SIST EN 1436:2007
(Main)Road marking materials - Road marking performance for road users
Road marking materials - Road marking performance for road users
This European Standard specifies the performance for road users of white and yellow road markings, as expressed by their reflection in daylight or under road lighting, retroreflection in car headlamp illumination, colour and skid resistance.
Straßenmarkierungsmaterialien - Anforderungen an Markierungen auf Straßen
Diese Europäische Norm legt die straßenbenutzerbezogenen Anforderungen an weiße und gelbe Straßenmarkierungen im Hinblick auf deren Reflexion bei Tageslicht oder bei Straßenbeleuchtung, auf deren Retroreflexion bei Anleuchtung durch Fahrzeugscheinwerfer und auf deren Farbe und Griffigkeit fest.
Produits de marquage routier - Performances des marquages routiers pour les usagers de la route
La présente Norme européenne définit les performances, pour les usagers de la route, des marquages routiers blancs et jaunes quant a leur réflexion a la lumiere du jour ou sous un éclairage public, a leur rétroréflexion lorsque éclairés par des projecteurs automobiles, a leur couleur et a leur adhérence.
Materiali za označevanje vozišča - Lastnosti označb
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Straßenmarkierungsmaterialien - Anforderungen an Markierungen auf StraßenProduits de marquage routier - Performances des marquages routiers pour les usagers de la routeRoad marking materials - Road marking performance for road users93.080.20Materiali za gradnjo cestRoad construction materialsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 1436:2007SIST EN 1436:2007en,fr,de01-november-2007SIST EN 1436:2007SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 1436:1999/A1:2004SIST EN 1436:19991DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 1436:2007
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 1436July 2007ICS 93.080.30Supersedes EN 1436:1997
English VersionRoad marking materials - Road marking performance for roadusersProduits de marquage routier - Performances desmarquages routiers pour les usagers de la routeStraßenmarkierungsmaterialien - Anforderungen anMarkierungen auf StraßenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 21 June 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2007 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 1436:2007: ESIST EN 1436:2007
EN 1436:2007 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword.3 Introduction.4 1 Scope.5 2 Normative references.5 3 Terms and definitions.5 4 Requirements.6 Annex A (normative)
Measurement method for the luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination Qd.12 A.1 Introduction.12 A.2 Spectral match.13 A.3 Standard measuring condition of measuring equipment.13 A.4 Practical applications of measuring equipment.14 A.5 Calibration of measuring equipment.14 A.6 Uncertainty of measurement.15 Annex B (normative)
Measurement method for the coefficient of retroreflected luminance RL.16 B.1 Introduction.16 B.2 Spectral match of measuring equipment.16 B.3 Standard measuring condition of measuring equipment.17 B.4 Practical applications of measuring equipment.17 B.5 Calibration of measuring equipment.18 B.6 Condition of wetness.19 B.7 Condition of rain.19 B.8 Uncertainty of measurement.19 Annex C (normative)
Measuring method for the luminance factor ββββ and chromaticity co-ordinates x and y.21 C.1 Standard measuring condition.21 C.2 Measuring equipment.21 C.3 Uncertainty of measurement.21 Annex D (normative)
Measuring method for skid resistance.22 D.1
Principle of the test.22 D.2
Description of the skid resistance tester.22 D.3
Maintenance of the rubber slider.22 D.4
Adjustment of the sliding length.23 D.5
Measuring the SRT value.23 D.6
Correction for the temperature.23 D.7
Uncertainty of measurement.24 Bibliography.25 SIST EN 1436:2007
EN 1436:2007 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 1436:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 226 “Road equipment”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2008. This document supersedes EN 1436:1997. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. SIST EN 1436:2007
EN 1436:2007 (E) 4 Introduction Road markings together with road studs form the means for horizontal signalization. Road markings include longitudinal markings, arrows, transverse markings, text and symbols on the surface of the highway etc. Road markings can be provided by the application of paint, thermoplastic materials or cold hardening materials, pre-formed lines and symbols or by other means. Most road markings are white or yellow, but in special cases other colours are used. Road markings are either permanent or temporary. The functional life of temporary road markings is limited by the duration of the road works. For permanent road markings it is best for reasons of safety to have a functional life that is as long as possible. Road markings can be applied with or without the addition of glass