SIST ISO 5-4:1996
(Main)Photography -- Density measurements -- Part 4: Geometric conditions for reflection density
Photography -- Density measurements -- Part 4: Geometric conditions for reflection density
Cancels and replaces the first edition (1983). Specifies the geometric conditions for measuring the reflection density of photographic and graphic art materials. Specifies illumination at all azimuth angles. Does not cover those situations where light has been deliberately polarized. Also applicable to the measurement of these characteristics for other materials.
Photographie -- Mesurage des densités -- Partie 4: Conditions géométriques pour la densité instrumentale par réflexion
Fotografija - Merjenje optične gostote - 4. del: Geometrični pogoji za gostoto refleksije (merska geometrija za gostoto refleksije)
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 5-4
Second edition
1995-05-15
Density measurements -
Photography
Part 4:
.
ldit ions for reflection density
Geometrie cor
Photographie - Mesurage des densitb -
Partie 4: Conditions geomktriques pour Ia densite instrumentale par
r6 flexion
Reference number
ISO 5-4:1995(E)
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 5=4:1995(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national Standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work
of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Esch member body interested in a subject for
which a technical committee has been established has the right to be
represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
International Standard ISO 5-4 was prepared by Technical Committee
lSO/TC 42, Photography.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 5-4:1983),
which has been technically revised.
ISO 5 consists of the following Parts, under the general title
- Density measuremen ts:
Photography
- Part 7: Terms, Symbols and notations
- Part 2: Geometrie conditions for transmission density
- Part 3: Spectral conditions
- Part 4: Geometrie conditions for reflection density
Annexes A and B of this part of ISO 5 are for information only.
0 ISO 1995
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronie or mechanical, including photocopyrng and
microfilm, without Permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case Postale 56 l CH-121 1 Geneve 20 l Switzerland
Printed in Switzerland
ii
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
0 ISO
ISO 5=4:1995(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO 5 defines the geometric conditions for reflection density
measurements. These conditions correspond approximately to practical
situations for viewing reflection-type Photographs or graphic repro-
ductions. This calls specifically for illuminating the print at angles between
40” and 50” to the normal to the surface and viewing along the normal.
These conditions tend to reduce surface glare and maximize the density
range of the image. This is sometimes referred to as annular 45 ”:O” (or
0 ”:45 ”) reflection densitometry.
The geometric conditions specified in this part of ISO 5 are intended to
simulate 45” illumination for viewing or photographing a Sample. There
may be some engineering advantages in designing a measuring instru-
ment with normal illumination and 45” collection. Reversing the geometry,
in this way, has no known effect on the measured values, so both geo-
metric arrangements are included in this part of ISO 5.
lt is important to recognize that, unless otherwise stated in this part of
ISO 5, the specimen should be in contact with a backing material which
is spectrally non-selective and diffuse-reflecting (no perceptible specular
reflection) and has an ISO reflection density of 1,50 + 0,20. Deviations are
allowed only if it tan be demonstrated that any other backing gives the
same results on the particular type of Sample being measured. Determi-
nation of such is of course the burden of those reporting such densities.
Measurements used for in-house process control need a commonality
based on accepted procedures that are usually specific to the production
task at hand. Standards are often useful though not essential for such in-
house closed-loop control procedures. Since conditions in general use vary
so widely, it is not possible that Standards tan define each of these ap-
plication practices.
. . .
Ill
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
This page intentionally left blank
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 5-4:1995(E)
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 0 ISO
- Density measurements -
Photography
Part 4:
Geometrie conditions for reflection density
2 Normative references
1 Scope
The following Standards contain provisions which,
This part of ISO 5 specifies the geometric conditions
through reference in this text, constitute provisions
for measuring the reflection density of photographic
of this part of ISO 5. At the time of publication, the
and graphic art materials.
editions indicated were valid. All Standards are subject
lt specifies illumination at all azimuth angles. These
to revision, and Parties to agreements based on this
measurements are not sensitive to directional re-
part of ISO 5 are encouraged to investigate the
flections from textured surfaces. lt does not cover
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
those situations where light has been deliberately
Standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO
polarized.
maintain registers of currently valid International
Standards.
Although intended primarily for use in the measure-
ment of the reflection characteristics of processed
ISO 5-l : 1984, Photography - Density measurements
photographic materials, this part of ISO 5 is also ap-
- Part 7: Terms, s ymbols and no ta tions.
plicable to the measurement of these characteristics
for other materials.
ISO 5-3: 1984, Photograph y - Density measurements
- Part 3: Spectral conditions.
