ISO 8729-2:2009
(Main)Ships and marine technology — Marine radar reflectors — Part 2: Active type
Ships and marine technology — Marine radar reflectors — Part 2: Active type
It is recognised that small vessels, often made of glass fibre reinforced plastic (GRP), can be poor reflectors of radar signals. In situations where radar is the prime observation tool used by ships at sea, the International Maritime Organisation considers that it is essential that small vessels, considered in this context to be those under 150 gross tonnage, be equipped with a radar reflector to enhance their radar return and thus improve their visibility to radar. ISO 8729-2:2009 specifies the minimum requirements for a radar reflector intended to enhance returns from small vessels as required by IMO Resolution MSC.164(78). It provides the specification for the construction, performance, testing, inspection and installation of such radar reflectors.
Navires et technologie maritime — Réflecteurs radars de marine — Partie 2: Type actif
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8729-2
First edition
2009-06-01
Ships and marine technology — Marine
radar reflectors —
Part 2:
Active type
Navires et technologie maritime — Réflecteurs radars de marine —
Partie 2: Type actif
Reference number
©
ISO 2009
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ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Construction. 3
4.1 General arrangement. 3
4.2 Structure and materials. 4
4.3 Enclosed size of the reflector. 4
4.4 Mass of the reflector. 4
5 Performance . 4
5.1 Functionality. 4
5.2 Reflecting pattern . 4
5.3 Time delay and stretching . 5
5.4 Polarisation . 5
5.5 Stability and self-oscillation . 5
5.6 Maximum power. 6
5.7 Tolerance to a radar in close proximity. 6
6 Environmental requirements . 6
7 Inspection and type tests. 6
7.1 Inspection . 6
7.2 Testing . 6
7.3 Performance tests. 6
7.4 Environmental tests. 12
7.5 Mechanical strength test. 13
7.6 Electromagnetic emission tests. 13
7.7 Electromagnetic immunity tests . 13
7.8 Spurious emissions tests . 13
8 Installation . 13
8.1 Method . 13
8.2 Positioning . 13
8.3 Mounting height. 14
8.4 Mass . 14
8.5 Size. 14
9 Manual. 14
10 Marking . 15
Annex A (normative) Guidance notes for the installation of active radar reflectors . 16
Annex B (normative) Test method for unwanted emissions of active radar reflectors. 18
Bibliography . 23
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 8729-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 8, Ships and marine technology, Subcommittee
SC 6, Navigation and ship operations.
ISO 8729 consists of the following parts, under the general title Ships and marine technology — Marine radar
reflectors:
⎯ Part 1: Passive type
⎯ Part 2: Active type
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8729-2:2009(E)
Ships and marine technology — Marine radar reflectors —
Part 2:
Active type
1 Scope
It is recognised that small vessels, often made of glass fibre reinforced plastic (GRP), can be poor reflectors of
radar signals. In situations where radar is the prime observation tool used by ships at sea, the International
Maritime Organisation considers that it is essential that small vessels, considered in this context to be those
under 150 gross tonnage, be equipped with a radar reflector to enhance their radar return and thus improve
their visibility to radar.
This International Standard specifies the minimum requirements for a radar reflector intended to enhance
returns from small vessels as required by IMO Resolution MSC.164(78).
It provides the specification for the construction, performance, testing, inspection and installation of such radar
reflectors.
NOTE Requirements that have been extracted from IMO Resolution MSC.164(78) Revised performance standards
for radar reflectors are printed in italics.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories
IEC 60945, Marine navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems — General requirements —
Methods of testing and required test results
ITU-R SM.329, Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain
ITU-R SM.1541, Unwanted emissions in the out-of-band domain
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
radar reflector
device that is designed to enhance radar returns from vessels with small radar cross section
3.2
active radar reflector
device that receives, amplifies and retransmits a radar signal as a method of enhancing radar returns
NOTE An active radar reflector is often also known as a radar target enhancer (RTE).
3.3
radar cross section
RCS
equivalent echoing area which is 4 π times the ratio of the power per unit solid angle scattered in a specified
direction to the power per unit area in a plane wave incident on the scatterer from a specified direction
NOTE It is dependent on the radar operating frequency and the three-dimensional orientation of the reflector.
Polarization of the transmitter and the received wave affects the effective radar cross section of the reflector.
3.4
azimuthal polar diagram
polar diagram providing the RCS of the reflector with respect to its azimuthal angle
NOTE These diagrams can be produced for any angle of heel.
3.5
null
pronounced fall-off of RCS in the azimuthal polar diagram
3.6
stated performance level
SPL
performance level calculated from measurement data sets (i.e. azimuthal polar diagrams) taken during
technical measurements of reflective performance
NOTE 1 SPL is the RCS value at which a null is 10° wide (see Figure 1). If there is more than one null with a width of at
least 10°, then SPL is the lowest such value.
NOTE 2 If the azimuthal polar diagram does not show a null (as defined in 3.5) that is 10° wide, then the SPL is the
RCS which is achieved over 280° of azimuth.
2 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Key
A azimuth
R radar cross section
a
Stated performance level.
b
Null width u 10°.
c
Spacing between nulls W 20°.
Figure 1 — Definition of stated performance level
3.7
self-oscillation
phenomenon whereby the receive and transmit antennas of an active reflector are unintentionally coupled,
either inherently or by a reflecting surface closeby, so that feedback occurs between the two
NOTE Devices that are self-oscillating are also said to be unstable.
3.8
saturation
state whereby an active radar reflector is emitting the maximum power of which it is capable
NOTE 1 This power at which saturation occurs is known as the saturated power.
NOTE 2 The distance from the interrogating radar at which saturation occurs is a function of the power of the radar, the
total gain of the reflector and the maximum power of the reflector.
4 Construction
4.1 General arrangement
The active radar reflector shall consist of a receive antenna (or antennas), an amplifier (or amplifiers) capable
of operation across the X and S bands and a transmit antenna (or antennas). Typically there may also be an
associated control box whose function is to switch the device on and off and to indicate to the user that the
device is working.
4.2 Structure and materials
The materials used for the radar reflector shall be of sufficient strength and quality as to make the reflector
capable of maintaining reflection performance under the conditions of stress due to sea states, vibration,
humidity and change of temperature likely to be experienced in the marine environment. Use of ferrous metals
should be avoided.
4.3 Enclosed size of the reflector
The volume of the reflector should not exceed 0,05 m .
4.4 Mass of the r
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