SIST-TP ETR 154 E1:2005

• Abstract:

  Implementation guidelines for the use of MPEG-2 systems, Video and Audio in Satellite and Cable application in Europe covering conventional resolution digital television.It will not cover applications such as terrestrial broadcasting, interactive services or HDTV. An ETR is planned as a first step in order not to block future technological progress following that, based upon experience, an ETS should finally be produced.

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2005
• ICS: 33.170 - Television and radio broadcasting
• Technical Committee: RES - Radio equipment and systems
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 01-Nov-2005
• Due Date: 01-Nov-2005
• Completion Date: 01-Nov-2005
• Mandate: T-304
• Ref Project: ETSI ETR 154 ed.1 (1996-01) - Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); DVB implementation guidelines for the use of MPEG-2 Systems, Video and Audio in satellite and cable broadcasting applications

SIST-TP ETR 154 E1:2005 is the Slovenian publication of ETR 154 Edition 1, issued by SIST and identical in content to the ETSI Technical Report. It gives implementation guidelines for using MPEG-2 Systems, video and audio in satellite and cable DVB broadcasting for conventional-resolution digital television. The document sets baseline rules for Integrated Receiver-Decoders (IRD) and for encoders so broadcast streams can be decoded consistently.

What does SIST-TP ETR 154 E1:2005 specify?

SIST-TP ETR 154 E1:2005 specifies how MPEG-2 coding is to be used in DVB satellite and cable broadcasting for conventional-resolution digital television in Europe. It focuses on what broadcasters and receiver makers need for basic interoperability, while leaving terrestrial broadcasting, interactive services and HDTV outside its scope.

The document is organized as a short front matter section, then Clauses 1 to 6. Clauses 4, 5 and 6 are the technical core: systems layer, video and audio. Clause 2 lists the external documents used by the report, and Clause 3 defines the terms and abbreviations used throughout the text.

What are the key requirements of SIST-TP ETR 154 E1:2005?

SIST-TP ETR 154 E1:2005 defines a minimum DVB decoding profile for baseline IRDs and matching encoder guidance. The practical goal is simple: a broadcaster can transmit within these limits and expect standard receivers to decode the service correctly.

• Clause 4 requires MPEG-2 Transport Stream (TS) use. The transmitted multiplex shall use TS, and a baseline IRD shall demultiplex TS. Program stream support is optional. In practice, this means DVB satellite and cable services are built around transport packets, not program streams.

• Clause 4 sets rules for timing, packet handling and scrambling. The system clock must stay within the ISO/IEC 13818-1 tolerance, PCR spacing shall not exceed 100 ms and a 40 ms interval is recommended, and transport and PES scrambling bits are defined by the DVB values in the report. This matters because receivers need stable timing for lip-sync and playback, and headends must set scrambling flags consistently.

• Clause 4 ties DVB service signaling to PSI and SI. Service Information (SI) tables use the DVB PID assignments in ETS 300 468, and the document points to PAT and PMT repetition guidance. Descriptors such as video_stream_descriptor, audio_stream_descriptor, ISO_639_Language_descriptor and CA_descriptor are used to tell the receiver what is being carried and how to decode or select it.

• Clause 4 allows reserved and optional fields, but expects receivers to skip what they do not use. The IRD shall be able to ignore reserved structures, unused descriptors and optional PES fields, and private data is only acted on by decoders enabled for it. In practice, this gives backward compatibility so future extensions can be added without breaking older receivers.

• Clause 5 limits the video format to a DVB baseline. Encoded video shall comply with MPEG-2 Main Profile at Main Level and use a 25 Hz frame rate. Source aspect ratio shall be 4:3, 16:9 or 2.21:1, with 4:3 and 16:9 mandatory for decoding and 2.21:1 optional. This keeps the service compatible with standard television receivers and common display formats.

• Clause 5 defines how receivers must display common picture sizes. The IRD shall decode and upscale coded pictures such as 720 x 576, 544 x 576, 480 x 576, 352 x 576 and 352 x 288 so they can be shown full-screen or at reduced size as required. Pan vectors are used to show a selected part of a widescreen picture on a 4:3 monitor. For users, this is the rule that makes letterboxing and pan-and-scan behavior predictable.

• Clause 5 also controls chroma handling and sequence headers. The report uses chroma_420_type to identify how 4:2:2 is downsampled to 4:2:0, and it recommends a video sequence header followed by an I-frame at least every 500 ms. This helps decoder memory planning and can reduce channel-change delay.