This part of ISO 5 serves three primary functions:
a) to aid in the calibration and certification of
3 Definitions
densitometers, or spectrophotometers used as
densitometers, by allowing for the generation of
For the purposes of this part of ISO 5, the definitions
SRMs (Standard Reference Materials) with nu-
given in ISO 5-l and the following definitions apply.
merical values traceable to fundamental physical
phenomena;
3.1 reflectance factor (R): Ratio of the measured
reflected flux from the specimen (@J to the measured
b) to provide the basis for unequivocal measure-
reflected flux from a perfectly reflecting and perfectly
ments that are needed for specifications, com-
diffusing material (DJ located in place of the speci-
between organizations, and for
munication
men.
contractual agreements;
c) to provide a referee function to resolve seemingly
different measurement data between Systems.
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
0 ISO
ISO 5=4:1995(E)
3.2 reflection density (or reflectance 4.2 Sampling aperture
factor
densityl)) (DJ: The logarithm to the base 10 of the
Geometrie aspects of the Optical System of an instru-
reciprocal of the reflectance factor, R. (See annex B.)
ment limit the measurement to a weil-defined region
DR = log,, +- = - log,, R of the specimen plane,
called the “sampling
aperture ”. The sampling aperture shall be determined
by the angular field of sensitivity of the receiver. If a
mechanical aperture is used in the plane of the
4 ISO Standard reflection density
specimen, its area shall be greater than the sampling
aperture, and its boundary shall lie at least 2 mm be-
4.1 Influx and efflux geometry
yond the boundary of the sampling aperture.
Reflection measurements shall be made with an The sensitivity of the receiver to radiation from each
Point in the sampling aperture and its surrounding
annular*) illuminator and a normal directional receiver,
or a normal directional illuminator and an annular re- area should ideally be constant from Point to Point
ceiver. These modes shall be known as the “annular within the sampling aperture and zero at all Points
influx mode” and the “annular efflux mode ”, re- in the surrounding area. The sensitivity may be
spectively. The annular influx mode is illustrated in measured by the response of the receiver to a small
figure 1. The annular efflux mode would be illustrated constant radiant Source placed at different Points in
by figure 1 if the arrows showing flux direction were the sampling aperture and its surrounding area. This
Source shall have an area whose maximum is equal
reversed and the “Influx” and “Efflux” labels were
to one-tenth of the area of the sampling aperture.
interchanged.
These modes tan be described geometrically in terms The response for any Position of the Source in the
of an annular distribution and a normal directional dis- sampling aperture shall be not less than 90 % of the
tribution. The distribution may be a distribution of maximum response. The response for any Position of
radiance or a distribution of sensitivity, depending on this Source in the surrounding area shall be not
greater than 0,l % of the maximum response ob-
the mode. The distribution of sensitivity includes the
tained within the sampling aperture.
effect of all of the Optical components in the receiver.
Y
7
/--
\
X
Influx Spec men-
- Geometry of the annular influx mode
Figure 1
as “reflection density” in this
1) The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) designates the measurement referred tc
part of ISO 5 as “reflectance factor density” in CIE Publication 17-4:1987, lnternafjonal Lighting Vocabuh-y.
2) That is, having the form or shape of a ring.
2
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
0 ISO
ISO 5=4:1995(E)
The maximum size of the sampling aperture depends around the annulus. However, for some materials,
such as those embossed to simulate the surface tex-
on the dimensions of the receiver Optical System used
ture of fabric, the measured density may depend upon
for the measurement of the reflectance factor or re-
this orientation if the illumination or sensing is not
flection density. The sampling aperture may be any
uniformly distributed about the annulus.
size for which the angular conditions specified in 4.4
and 4.5 are satisfied for every Point in the sampling
aperture, but not so small that granularity, specimen
4.5 Normal directional distribution
texture and diffraction would have to be considered.
For non-uniform specimens, the size of the sampling The distribution of influx radiance or the distribution
aperture should be specified.
of sensitivity in the normal directional distribution shall
be at its maximum on the normal to the sampling
aperture at the centre of the sampling aperture, and
4.3 Irradiated area
shall be negligible at angles of more than 5” from the
normal, at any Point on the sampling aperture. This
The irradiated area of the specimen shall be greater
distribution may be measured for either mode by the
than the sampling aperture, and its boundary shall lie
methods described in 4.4.