beads. With glass beads the retroreflection of the marking is achieved when the marking is illuminated by vehicle headlamps. The retroreflection of a marking, in wet or rainy conditions, can also be enhanced by special properties. The properties can be produced by surface texture (as with structured markings), large glass beads or other means. In the case of surface texture, the passage of wheels can produce acoustic or vibration effects. The value of a parameter for a particular road marking location is dependant of the surface condition of the road marking, which is influenced by the local conditions, time of the year, traffic 'history', weather and other factors. It should be taken into account that the value measured on a particular occasion is not necessarily the average or typical value of that road marking. SIST EN 1436:2007
EN 1436:2007 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the performance for road users of white and yellow road markings, as expressed by their reflection in daylight or under road lighting, retroreflection in vehicle headlamp illumination, colour and skid resistance. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC 60050-845:19871), International Electrotechnical Vocabulary — Chapter 845: Lighting ISO 48, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of hardness (hardness between 10 IRHD and
100 IRHD) ISO 4662, Rubber — Determination of rebound resilience of vulcanizates ISO/CIE 10526, CIE standard illuminants for colorimetry 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050-845:1987 and the following apply. 3.1 luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination (of a field of a road marking) Qd (mcd⋅m-2⋅lx-1) quotient of the luminance of the field of the road marking in the given direction by the illuminance on the field 3.2 luminance factor (of a field of a road marking, in a given direction, under specified conditions of illumination) β (unit: 1) ratio of the luminance of the field of the road marking in the given direction to that of a perfect reflecting diffuser identically illuminated NOTE This definition is slightly adapted as compared to the definition of IEC 60050-845. 3.3 coefficient of retroreflected luminance (of a field of a road marking) RL (mcd⋅m-2⋅lx-1) quotient of the luminance L of the field of the road marking in the direction of observation by the illuminance E⊥ at the field perpendicular to the direction of the incident light 3.4 skid resistance tester value (of a road marking) skid resistance quality of a wet surface measured by the friction at low speed of a rubber slider upon this surface. The abbreviation SRT applies 3.5 functional life (of a road marking) period during which the road marking fulfils all the performance requirements of the classes initially specified by the road authority
1) CIE Publication 17.4 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary is identical to IEC 60050-845. SIST EN 1436:2007
EN 1436:2007 (E) 6 3.6 structured road marking (in the sense of not allowing measurement of the luminance factor β and/or the SRT value) road marking with a structured surface that does not have areas of road marking of regular dimensions and planeness. This may be by the formation of patterns, profiles, random texture or other features NOTE 1 At least some commercially available instruments allow measurement of the luminance factor β on approximately flat areas with a diameter of minimum 10 mm at the top of the structure, or a somewhat larger size deeper in the structure to allow contact of the instruments. The areas may curve with a radius of curvature of minimum 50 mm. NOTE 2 The slider used to measure the SRT value requires approximately flat areas of a width of minimum the width of the slider (76,2 ± 0,5 mm) and a length of minimum the sliding length of the slider (126 ± 1 mm) at the top of the structure, or somewhat longer for areas deeper in the structure, in order to allow for the free swing of the slider. The areas may be crossed by gaps that take up maximum 75 % of the total surface area and have widths of maximum 5 mm. The areas may have ridges or edges of blocks with a height of maximum 1,2 mm. 3.7 type I and type II road markings type II road markings are road markings with special properties intended to enhance the retroreflection in wet or rainy conditions, type I road markings do not necessarily have such special properties 4 Requirements 4.1 General The requirements specified relate to the performance of road markings during their functional life. The requirements are expressed by several parameters representing different aspects of the performance of road markings and for some of these in terms of classes of increasing performance. NOTE 1 The length of the functional life depends on whether the road marking is of short or long durability, on whether the road marking is run on by traffic (e.g. symbols on the carriageway compared to continuous edge lines), on the traffic density, on the