• Clause 6 sets the audio baseline. The audio shall use MPEG-1 single channel, dual channel, joint stereo or stereo, or MPEG-2 compatible multi-channel audio; the IRD shall decode at least Layer I and Layer II, with Layer II preferred for encoding. Supported sampling rates for primary services are 32 kHz, 44.1 kHz and 48 kHz, and no emphasis shall be used. This means broadcasters must stay within receiver-friendly audio formats.

What terms does SIST-TP ETR 154 E1:2005 define?

• baseline IRD - An Integrated Receiver-Decoder that provides the minimum functionality recommended by the report.
• Integrated Receiver-Decoder (IRD) - The receiver unit that demultiplexes, decodes and presents the DVB broadcast service.
• Transport Stream (TS) - The MPEG-2 multiplexed stream used for DVB transmission.
• Packetized Elementary Stream (PES) - The packet form used to carry an elementary stream within MPEG-2 systems.
• Program Specific Information (PSI) - The MPEG-2 tables that describe programs and their component streams.
• Service Information (SI) - DVB service tables that provide network and service signaling, including information beyond basic PSI.
• Program Clock Reference (PCR) - The timing reference used to synchronize decoding and presentation in the receiver.

Who uses SIST-TP ETR 154 E1:2005?

SIST-TP ETR 154 E1:2005 is used by DVB broadcasters, satellite and cable platform operators, IRD manufacturers, encoder vendors and system integrators. It is also relevant to quality teams and test labs that need to check whether a service or device meets the baseline DVB assumptions.

In practice, broadcasters use it when planning MPEG-2 services, receiver manufacturers use it to design decoders that can handle the expected bit-streams, and QA teams use it to verify interoperability across systems, video and audio.

Which standards are used with SIST-TP ETR 154 E1:2005?

• ISO/IEC 13818-1 - Provides the MPEG-2 systems layer rules, including transport stream, PES, PCR, PSI and descriptor structures.
• ISO/IEC 13818-2 - Provides the MPEG-2 video coding rules that the report constrains for DVB use.
• ISO/IEC 13818-3 - Provides the MPEG-2 audio coding rules used for DVB audio.
• ETS 300 468 - Defines DVB Service Information, including PID assignment for SI data and additional DVB tables.
• ISO/IEC 11172-1 - Provides MPEG-1 Systems compatibility, which the report treats as optional for decoding.
• ITU-T Recommendation J.17 - Provides one of the optional de-emphasis methods referenced for audio.
• ETR XXX - The report points to a future DVB document for Conditional Access definitions and scrambling-related behavior.

What does the SIST-TP ETR 154 E1:2005 document contain?

The document contains systems-layer rules for MPEG-2 TS, PES and PSI handling, along with detailed guidance on packet headers, adaptation fields, descriptors and scrambling. It also includes video rules for profile and level, frame rate, aspect ratio, luminance resolution, chrominance handling and sequence headers.

For audio, it gives the permitted modes, layers, bit rates, sampling frequencies, emphasis handling and CRC use. Several tables support these rules, including scrambling-control values, aspect-ratio display calculations and coded-picture-to-display-size mappings. These tables are there so implementers can check how a stream should be signaled or displayed without interpreting the whole report clause by clause.

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2005
Digitalna videoradiodifuzija (DVB) – Smernice za uvajanje uporabe sistemov MPEG
-2, videa in avdia v satelitskih, kabelskih in prizemnih radiodifuzijskih aplikacijah
Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); DVB implementation guidelines for the use of MPEG-2
Systems, Video and Audio in satellite and cable broadcasting applications
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ETR 154 Edition 1
ICS:
33.170 Televizijska in radijska Television and radio
difuzija broadcasting
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

ETSI ETR 154
TECHNICAL January 1996
REPORT
Source: EBU/CENELEC/ETSI JTC Reference: DTR/JTC-DVB-11
ICS: 33.060.20
broadcasting, satellite, cable, MPEG, systems, video, audio, digital, TV
Key words:
European Broadcasting Union Union Européenne de Radio-Télévision
EBU
UER
Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB);
Implementation guidelines for the use of MPEG-2 systems;
Video and audio in satellite and cable broadcasting applications
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
ETSI Secretariat
Postal address: F-06921 Sophia Antipolis CEDEX - FRANCE
Office address: 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis - Valbonne - FRANCE
X.400: c=fr, a=atlas, p=etsi, s=secretariat - Internet: [e-mail]
Tel.: [phone] - Fax: [phone]
No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the
Copyright Notification:
foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 1996.
© European Broadcasting Union 1996.
All rights reserved.
New presentation - see History box

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ETR 154: January 1996
Whilst every care has been taken in the preparation and publication of this document, errors in content,
typographical or otherwise, may occur. If you have comments concerning its accuracy, please write to
"ETSI Editing and Committee Support Dept." at the address shown on the title page.