at least 2 mm beyond the boundary of the sampling
aperture. Ideally, the irradiance should be uniform
4.6 Stray flux
over the irradiated area. The Variation of the irradiance
shall be measured with a photodetector having an
Stray flux shall be reduced to a negligible amount by
aperture similar in shape to, but not more than one-
the use of clean Optical
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 5-4:1996
01-september-1996
)RWRJUDILMD0HUMHQMHRSWLþQHJRVWRWHGHO *HRPHWULþQLSRJRML]DJRVWRWR
UHIOHNVLMH PHUVNDJHRPHWULMD]DJRVWRWRUHIOHNVLMH
Photography -- Density measurements -- Part 4: Geometric conditions for reflection
density
Photographie -- Mesurage des densités -- Partie 4: Conditions géométriques pour la
densité instrumentale par réflexion
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 5-4:1995
ICS:
37.040.01 Fotografija na splošno Photography in general
SIST ISO 5-4:1996 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ISO 5-4:1996
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST ISO 5-4:1996
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 5-4
Second edition
1995-05-15
Density measurements -
Photography
Part 4:
.
ldit ions for reflection density
Geometrie cor
Photographie - Mesurage des densitb -
Partie 4: Conditions geomktriques pour Ia densite instrumentale par
r6 flexion
Reference number
ISO 5-4:1995(E)
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 5-4:1996
ISO 5=4:1995(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national Standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work
of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Esch member body interested in a subject for
which a technical committee has been established has the right to be
represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
International Standard ISO 5-4 was prepared by Technical Committee
lSO/TC 42, Photography.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 5-4:1983),
which has been technically revised.
ISO 5 consists of the following Parts, under the general title
- Density measuremen ts:
Photography
- Part 7: Terms, Symbols and notations
- Part 2: Geometrie conditions for transmission density
- Part 3: Spectral conditions
- Part 4: Geometrie conditions for reflection density
Annexes A and B of this part of ISO 5 are for information only.
0 ISO 1995
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronie or mechanical, including photocopyrng and
microfilm, without Permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case Postale 56 l CH-121 1 Geneve 20 l Switzerland
Printed in Switzerland
ii
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 5-4:1996
0 ISO
ISO 5=4:1995(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO 5 defines the geometric conditions for reflection density
measurements. These conditions correspond approximately to practical
situations for viewing reflection-type Photographs or graphic repro-
ductions. This calls specifically for illuminating the print at angles between
40” and 50” to the normal to the surface and viewing along the normal.
These conditions tend to reduce surface glare and maximize the density
range of the image. This is sometimes referred to as annular 45 ”:O” (or
0 ”:45 ”) reflection densitometry.
The geometric conditions specified in this part of ISO 5 are intended to
simulate 45” illumination for viewing or photographing a Sample. There
may be some engineering advantages in designing a measuring instru-
ment with normal illumination and 45” collection. Reversing the geometry,
in this way, has no known effect on the measured values, so both geo-
metric arrangements are included in this part of ISO 5.
lt is important to recognize that, unless otherwise stated in this part of
ISO 5, the specimen should be in contact with a backing material which
is spectrally non-selective and diffuse-reflecting (no perceptible specular
reflection) and has an ISO reflection density of 1,50 + 0,20. Deviations are
allowed only if it tan be demonstrated that any other backing gives the
same results on the particular type of Sample being measured. Determi-
nation of such is of course the burden of those reporting such densities.
Measurements used for in-house process control need a commonality
based on accepted procedures that are usually specific to the production
task at hand. Standards are often useful though not essential for such in-
house closed-loop control procedures. Since conditions in general use vary
so widely, it is not possible that Standards tan define each of these ap-
plication practices.
. . .
Ill
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST ISO 5-4:1996
This page intentionally left blank
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST ISO 5-4:1996
ISO 5-4:1995(E)
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 0 ISO
- Density measurements -
Photography
Part 4:
Geometrie conditions for reflection density
2 Normative references
1 Scope
The following Standards contain provisions which,
This part of ISO 5 specifies the geometric conditions
through reference in this text, constitute provisions
for measuring the reflection density of photographic
of this part of ISO 5. At the time of publication, the
and graphic art materials.
editions indicated were valid. All Standards are subject
lt specifies illumination at all azimuth angles. These
to revision, and Parties to agreements based on this
measurements are not sensitive to directional re-
part of ISO 5 are encouraged to investigate the
flections from textured surfaces. lt does not cover
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
those situations where light has been deliberately
Standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO
polarized.
maintain registers of currently valid International
Standards.