roughness of the road surface and on matters relating to local conditions like the use of studded tyres in some countries. NOTE 2 The classes enable different priorities to be given to the different aspects of performance of road markings depending on particular circumstances. Classes of high performance cannot always be achieved for two or more of these parameters simultaneously. As an example, a road marking may have drop-on glass beads or drop-on anti-skid aggregates, aiming at high classes of either retroreflection (RL) or skid resistance (SRT). In general, high classes of retroreflection and slip/skid resistance cannot be obtained together. Further, the selection of performance classes implies a compromise between the needs of the drivers and the cost of supplying the performance. The needs of drivers have been studied in COST Action 331, ‘Requirements for horizontal road markings’. For skid resistance, emphasis is sometimes placed on those road markings, which occupy a large percentage of the trafficked areas such as zebra crossings, arrows, transverse markings, text and symbols. Therefore, the choice of performance classes should be fixed in national tender specifications or other national provisions after due consideration of all aspects. In some countries the performance classes cannot be maintained during a limited time period of the year during which the probability of lower performance of the road markings is high, due to the presence of water, dust, mud etc. SIST EN 1436:2007
EN 1436:2007 (E) 7 4.2 Reflection in daylight or under road lighting 4.2.1 General Reflection in daylight or under road lighting is measured
either by the luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination Qd measured in accordance with Annex A and expressed in mcd⋅m-2⋅lx-1, or by the luminance factor β measured in accordance with Annex C. NOTE Both of the above-mentioned parameters measure the brightness of a road marking as seen in typical or average daylight or under road lighting. The main difference lies in the viewing directions, which for the luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination Qd corresponds to a fairly long viewing distance and for the luminance factor β to viewing at close range. For some structured road markings, the measured value of the luminance factor β is not reliable, refer to 3.6. To assess the visibility in daylight or under road lighting for such road markings, the measurement of Qd may be a more suitable method of test. 4.2.2 Luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination Qd The luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination Qd shall conform to Table 1 for road markings in dry conditions. Table 1 — Classes of Qd for dry road markings Road marking Colour Road surface Type Class
Minimum luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination Qd in mcd⋅m-2⋅lx-1 White Asphaltic
Q0
Q2
Q3
Q4
No performance determined
Qd ≥ 100
Qd ≥ 130
Qd ≥ 160
Cement concrete
Q0
Q3
Q4
Q5
No performance determined
Qd ≥ 130
Qd ≥ 160
Qd ≥ 200 Yellow
Q0
Q1
Q2
Q3
No performance determined
Qd ≥
80
Qd ≥ 100
Qd ≥ 130 The class Q0 is for when daytime visibility is achieved through the value of the luminance factor , see 4.2.3.
4.2.3 Luminance factor ββββ The luminance factor β shall conform to Table 2 for road markings in dry conditions. SIST EN 1436:2007
EN 1436:2007 (E) 8 Table 2 — Classes of luminance factor
for dry road markings Road marking colour Road surface type Class
Minimum luminance factor β White Asphaltic
B0
B2
B3
B4
B5
No performance determined
≥ 0,30
≥ 0,40
≥ 0,50
≥ 0,60
Cement concrete
B0
B3
B4
B5
No performance determined
≥ 0,40
≥ 0,50
≥ 0,60 Yellow
B0
B1
B2
B3
No performance determined
≥ 0,20
≥ 0,30
≥ 0,40 The class B0 is for when daytime visibility is achieved through the value of the luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination Qd, see 4.2.2.
4.3 Retroreflection under vehicle headlamp illumination For the measurement of reflection under vehicle headlamp illumination, the coefficient of retroreflected luminance RL is used. It shall be measured in accordance with Annex B and is expressed in mcd⋅m-2⋅lx-1. Road markings in the dry condition shall conform to Table 3; and shall conform to Table 4 during wetness and to
Table 5 during rain. NOTE The coefficient of retroreflected luminance represents the brightness of a road marking as seen by drivers of vehicles under the illumination by the driver’s own headlamps. Table 3 — Classes of RL for dry road markings Road marking type and colour Class
Minimum coefficient of retroreflected luminance RL in mcd⋅m-2⋅lx-1 Permanent White
R0
R2
R3
R4
R5
No performance determined
RL ≥ 100
RL ≥ 150
RL ≥ 200
RL ≥ 300
Yellow
R0
R1
R3
R4
No performance determined
RL ≥
80
RL ≥ 150
RL ≥ 200 Temporary
R0
R3
R5
No performance determined
RL ≥ 150
RL ≥ 300 The class R0 is intended for conditions, where visibility of the road marking is achieved without retroreflection under vehicle headlamp illumination.
