shaft

open or steeply inclined excavation, typically more than 5 m deep, constructed to examine the ground

conditions in-situ, recover samples (3.3.4) or carry out field testing
3.1.3
heading
adit

small tunnel driven horizontally or with a slight inclination from a shaft (3.1.2) or into sloping ground

to examine the ground conditions in-situ, recover samples (3.3.4) or carry out field testing

3.1.4
borehole

hole of any predetermined diameter and length formed in any geological formation or manmade

material by drilling (3.1.5)

Note 1 to entry: Investigations carried out in such a hole can be to recover rock, soil or water samples (3.3.4) from

a specified depth or to carry out field tests and measurements.
3.1.5
drilling

process by which a borehole (3.1.4) is produced in any geological formation by rotary, rotary percussive,

percussive, resonance/sonic or thrust methods and in any predetermined direction in relation to the

drill rig (3.2.3)
3.1.6
small diameter drilling

drilling (3.1.5) in the soil with a diameter greater than 30 mm but less than 80 mm

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ISO/FDIS 22475-1:2020(E)
3.1.7
drilling method
technique employed to create and stabilise the borehole (3.1.4)
3.2 Drilling rigs and equipment
3.2.1
drilling tool

device, which is attached to, or an integral part of, the drill string that is used for penetrating the

geological formation as a cutting tool
3.2.2
drill bit

device, which is attached to, or an integral part of, the drill string that is used as a cutting tool to

penetrate the formation being drilled by the drilling method (3.1.7) employed
3.2.3
drill rig
device which carries out the drilling (3.1.5) function
3.2.4
casing
tubing temporarily or permanently inserted into a borehole (3.1.4)

Note 1 to entry: It is used e.g. to stabilise it, to prevent the loss of flushing medium (3.2.5) to the surrounding

formation or to prevent cross flow between different groundwater horizons.
3.2.5
flushing medium

liquid or gaseous medium to remove cuttings (3.3.8) from the borehole (3.1.4), to aid sampling and to

lubricate and cool the drilling tool (3.2.1)
3.2.6
additive

substance added to the flushing medium (3.2.5) in order to affect or change its properties to improve its

functioning and can include borehole (3.1.4) stabilization
3.2.7
core lifter

split, internally slotted or serrated conical spring steel ring fitted to the core barrel to hold and retain

the core sample (3.3.6) whilst the core barrel is being hoisted from the borehole (3.1.4)

3.2.8
sample retainer
cylindrical device containing flexible spring fingers, hinged wedged-
...