SIST ISO 2721:2014
Photography - Film-based cameras - Automatic controls of exposure
Photography - Film-based cameras - Automatic controls of exposure
This International Standard specifies the exposure at the focal plane of film-based cameras for values of two exposure parameters, i.e. field luminance and film speed, and also describes methods of evaluating other photometric characteristics, such as the acceptance angles of the photoelectric system. This International Standard applies to automatic exposure control systems which are built into filmbased cameras or coupled with them to regulate the exposure in the focal plane as a function of the several exposure parameters. The mechanism can control either the focal-plane illuminance or the exposure-time interval or both. Pointer (or needle) matching systems are included in this International Standard even though they are not fully automatic. This standard is not applicable to digital cameras.
Photographie - Appareils de prise de vues à film - Commandes automatiques de l'exposition
Fotografija - Kamere - Avtomatski nadzor ekspozicije
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 2721
Second edition
2013-03-01
Photography — Film-based cameras —
Automatic controls of exposure
Photographie — Appareils de prise de vues à film — Commandes
automatiques de l’exposition
Reference number
ISO 2721:2013(E)
©
ISO 2013
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 2721:2013(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2013
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 2721:2013(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Specific requirements . 2
4.1 Scales . 2
4.2 Out-of-range indication . 2
4.3 The sensors of exposure controls . 2
5 Calibration of the exposure controls . 3
5.1 Method of calibration . 3
5.2 Light source for calibration . 3
5.3 General test conditions . 3
5.4 Exposure in the focal plane . 4
6 Acceptance angles of the photoelectric system . 4
6.1 Specific acceptance angle . 4
6.2 Oblique acceptance angles . 4
Annex A (normative) Measurement of light exposure in the focal plane and calibration of
measuring instrument . 5
Annex B (normative) Size of measuring area . 8
Annex C (normative) Performance test . 9
Bibliography .11
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 2721:2013(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies
casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 2721 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 2721:1982), of which it constitutes a
minor revision with the following changes:
a) The title has been updated from “Cameras” to “Film-based cameras”.
b) The scope has been updated to include the clarification, “This standard is not applicable to
digital cameras.”
iv © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 2721:2013(E)
Introduction
This International Standard gives the nominal exposure at the focal plane and its tolerance, which are to
be taken as reference values in designing and testing automatic film-based cameras.
“Correct” exposure may vary from one photographer to another due to personal preferences and/or
type of photograph. For this reason, no “standard” value for the exposure at the focal plane can be given.
However, a “normal” focal plane exposure for a film of a particular speed and an average scene can be
determined by allocating representative values to the relevant exposure parameters.
H H
0 0
The nominal exposure at the focal plane H= or H= given in this International Standard
0
S ()S −11/ 0
10
is determined on the above assumption. Long experience has proved that the above value is adequate for
most automatic cameras in most situations.
Since with some cameras the use of a different focal plane exposure gives better results when taking
pictures outdoors, the nominal focal plane exposure is only to be considered as a reference value.
The tolerance ± 1 step (±1 Ev) is also a reference value. Experience has proved that this tolerance is
satisfactory in most cases. However, a much tighter tolerance, such as ± 1/3 step, is often required by
advanced photographers for film such as colour reversal film having limited exposure latitude.
On the other hand, if colour reversal films are not likely to be used in certain kinds of cameras, as in the
case of cameras using 110 size colour negative films, even an exposure deviation of + 3 steps or – 1 step
is acceptable for such cameras.
Therefore, when testing and/or evaluating an automatic camera according to the methods specified
in this International Standard, the above-mentioned points must be taken into consideration. A
photographic check of the correct exposure is recommended.
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2721:2013(E)
Photography — Film-based cameras — Automatic
controls of exposure
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the exposure at the focal plane of film-based cameras for values of
two exposure parameters, i.e. field luminance and film speed, and also describes methods of evaluating
other photometric characteristics, such as the acceptance angles of the photoelectric system.
This International Standard applies to automatic exposure control systems which are built into film-
based cameras or coupled with them to regulate the exposure in the focal plane as a function of the
several exposure parameters. The mechanism can control either the focal-plane illuminance or the
exposure-time interval or both. Pointer (or needle) matching systems are included in this International
Standard even though they are not fully automatic. This standard is not applicable to digital cameras.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60068-2-6, Environmental testing — Part 2-6: Tests — Test Fc: Vibration (sinusoidal)
IEC 60068-2-27, Environmental testing — Part 2-27: Tests — Test Ea and guidance: Shock
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
exposure in the focal plane
1)
denoted by H and defined by the equation
t
2
1
H = Er(,tt)d dr
∫∫
A
At
1
where
A is the prescribed area for the exposure measurement;
t is the time at which the exposure time begins;
1
t is the time at which the exposure finishes;
2
E(r,t) is the illuminance in the focal plane at a point (coordinate r) in the prescribed area at an
instant t during the exposure time.