SIST EN 1436:2007
EN 1436:2007 (E) 9 Table 4 — Classes of RL for road markings during wetness Conditions of wetness Class
Minimum coefficient of retroreflected luminance RL in mcd⋅m-2⋅lx-1 As obtained 1 min after flooding the surface in accordance with B.6
RW0
RW1
RW2
RW3
RW4
No performance determined
RL ≥
25
RL ≥
35
RL ≥
50
RL ≥
75 Class RW0 is intended for cases where this type of retroreflection is not required for economic or technological reasons.
Table 5 — Classes of RL for road markings during rain Conditions of rain Class
Minimum coefficient of retroreflected luminance RL in mcd⋅m-2⋅lx-1 As obtained after at least 5 min exposure in accordance with B.7 during uniform rainfall of 20 mm/h
RR0
RR1
RR2
RR3
RR4
No performance determined
RL ≥
25
RL ≥
35
RL ≥
50
RL ≥
75 Class RR0 is intended for cases where this type of retroreflection is not required for economic or technological reasons.
4.4 Colour The x, y chromaticity co-ordinates for dry road markings shall be measured in accordance with Annex C and shall lie within the regions defined by the corner points given in Table 6 and illustrated in Figure 1. Table 6 — Corner points of chromaticity regions for white and yellow road markings
Corner point No.
1
2
3
4 White road markings
x
y
0,355
0,355
0,305
0,305
0,285
0,325
0,335
0,375 Yellow road markings class Y1
x
y
0,443
0,399
0,545
0,455
0,465
0,535
0,389
0,431 Yellow road markings class Y2
x
y
0,494
0,427
0,545
0,455
0,465
0,535
0,427
0,483 The classes Y1 and Y2 for yellow road markings are intended for permanent and temporary road markings respectively. SIST EN 1436:2007
EN 1436:2007 (E) 10
Key
Figure 1 — Chromaticity regions of white and yellow road markings in the CIE chromaticity diagram 4.5 Skid resistance Skid resistance shall be measured by the method stated in Annex D. This test is valid for flat road markings and road markings with low degree of texture. Road markings with high degree of texture or structured markings (see 3.6) may not be suitable for measurement of skid resistance by this method. Other measurement methods may be used provided they simulate the action of tyre on a road surface in wet conditions and they have a correlation with the method described in Annex D. Table 7 — Classes of skid resistance Class Minimum SRT value
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5 No performance determined SRT ≥ 45 SRT ≥ 50 SRT ≥ 55 SRT ≥ 60 SRT ≥ 65 The class S0 is for when the SRT value cannot be measured.
1 yellow class Y1
3 white 2 yellow class Y2
SIST EN 1436:2007
EN 1436:2007 (E) 11 NOTE 1 The "International PIARC experiment to compare and harmonize texture and skid resistance measurements", PIARC - 01.04T - 1995, gives information about different skid resistance test methods and equipment, as well as their repeatability and correlation to SRT. NOTE 2 Skid resistance can be enhanced by adding anti-skid aggregates but with a substantial negative effect on retroreflective properties. NOTE 3 In the case that "in situ" inspections are requested (taking into account its high degree of incertitude), other equipment more practical and safer than the skid resistance tester presents advantages. SIST EN 1436:2007
EN 1436:2007 (E) 12 Annex A (normative)
Measurement method for the luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination Qd A.1 Introduction Equipment for the measurement of the luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination Qd of a field of a road marking includes an illumination system, a photometer and means to define a horizontal reference plane with a reference centre. Laboratory measurements are used to establish Qd values for samples, which are to be used to test or calibrate in situ equipment. The reference plane and the reference centre are defined by means of a sample holder and an alignment procedure. The diffuse illumination can be provided in a photometric sphere. A light source is mounted in the sphere in such a way, that direct illumination falls only on the lower half of the sphere. By reflection and inter-reflection, the upper half of the sphere has a close approximation to a uniform luminance. The reference plane is the horizontal plane through the centre of the sphere and the reference centre is the centre of the sphere. In some cases, samples can be as short as 20 cm. Samples used to test or calibrate portable instruments need to be at least 40 cm long, while samples used to test or calibrate vehicle mounted equipment need to be longer. For some structured road markings, fairly long samples are required. A practical width of samples is often 20 cm. A sample should be backed by a substrate to assist handling and should show a non-deformed surface of the road marking. The sample can either be laid directly onto the substrate, or it can be taken from a road and adhered to the substrate. Portable instruments are intended for the measurement of Qd values of road markings on the road, but may be used to measure Qd values of road marking materials on sample panels before placing them on the road. A portable instrument integrates the photometer and the illumination system. For a fixed-aim instrument, the reference plane and the reference centre is defined by