ISO/TR 24464:2020
(Main)Automation systems and integration — Industrial data — Visualization elements of digital twins
Automation systems and integration — Industrial data — Visualization elements of digital twins
This document analyses visualization elements that are key components of the interface between the physical asset and the avatar (digital replica of the physical asset).
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TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 24464
First edition
2020-11
Automation systems and
integration — Industrial data —
Visualization elements of digital twins
Reference number
©
ISO 2020
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 2
4 Motivation. 3
5 Digital twin visualization. 3
5.1 Core technologies of digital twin . 3
5.1.1 General. 3
5.1.2 Sensor . 3
5.1.3 Data . 4
5.1.4 Analytics . 4
5.1.5 Actuator . 4
5.1.6 Integration . 4
5.2 Visualization elements of digital twin . 4
5.3 Detail elements of digital twin visualization . 5
6 Use cases . 7
7 Differences compared with augmented reality (AR) and cyber physical system (CPS) .11
Annex A (informative) Analysis of international standards for the digital twin visualization .12
Annex B (informative) Fidelity measure .16
Bibliography .18
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 184, Automation systems and integration,
Subcommittee SC 4, Industrial data.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Introduction
This document analyses visualization elements to be shared or integrated between an avatar (digital
replica) and a physical asset. Three component models of the digital twin, which are physical asset,
avatar, and realtime interface, are adopted and elaborated in this document. The fidelity measure of the
interface between the avatar and the physical asset is discussed.
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 24464:2020(E)
Automation systems and integration — Industrial data —
Visualization elements of digital twins
1 Scope
This document analyses visualization elements that are key components of the interface between the
physical asset and the avatar (digital replica of the physical asset).
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1.1
administration shell
bridge between a tangible asset and the IoT world
3.1.2
asset
economic resource, or something of value
3.1.3
avatar
digital replica of a physical asset
3.1.4
digital twin
compound model composed of a physical asset, an avatar and an interface
3.1.5
fidelity
level of accuracy whereby a copy reproduces its source
3.1.6
level of detail
decrease in complexity of a 3D model representation as it moves away from the viewer or according to
other metrics such as object importance, viewpoint-relative speed or position
3.1.7
physical asset
asset which exist in the real world
3.1.8
accuracy
measurement deviation from true value and its scatter
Note 1 to entry: Accuracy consists of trueness (proximity of measurement results to the true value) and precision
(repeatability or reproducibility of the measurement).
3.1.9
reality
sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent, as opposed to that which is only imaginary
3.1.10
realtime
guarantee response within specified time constraints
Note 1 to entry: Often referred to as "deadlines".
3.1.11
shape
form of an object or its external boundary, outline, or external surface, as opposed to other properties
such as color, texture or material type
3.1.12
STEP model
product model which is described according to ISO 10303
3.1.13
synchronization
joining up of multiple processes at a certain point, in order to reach an agreement or commit to a certain
sequence of action
3.1.14
visualization
technique for creating images, diagrams, or animations to communicate a message
3.2 Abbreviated terms
AI artificial intelligence
AR augmented reality
CAD computer aided design
CAE computer aided engineering
CG computer graphics
CPS cyber physical system
DPI dots per inch
DTw digital twin
LoD level of detail
MAR mixed and augmented reality
MR mixed reality
O&M operation and maintenance
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
P&ID piping and instrumentation diagram
RPM revolutions per minute
VR virtual reality
XR extended reality
4 Motivation
There is a need for standardization of visualization elements that should be shared or integrated
[2]
between a physical asset and an avatar (or digital replica) . As defined in this document, the digital
twin is composed of a physical asset, an avatar, and an interface. Figure 1 shows this separation of the
concept (three components model) and visualization elements of the digital twin.
Figure 1 — Classification of terminologies of digital twin visualization
5 Digital twin visualization
5.1 Core technologies of digital twin
5.1.1 General
[3]
Core technologies of the digital twin that Deloitte consulting introduced are sensors, actuators,
integration, data, analytics. More technologies can be defined for the visualization of digital twins.
5.1.2 Sensor
Sensors that are attached to operating equipment can send the status (such as position, temperature,
pressure, vibration, RPM) of the equipment to a user in near-realtime.
5.1.3 Data
Sensor data collected in near-realtime are generated continuously. The result can be a big data that is a
collection of operating status information of the equipment.
5.1.4 Analytics
The technology which analyses big data is called analytics. As a bulk of digital sensor information is
collected through the internet, the quantity of data exceeds the amount that human’s analysing abilities.
Consequently, data analysing technology using a computer with AI capability is being spotlighted.
5.1.5 Actuator
Once big data about the operating status is analysed by analytics, operating parameters of the product
can be optimized and the operating status is adjusted based on the analysis result. The delivery device
of modified parameters to drive the machine is an actuator.
5.1.6 Integration
The operating status information and the control information should be shared between the avatar and
the physical asset for the integration of the digital twin. The interface component of a digital twin as is
defined in this document enables the sharing and integration.
5.2 Visualization elements of digital twin
The relations between keywords which are being discussed among digital twin experts in Korea are
shown in Figure 2. Data models or product models in the STEP standard (ISO 10303) which are being
standardized can be regarded as elements of avatars. Not only design models, but also models for
production or manufacturing are included in ISO 10303. There are also digital models for visualization
that are specified in certain standards (see Annex A).
Figure 2 — Sample relations among keywords of digital twins
For the visualization of digital twins, most of the methods of virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality
(AR) can be utilized. Visualizing properties such as shape, color, and texture of an avatar or a digital
replica should be included, and animation also should be included.
Visualization of sensor data which shows the operating status of a physical asset should also be added
for the visualization of digital twins. It is similar to the visualization elements of a post-processor in
numerical simulations.