1) International Lighting Vocabulary. Publication CIE 17,1970: light exposure H. In this International Standard, H
is referred to as “exposure”.
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 2721:2013(E)
3.2
automatic setting of camera exposure
action of the automatic exposure control intended to maintain substantially constant exposure at the focal
plane for a preset film speed for all values of field luminance within the exposure capabilities of the camera
Note 1 to entry: The film speed setting may be made manually or may be automatically sensed from the film or
its container.
Note 2 to entry: Operation of the control may require the operator’s participation in adjusting an indicator to a
fiducial point or condition for set-point recognition, but should not require him to read light value indications and
transfer the information to another mechanism having similar fiducial markings.
3.3
exposure capability of camera
difference between the maximum exposure value for which the camera can provide nominal focal-
plane exposure and the minimum exposure value for which the camera can provide nominal focal-plane
exposure, both for the film speed ISO 100/21°
Note 1 to entry: When describing the exposure capability of a camera, the film speed should be indicated.
4 Specific requirements
4.1 Scales
If the camera has scales for f-number, exposure time, exposure value, or film speed, the numerical values
according to ISO 2720 shall be applied.
4.2 Out-of-range indication
For cameras designed to use colour reversal films, automatic indication, for example by an optical signal
in the viewfinder, should be displayed when the field luminance exceeds the exposure capability of
the camera by more than 1 E (1 exposure value = 1 step) in either over-exposure or under-exposure.
V
This indication need only be provided if the exposure capability of the camera does not cover subject
2 2
luminance below 4 cd/m and above 4096 cd/m . Tests are made with a uniform source.
In addition, a long exposure signal should be provided to indicate when the field luminance is such as to
result in an exposure longer than approximately 1/30 s. This signal need not be provided if the camera
cannot give an exposure longer than 1/30 s without the photographer being aware of it.
4.3 The sensors of exposure controls
4.3.1 Spectral sensitivity
The spectral sensitivity of the system response in the camera shall manifest no discontinuities within
the visible spectrum (380 nm to 780 nm).
4.3.2 Spectral sensitivity tests
For cameras designed to be used in daylight, tungsten light, and with other artificial sources, the ratio
of the responses of the light sensors including optical systems to field luminances of distribution
+ 02, 6
temperature 2856 K compared with those at 4700 K shall be 10, (corresponding to ± 1/3 E ). Not
V
− 02, 1
more than 10 % of the total response of the light sensors, including optical systems, should be due to
wavelengths longer than 700 nm when the sensors are exposed to a light source of equal energy at all
wavelengths. Not more than 10 % of the total response of the sensors should be due to wavelengths
shorter than 380 nm when tested in the same manner.
2 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 2721:2013(E)
5 Calibration of the exposure controls
5.1 Method of calibration
In this International Standard, the word calibration means the adjustment of the exposure control mechanism
so that the measured focal-plane exposure is within the limits described in this International Standard.
The exposure controls of the camera shall be calibrated by actual measurement of the exposure in the
focal plane. The exposure shall be measured within a circular area in the focal plane, which is concentric
with the lens axis, and of diameter equal to three-quarters of the shorter side of the nominal picture
format of the camera. A circular area, whose diameter is smaller than three-quarters of the shorter side
of the nominal picture format, may be used for medium and large format cameras.
The exposure is measured by placing a device in the focal plane having a circular aperture of the diameter
described above, located in the exact plane of focus of the lens, when the latter is adjusted to focus at a
distance of 5 m or more. If a smaller aperture is used, the influence of the size of the measuring area shall
be taken into account as in the example of Annex B.
The sensor used for calibration shall have, for cameras having sensors as described in 4.3.2, a photopic
response in accord with the spectral luminous efficiency for the CIE standard photometric observer V(λ)
(see International Lighting Vocabulary, CIE Publication No. 17, 1970) or a correlatable spectral sensitivity.
The sensor shall be large enough to receive all of the flux transmitted by the circular aperture of the
measuring device.
For methods of measuring the exposure in the focal plane, see Annex A.
5.2 Light source for calibration
The light source used for calibration of the exposure control shall approximate a uniformly diffusing
(Lambertian) surface source that subtends a field angle at least 25 % larger in diameter than the
photometric field of the exposure control and of the measuring device in the focal plane. The source
shall provide a continuous spectrum throughout the visible range, and shall be uniform in luminance
within ± 4 %. The distribution temperature shall be (4 700 ± 200) K. The spectral radiance shall not vary
+ 02, 6
by more than % from that of a full radiator of 4 700 K at wavelengths from 420 to 1 050 nm.
− 02, 1
The luminance of the source at an angle of 60° from the optical axis shall be at least 85 % of that on the
optical axis; each measurement being made in an area around the same point of the source.
