ISO 28499-1:2009
(Main)Buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins — Part 1: Description of defects
Buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins — Part 1: Description of defects
ISO 28499-1:2009 describes the defects which can occur on buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins intended for tanning. It applies to water-buffalo hides and water-buffalo calf skins and not to those of wild buffalo and American bison (Bison bison).
Peaux de bovinés — Partie 1: Description des défauts
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 28499-1
First edition
2009-10-01
Buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins —
Part 1:
Description of defects
Peaux de bovinés —
Partie 1: Description des défauts
Reference number
ISO 28499-1:2009(E)
©
ISO 2009
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 28499-1:2009(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2009
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 28499-1:2009(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 28499-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 120, Leather, Subcommittee SC 1, Raw hides
and skins, including pickled pelts.
ISO 28499 consists of the following parts, under the general title Buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins:
⎯ Part 1: Description of defects
⎯ Part 2: Grading on the basis of mass and size
⎯ Part 3: Grading on the basis of defects
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 28499-1:2009(E)
Buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins —
Part 1:
Description of defects
1 Scope
This part of ISO 28499 describes the defects which can occur on buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins intended
for tanning.
It applies to water-buffalo hides and water-buffalo calf skins and not to those of wild buffalo and American
bison (Bison bison).
2 Terms relating to defects
The defects on buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins referred to in this part of ISO 28499 are divided into three
categories:
⎯ ante-mortem defects;
⎯ post-mortem defects;
⎯ preservation defects.
3 Causes and types of ante-mortem defects
3.1 Blind warble hole
This is a hole caused by the warble larva (Hypoderma bovis, Hypoderma lineatum) in the calf skin of the living
animal. The scar formed as the result of a warble hole having healed is known as a healed warble hole.
3.2 Brand mark
This is a man-made mark on buffalo hides and calf skins, generally used for identification and made with
either a hot or cooled iron or chemical products.
3.3 Bruises
Bruises are lesions or injuries on the animal which occur mainly on the hip and shoulder areas of the hide.
3.4 Dung damage
Dung causes damage to the hide by provoking an irritation resulting in coarsening of the grain. Dung also
causes staining on hides.
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 28499-1:2009(E)
3.5 Gangrene
When an area of animal hide becomes necrotic or modified, the condition is known as gangrene. This can be
due to microbiological, mechanical or chemical causes.
3.6 Goad mark
The use of goading sticks on buffalo can affect the quality of their hides. Patches containing prick holes are
found on many hides on the buttocks. Some goad marks are considerably larger than a prick hole.
3.7 Horn mark
A horn
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.