4 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Additionally, visualization elements are dependent on the lifecycle of the product. The information that
digital twins should share is changing along the lifecycle of a product which is usually made o
...
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 24464
First edition
2020-11
Automation systems and
integration — Industrial data —
Visualization elements of digital twins
Reference number
©
ISO 2020
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 2
4 Motivation. 3
5 Digital twin visualization. 3
5.1 Core technologies of digital twin . 3
5.1.1 General. 3
5.1.2 Sensor . 3
5.1.3 Data . 4
5.1.4 Analytics . 4
5.1.5 Actuator . 4
5.1.6 Integration . 4
5.2 Visualization elements of digital twin . 4
5.3 Detail elements of digital twin visualization . 5
6 Use cases . 7
7 Differences compared with augmented reality (AR) and cyber physical system (CPS) .11
Annex A (informative) Analysis of international standards for the digital twin visualization .12
Annex B (informative) Fidelity measure .16
Bibliography .18
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 184, Automation systems and integration,
Subcommittee SC 4, Industrial data.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Introduction
This document analyses visualization elements to be shared or integrated between an avatar (digital
replica) and a physical asset. Three component models of the digital twin, which are physical asset,
avatar, and realtime interface, are adopted and elaborated in this document. The fidelity measure of the
interface between the avatar and the physical asset is discussed.
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 24464:2020(E)
Automation systems and integration — Industrial data —
Visualization elements of digital twins
1 Scope
This document analyses visualization elements that are key components of the interface between the
physical asset and the avatar (digital replica of the physical asset).
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1.1
administration shell
bridge between a tangible asset and the IoT world
3.1.2
asset
economic resource, or something of value
3.1.3
avatar
digital replica of a physical asset
3.1.4
digital twin
compound model composed of a physical asset, an avatar and an interface
3.1.5
fidelity
level of accuracy whereby a copy reproduces its source
3.1.6
level of detail
decrease in complexity of a 3D model representation as it moves away from the viewer or according to
other metrics such as object importance, viewpoint-relative speed or position
3.1.7
physical asset
asset which exist in the real world
3.1.8
accuracy
measurement deviation from true value and its scatter
Note 1 to entry: Accuracy consists of trueness (proximity of measurement results to the true value) and precision
(repeatability or reproducibility of the measurement).
3.1.9
reality
sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent, as opposed to that which is only imaginary
3.1.10
realtime
guarantee response within specified time constraints
Note 1 to entry: Often referred to as "deadlines".
3.1.11
shape
form of an object or its external boundary, outline, or external surface, as opposed to other properties
such as color, texture or material type
3.1.12
STEP model
product model which is described according to ISO 10303
3.1.13
synchronization
joining up of multiple processes at a certain point, in order to reach an agreement or commit to a certain
sequence of action
3.1.14
visualization
technique for creating images, diagrams, or animations to communicate a message
3.2 Abbreviated terms
AI artificial intelligence
AR augmented reality
CAD computer aided design
CAE computer aided engineering
CG computer graphics
CPS cyber physical system
DPI dots per inch
DTw digital twin
LoD level of detail
MAR mixed and augmented reality
MR mixed reality
O&M operation and maintenance
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
P&ID piping and instrumentation diagram
RPM revolutions per minute
VR virtual reality
XR extended reality
4 Motivation
There is a need for standardization of visualization elements that should be shared or integrated
[2]
between a physical asset and an avatar (or digital replica) . As defined in this document, the digital
twin is composed of a physical asset, an avatar, and an interface. Figure 1 shows this separation of the
concept (three components model) and visualization elements of the digital twin.
Figure 1 — Classification of terminologies of digital twin visualization
5 Digital twin visualization
5.1 Core technologies of digital twin
5.1.1 General
[3]
Core technologies of the digital twin that Deloitte consulting introduced are sensors, actuators,
integration, data, analytics. More technologies can be defined for the visualization of digital twins.
5.1.2 Sensor
Sensors that are attached to operating equipment can send the status (such as position, temperature,
pressure, vibration, RPM) of the equipment to a user in near-realtime.
5.1.3 Data
Sensor data collected in near-realtime are generated continuously. The result can be a big data that is a
collection of operating status information of the equipment.
5.1.4 Analytics
The technology which analyses big data is called analytics. As a bulk of digital sensor information is
collected through the internet, the quantity of data exceeds the amount that human’s analysing abilities.
Consequently, data analysing technology using a computer with AI capability is being spotlighted.
5.1.5 Actuator
Once big data about the operating status is analysed by analytics, operating parameters of the product
can be optimized and the operating status is adjusted based on the analysis result. The delivery device
of modified parameters to drive the machine is an actuator.
5.1.6 Integration
The operating status information and the control information should be shared between the avatar and
the physical asset for the integration of the digital twin. The interface component of a digital twin as is
defined in this document enables the sharing and integration.
5.2 Visualization elements of digital twin
The relations between keywords which are being discussed among digital twin experts in Korea are
shown in Figure 2. Data models or product models in the STEP standard (ISO 10303) which are being
standardized can be regarded as elements of avatars. Not only design models, but also models for
production or manufacturing are included in ISO 10303. There are also digital models for visualization
that are specified in certain standards (see Annex A).
Figure 2 — Sample relations among keywords of digital twins
For the visualization of digital twins, most of the methods of virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality
(AR) can be utilized. Visualizing properties such as shape, color, and texture of an avatar or a digital
replica should be included, and animation also should be included.
Visualization of sensor data which shows the operating status of a physical asset should also be added
for the visualization of digital twins. It is similar to the visualization elements of a post-processor in
numerical simulations.
4 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Additionally, visualization elements are dependent on the lifecycle of the product. The information that
digital twins should share is changing along the lifecycle of a product which is usually made o
...
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