feet of the instrument. For an aiming instrument, the reference plane and the reference centre is defined by an aiming procedure. When measuring a structured road marking with a portable instrument, it is necessary to establish if the instrument in question is able to measure the structured road marking with the actual height of structures and gaps between these. The Qd value is established as the average of a number of readings taken with shifts of the instrument in steps along the marking, in total covering one or more spacing of structures. Vehicle mounted instruments are used to measure Qd values of road markings while moving at traffic speed, and can be used for longer stretches of road than portable instruments and in cases where the use of portable instruments requires extensive precautions, in particular on motorways. Vehicle mounted instruments should in principle comply with the same requirements as for portable instruments, and should be able to cope with the movements of the vehicle and with changing conditions of daylight. However, the operation at speed may cause additional difficulties of the measurement, which may lead to compromises with requirements or cause additional variation of measured values. NOTE At present, vehicle mounted equipment uses daylight illumination, which under an overcast sky with a reasonable free view to the horizon, approximates diffuse illumination. Due to variations in daylight, luminance and illuminance should be measured simultaneously. Suitable daylight illumination does not occur very often. Portable and vehicle mounted instruments are to be calibrated, maintained and used according to instructions by the instrument supplier. SIST EN 1436:2007
EN 1436:2007 (E) 13 A.2 Spectral match The photometer shall have a spectral response according to the V(λ) distribution and the illumination shall have a spectral emission according to standard illuminant D65 as defined in ISO/CIE 10526. NOTE 1 For the V(λ) correction of luminance meters, see CIE 69 [2]. However, it is permissible to use illuminants with other spectral distributions, if the spectral response of the photometer is modified to provide a correct overall spectral response of illumination and measurement. NOTE 2 Only in the case of fluorescence it is necessary that the spectral emission of the light source itself is correct. Portable instruments shall have an overall spectral response that ensures correct measurement of at least white and yellow road markings. The overall spectral response can be tested by means of a white (spectrally neutral) reflection standard, or a white road marking sample, and a set of long pass absorption filters providing colours of light yellow and dark yellow. The ratio of the Qd values obtained with a yellow filter inserted in front of the photometer, and without the filter, shall be within ± 5 % of the luminous transmittance of such a filter in standard illuminant D65 illumination. The filter shall be inserted at a location, where it does not affect the illumination of the white reflection standard or road marking sample. Filters of other colours may be added to test the ability of an instrument to measure road markings of such colours. A.3 Standard measuring condition of measuring equipment The photometer measures a field of the reference plane, which is located about the reference centre. The illumination system illuminates a field of the reference plane, also located about the reference centre. The fields are arranged according to method A, if the illuminated field contains the measured field, and according to method B if the measured field contains the illuminated field. The measured area, defined as the area of the smaller of the two fields, shall be minimum 50 cm2. The observation direction is the central direction of all rays from the measured area to the photometer leading to detection. The observation angle, symbol α, is the angle between the observation direction and the reference plane. In the standard measuring condition, the observation angle α shall be 2,29° ± 0,05° and the total angular spread of the measuring directions shall not exceed 0,33°. NOTE 1 The standard measuring condition is intended to simulate a visual distance of 30 m for the driver of a passenger car with an eye height of 1,2 m above the road with diffuse illumination from daylight or under road lighting. NOTE 2 For some instruments, measuring directions can be tested by putting steady light through the optical system of the photometer, and observing the transmitted beam. Putting light through the optical system needs to be done in consultation with the supplier of the instrument and according to his instructions. Diffuse illumination is obtained with an illumination system that provides a surface of constant luminance, which may be an opening into an illuminated photometric sphere, or other device. When using a photometric sphere, the illumination shall cover all of the interior sphere surface above the opening with such a degree of uniformity that the ratio of the smallest to the largest luminance of the interior sphere surface is minimum 0,8, when measured in
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