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ETR 154: January 1996
Contents
Foreword .5
Introduction.6
1 Scope .7
2 References.7
3 Definitions and abbreviations .7
3.1 Definitions .7
3.2 Abbreviations .7
4 Systems layer.8
4.1 Introduction (ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1], section 0).8
4.2 Packetized Elementary Stream (PES) (ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1], section 0.4).8
4.3 Transport stream system target decoder (ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1], section 2.4.2) .8
4.4 Transport packet layer (ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1], section 2.4.3.2).9
4.4.1 Null packets.9
4.4.2 Transport packet header .9
4.4.2.1 transport_error_indicator .9
4.4.2.2 transport_priority.9
4.4.2.3 transport_scrambling_control .9
4.4.2.4 Packet IDentifier (PID) values for Service Information (SI)
Tables.9
4.5 Adaptation field (ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1], section 2.4.3.4).9
4.5.1 Random_access_indicator.9
4.5.3 elementary_stream_priority_indicator .9
4.5.4 Program Clock Reference (PCR).9
4.5.5 Other fields.10
4.6 Packetized Elementary Stream (PES) Packet (ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1], section 2.4.3.6).10
4.6.1 stream_id.10
4.6.2 PES_scrambling_control.10
4.6.3 PES_priority.10
4.6.4 copyright and original_or_copy.10
4.6.5 Trick mode fields.10
4.6.6 additional_copy_info.11
4.6.7 Optional fields.11
4.6.8 PES_extension_field .11
4.7 Program Specific Information (PSI) (ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1], section 2.4.4).11
4.8 Program and elementary stream descriptors (ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1], section 2.6) .11
4.8.1 video_stream_descriptor and audio_stream_descriptor .11
4.8.2 hierarchy_descriptor.12
4.8.3 registration_descriptor.12
4.8.4 data_stream_alignment_descriptor.12
4.8.5 target_background_grid_descriptor .12
4.8.6 video_window_descriptor .12
4.8.7 Conditional Access CA_descriptor.12
4.8.8 ISO_639_Language_descriptor .12
4.8.9 system_clock_descriptor.13
4.8.10 multiplex_buffer_utilization_descriptor .13
4.8.11 copyright_descriptor .13
4.8.12 maximum_bitrate_descriptor.13
4.8.13 private_data_indicator_descriptor .13
4.8.14 STD_descriptor .13
4.8.15 IBP_descriptor.13
4.8.16 smoothing_buffer_descriptor.13
4.9 Compatibility with ISO/IEC 11172-1 [6] (ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1], section 2.8) .13

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ETR 154: January 1996
5 Video. 14
5.1 Profile and level. 14
5.2 Frame rate. 14
5.3 Aspect ratio . 14
5.4 Luminance resolution . 15
5.5 Chrominance. 16
5.6 Video sequence header . 16
6 Audio. 17
6.1 Audio mode . 17
6.2 Compression layer . 17
6.3 Bit rate. 17
6.4 Sampling frequency. 18
6.5 Emphasis . 18
6.6 Cyclic redundancy code. 18
History. 19