Although intended primarily for use in the measure-
ment of the reflection characteristics of processed
ISO 5-l : 1984, Photography - Density measurements
photographic materials, this part of ISO 5 is also ap-
- Part 7: Terms, s ymbols and no ta tions.
plicable to the measurement of these characteristics
for other materials.
ISO 5-3: 1984, Photograph y - Density measurements
- Part 3: Spectral conditions.
This part of ISO 5 serves three primary functions:
a) to aid in the calibration and certification of
3 Definitions
densitometers, or spectrophotometers used as
densitometers, by allowing for the generation of
For the purposes of this part of ISO 5, the definitions
SRMs (Standard Reference Materials) with nu-
given in ISO 5-l and the following definitions apply.
merical values traceable to fundamental physical
phenomena;
3.1 reflectance factor (R): Ratio of the measured
reflected flux from the specimen (@J to the measured
b) to provide the basis for unequivocal measure-
reflected flux from a perfectly reflecting and perfectly
ments that are needed for specifications, com-
diffusing material (DJ located in place of the speci-
between organizations, and for
munication
men.
contractual agreements;
c) to provide a referee function to resolve seemingly
different measurement data between Systems.
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST ISO 5-4:1996
0 ISO
ISO 5=4:1995(E)
3.2 reflection density (or reflectance 4.2 Sampling aperture
factor
densityl)) (DJ: The logarithm to the base 10 of the
Geometrie aspects of the Optical System of an instru-
reciprocal of the reflectance factor, R. (See annex B.)
ment limit the measurement to a weil-defined region
DR = log,, +- = - log,, R of the specimen plane,
called the “sampling
aperture ”. The sampling aperture shall be determined
by the angular field of sensitivity of the receiver. If a
mechanical aperture is used in the plane of the
4 ISO Standard reflection density
specimen, its area shall be greater than the sampling
aperture, and its boundary shall lie at least 2 mm be-
4.1 Influx and efflux geometry
yond the boundary of the sampling aperture.
Reflection measurements shall be made with an The sensitivity of the receiver to radiation from each
Point in the sampling aperture and its surrounding
annular*) illuminator and a normal directional receiver,
or a normal directional illuminator and an annular re- area should ideally be constant from Point to Point
ceiver. These modes shall be known as the “annular within the sampling aperture and zero at all Points
influx mode” and the “annular efflux mode ”, re- in the surrounding area. The sensitivity may be
spectively. The annular influx mode is illustrated in measured by the response of the receiver to a small
figure 1. The annular efflux mode would be illustrated constant radiant Source placed at different Points in
by figure 1 if the arrows showing flux direction were the sampling aperture and its surrounding area. This
Source shall have an area whose maximum is equal
reversed and the “Influx” and “Efflux” labels were
to one-tenth of the area of the sampling aperture.
interchanged.
These modes tan be described geometrically in terms The response for any Position of the Source in the
of an annular distribution and a normal directional dis- sampling aperture shall be not less than 90 % of the
tribution. The distribution may be a distribution of maximum response. The response for any Position of
radiance or a distribution of sensitivity, depending on this Source in the surrounding area shall be not
greater than 0,l % of the maximum response ob-
the mode. The distribution of sensitivity includes the
tained within the sampling aperture.
effect of all of the Optical components in the receiver.
Y
7
/--
\
X
Influx Spec men-
- Geometry of the annular influx mode
Figure 1
as “reflection density” in this
1) The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) designates the measurement referred tc
part of ISO 5 as “reflectance factor density” in CIE Publication 17-4:1987, lnternafjonal Lighting Vocabuh-y.
2) That is, having the form or shape of a ring.
2
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST ISO 5-4:1996
0 ISO
ISO 5=4:1995(E)
The maximum size of the sampling aperture depends around the annulus. However, for some materials,
such as those embossed to simulate the surface tex-
on the dimensions of the receiver Optical System used
ture of fabric, the measured density may depend upon
for the measurement of the reflectance factor or re-
this orientation if the illumination or sensing is not
flection density. The sampling aperture may be any
uniformly distributed about the annulus.
size for which the angular conditions specified in 4.4
and 4.5 are satisfied for every Point in the sampling
aperture, but not so small that granularity, specimen
4.5 Normal directional distribution
texture and diffraction would have to be considered.
For non-uniform specimens, the size of the sampling The distribution of influx radiance or the distribution
aperture should be specified.
of sensitivity in the normal directional distribution shall
be at its maximum on the normal to the sampling
aperture at the centre of the sampling aperture, and
4.3 Irradiated area
shall be negligible at angles of more than 5” from the
normal, at any Point on the sampling aperture. This
The irradiated area of the specimen s
...
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