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ETR 154: January 1996
Foreword
This ETSI Technical Report (ETR) has been produced under the authority of the Joint Technical
Committee (JTC) of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), Comité Européen de Normalisation
ELECtrotechnique (CENELEC) and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). This
ETR is based on the DVB document A001 revision 1, dated June 1995, and it may be converted into an
ETS after market feedback. For this purpose, the wording of an ETS rather than an ETR is used.
ETRs are informative documents resulting from ETSI studies which are not appropriate for European
Telecommunication Standard (ETS) or Interim European Telecommunication Standard (I-ETS) status. An
ETR may be used to publish material which is either of an informative nature, relating to the use or the
application of ETSs or I-ETSs, or which is immature and not yet suitable for formal adoption as an ETS or
an I-ETS.
NOTE: The EBU/ETSI JTC was established in 1990 to co-ordinate the drafting of ETSs in the
specific field of broadcasting and related fields. Since 1995 the JTC became a tripartite
body by including in the Memorandum of Understanding also CENELEC, which is
responsible for the standardization of radio and television receivers.
The EBU is a professional association of broadcasting organisations whose work
includes the co-ordination of its Members' activities in the technical, legal, programme-
making and programme-exchange domains. The EBU has active members in about
60 Countries in the European Broadcasting area; its headquarters is in Geneva *.
* European Broadcasting Union
Case Postale 67
CH-1218 GRAND SACONNEX (Geneva)
Switzerland
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
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ETR 154: January 1996
Introduction
This ETR presents guidelines covering coding and decoding using the MPEG-2 system defined in
ISO/IEC 13818 [1].
The guidelines presented in this ETR for the Integrated Receiver-Decoder (IRD) are intended to represent
a minimum functionality that all IRDs are assumed to either meet or exceed. It is necessary to specify the
minimum IRD functionality for basic parameters, if broadcasters are not to be prevented from ever using
certain features. For example, if a significant population of IRDs were produced that supported only the
Simple Profile, broadcasters would never be able to transmit Main Profile bit-streams.
Where a feature is mandatory, the word "shall" is used and the text is in italic; all other features are
optional. The functionality is specified in the form of constraints on MPEG-2 systems, video and audio
which the IRDs are required to decode correctly.
The specification of these baseline features in no way prohibits IRD manufacturers from including
additional features, and should not be interpreted as stipulating any form of upper limit to the performance.
The guidelines do not cover features, such as the IRD's up-sampling filter, which affect the quality of the
displayed picture rather than whether the IRD is able to decode pictures at all. Such issues are left to the
marketplace.
The guidelines presented for IRDs observe the following principles:
- wherever practical, IRDs should be designed to allow for future compatible extensions to the
bit-stream syntax;
- all "reserved" and "private" bits in MPEG-2 systems, video and audio should be ignored by IRDs not
designed to make use of them.
The rules of operation for the encoders are features and constraints which the encoding system should
adhere to in order to ensure that the transmissions can be correctly decoded by Baseline IRDs. These
may be mandatory or optional. Where a feature or constraint is mandatory, the word "shall" is used and
the text is italic; all other features are optional.
Clauses 4 to 6 provide the guidelines for the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) systems layer, video and
audio respectively. For information, some of the key features are summarised below, but clauses 4 to 6
should be consulted for all definitions:
Systems:
- MPEG-2 Transport Stream (TS) is used;
- Service Information (SI) is based on MPEG-2 program-specific information;
- scrambling is as defined by the Conditional Access (CA) Technical Group;
- conditional access uses the MPEG-2 Conditional Access CA_descriptor.
Video:
- MPEG-2 Main Profile at Main Level is used;
- the frame rate is 25 Hz;
- encoded pictures may have either 4:3, 16:9 or 2.21:1 aspect ratio;
- IRDs support 4:3 and 16:9 and optionally 2.21:1 aspect ratios;
- IRDs support the use of pan vectors to allow a 4:3 monitor to give a full-screen display of a 16:9
coded picture;
- IRDs support a full-screen display of 720 x 576 pixels (and a nominal full-screen display of
704 x 576);
- IRDs provide appropriate upconversion to produce a full-screen display of 544 x 576 and 480 x 576
and a nominal full-screen display of 352 x 576 and 352 x 288 pixels.
Audio:
- MPEG-2 Layer I and Layer II is supported by the IRD;
- the use of Layer II is recommended for the encoded bit-stream;
- IRDs support single channel, dual channel, joint stereo, stereo and the extraction of at least a
stereo pair from MPEG-2 compatible multi-channel audio;
- sampling rates of 32 kHz, 44,1 kHz and 48 kHz are supported by IRDs;
- the encoded bit-stream does not use emphasis.

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ETR 154: January 1996
1 Scope
This ETR provides implementation guidelines for the use of MPEG-2 audio-visual coding [1] in satellite
and cable broadcasting systems offering conventional resolution digital television. It does not cover
applications such as terrestrial broadcasting, interactive services or High Definition Television (HDTV)
which are likely to be the subject of subsequent "Guidelines" deliverables.
The rules of operation for the encoders are features and constraints which the encoding system should
adhere to in order to ensure that the transmissions can be correctly decoded by Baseline IRDs. These
may be recommended or optional.
2 References
This ETR incorporates by dated and undated reference, provisions from other publications. These
references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For
dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this ETR
only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the
publication referred to applies.
[1] ISO/IEC IS 13818-1 (1995): "Coding of moving pictures and associated audio -
Part 1: Systems".
[2] ISO/IEC IS 13818-2 (1994): "Coding of moving pictures and associated audio -
Part 2: Video".
[3] ISO/IEC IS 13818-3 (1994): "Coding of moving pictures and associated audio -
Part 3: Audio".
[4] Not available for this edition of the ETR. The DVB Project planned an ETR XXX:
"Final Technical Report of the Conditional Access Specialists Group (TM 1244)".
The substance of this future ETR is contained in the DVB document TM 1244
which is available at the DVB Project Office in the EBU.
[5] ETS 300 468 (1995): "Digital broadcasting systems for television, sound and
data services; Specification for Service Information (SI) in Digital Video
Broadcasting (DVB) systems".
[6] ISO/IEC 11172-1 (1993): "Information Technology - Coding of moving pictures
and associated audio for digital storage media up to about 1,5 Mbit/s - Part 1:
Systems".
[7] ITU-T Recommendation J.17 (1988): "Pre-emphasis used on sound-programme
circuits".
3 Definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of this ETR, the following definitions apply:
baseline IRD: An IRD which provides the minimum functionality recommended in this ETR.
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of this ETR, the following abbreviations apply:
CA Conditional Access
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting
ES Elementary Stream
ESCR Elementary Stream Clock Reference
I-Frame Intra-coded Frame
IRD Integrated Receiver-Decoder

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ETR 154: January 1996
MPEG Moving Pictures Experts Group
NIT Network Information Table
PAT Program Association Table
PCR Program Clock Reference
PES Packetized Elementary Stream
PID Packet IDentifier
PMT Program Map Table
PSI Program Specific Information
PSW Pan and Scan Window
SI Service Information
STD Standard Target Decoder
TS Transport Stream
VCR Video Cassette Recorder
4 Systems layer
This clause describes the guidelines for encoding the systems layer of MPEG-2 in DVB broadcast
bit-streams, and for decoding this layer in the IRD.
The multiplexing of baseband signals and associated data conforms to ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1]. Some of the
parameters and fields are not used in the DVB System and these restrictions are described below. To
allow full compliance to ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1] and upward compatibility with future enhanced versions, a
DVB IRD shall be able to skip over data structures which are currently "reserved", or which correspond to
functions not implemented by the IRD. As an example of this capability, a descriptor tag not yet defined
within the DVB System shall be interpreted as a no-action tag, its length field correctly decoded and
subsequent data skipped.
For the same reason, IRD design should be made under the assumption that any legal structure as
permitted by ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1] may occur in the broadcast stream even if presently reserved or
unused. Therefore the following is assumed:
- private data shall only acted upon by decoders which are so enabled;
- filling out the bit-stream shall be carried out using the normal stuffing mechanism. Reserved fields
shall not be used for this purpose. Data of reserved fields shall be set to 0xFF.
The headings below in this clause are based on ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1]. The numbers in brackets after the
headings are the relevant chapter and section headings of ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1].
4.1 Introduction (ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1], section 0)
MPEG-2 systems specify two types of multiplexed data stream: the transport stream and the program
stream.
Encoding: The transmitted multiplex shall use the transport stream.
Decoding: All Baseline IRDs shall be able to demultiplex the MPEG-2 transport stream. Demultiplexing
of program streams (as described in sections 0.2 and 0.3 of [1]) is optional.
4.2 Packetized Elementary Stream (PES) (ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1], section 0.4)
Encoding: The creation of a physical Packetized Elementary Stream (PES) by an encoder is not
required. ESCR fields and ES rate fields need not be coded.
Decoding: ESCR fields and ES rate fields need not be decoded.
4.3 Transport stream system target decoder (ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1], section 2.4.2)
Encoding: The system clock frequency shall conform to the tolerance specified in section 2.4.2.1 of
ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1]. It is recommended that the tolerance is within 5 parts per million.
Decoding: The IRD shall operate over the full tolerance range of the system clock frequency specified in
section 2.4.2.1 of ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1].

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ETR 154: January 1996
4.4 Transport packet layer (ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1], section 2.4.3.2)
4.4.1 Null packets
Encoding: The encoding of null packets (those with PID value 0x1FFF) shall be as specified in
ISO/IEC 13818-1 [1].
4.4.2 Transport packet header
4.4.2.1 transport_error_indicator
Encoding: It is recommended that any error detecting devices in a transmission path should set the
transport_error_indicator bit when uncorrectable errors are detected.
Decoding: The transport_error_indicator flag is set in the transmitted stream it is recommended that
the IRD should then invoke a suitable concealment or error recovery mechanism.
4.4.2.2 transport_priority
Decoding: The transport_priority bit has no meaning to the IRD, and may be ignored.
4.4.2.3 transport_scrambling_control
Encoding: The transport_scrambling_control bits shal
...