The range of luminance of the calibration source should be adjustable over the range of the exposure
capability of the camera
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 2721:2014
01-marec-2014
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ISO 2721:2011
Fotografija - Kamere - Avtomatski nadzor ekspozicije
Photography - Film-based cameras - Automatic controls of exposure
Photographie - Appareils de prise de vues à film - Commandes automatiques de
l'exposition
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 2721:2013
ICS:
37.040.10 Fotografska oprema. Photographic equipment.
Projektorji Projectors
SIST ISO 2721:2014 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ISO 2721:2014
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST ISO 2721:2014
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 2721
Second edition
2013-03-01
Photography — Film-based cameras —
Automatic controls of exposure
Photographie — Appareils de prise de vues à film — Commandes
automatiques de l’exposition
Reference number
ISO 2721:2013(E)
©
ISO 2013
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 2721:2014
ISO 2721:2013(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2013
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 2721:2014
ISO 2721:2013(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Specific requirements . 2
4.1 Scales . 2
4.2 Out-of-range indication . 2
4.3 The sensors of exposure controls . 2
5 Calibration of the exposure controls . 3
5.1 Method of calibration . 3
5.2 Light source for calibration . 3
5.3 General test conditions . 3
5.4 Exposure in the focal plane . 4
6 Acceptance angles of the photoelectric system . 4
6.1 Specific acceptance angle . 4
6.2 Oblique acceptance angles . 4
Annex A (normative) Measurement of light exposure in the focal plane and calibration of
measuring instrument . 5
Annex B (normative) Size of measuring area . 8
Annex C (normative) Performance test . 9
Bibliography .11
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST ISO 2721:2014
ISO 2721:2013(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies
casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 2721 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 2721:1982), of which it constitutes a
minor revision with the following changes:
a) The title has been updated from “Cameras” to “Film-based cameras”.
b) The scope has been updated to include the clarification, “This standard is not applicable to
digital cameras.”
iv © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST ISO 2721:2014
ISO 2721:2013(E)
Introduction
This International Standard gives the nominal exposure at the focal plane and its tolerance, which are to
be taken as reference values in designing and testing automatic film-based cameras.
“Correct” exposure may vary from one photographer to another due to personal preferences and/or
type of photograph. For this reason, no “standard” value for the exposure at the focal plane can be given.
However, a “normal” focal plane exposure for a film of a particular speed and an average scene can be
determined by allocating representative values to the relevant exposure parameters.
H H
0 0
The nominal exposure at the focal plane H= or H= given in this International Standard
0
S ()S −11/ 0
10
is determined on the above assumption. Long experience has proved that the above value is adequate for
most automatic cameras in most situations.
Since with some cameras the use of a different focal plane exposure gives better results when taking
pictures outdoors, the nominal focal plane exposure is only to be considered as a reference value.
The tolerance ± 1 step (±1 Ev) is also a reference value. Experience has proved that this tolerance is
satisfactory in most cases. However, a much tighter tolerance, such as ± 1/3 step, is often required by
advanced photographers for film such as colour reversal film having limited exposure latitude.
On the other hand, if colour reversal films are not likely to be used in certain kinds of cameras, as in the
case of cameras using 110 size colour negative films, even an exposure deviation of + 3 steps or – 1 step
is acceptable for such cameras.
Therefore, when testing and/or evaluating an automatic camera according to the methods specified
in this International Standard, the above-mentioned points must be taken into consideration. A
photographic check of the correct exposure is recommended.
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST ISO 2721:2014
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST ISO 2721:2014
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2721:2013(E)
Photography — Film-based cameras — Automatic
controls of exposure
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the exposure at the focal plane of film-based cameras for values of
two exposure parameters, i.e. field luminance and film speed, and also describes methods of evaluating
other photometric characteristics, such as the acceptance angles of the photoelectric system.
This International Standard applies to automatic exposure control systems which are built into film-
based cameras or coupled with them to regulate the exposure in the focal plane as a function of the
several exposure parameters. The mechanism can control either the focal-plane illuminance or the
exposure-time interval or both. Pointer (or needle) matching systems are included in this International
Standard even though they are not fully automatic. This standard is not applicable to digital cameras.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60068-2-6, Environmental testing — Part 2-6: Tests — Test Fc: Vibration (sinusoidal)
IEC 60068-2-27, Environmental testing — Part 2-27: Tests — Test Ea and guidance: Shock
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
exposure in the focal plane
1)
denoted by H and defined by the equation
t
2
1
H = Er(,tt)d dr
∫∫
A
At
1
where
A is the prescribed area for the exposure measurement;
t is the time at which the exposure time begins;
1
t is the time at which the exposure finishes;
2
E(r,t) is the illuminance in the focal plane at a point (coordinate r) in the prescribed area at an
instant t during the exposure time.
1) International Lighting Vocabulary. Publication CIE 17,1970: light exposure H. In this International Standard, H
is referred to as “exposure”.
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
SIST ISO 2721:2014
ISO 2721:2013(E)
3.2
automatic setting of camera exposure
action of the automatic exposure control intended to maintain substantially constant exposure at the focal
plane for a preset film speed for all values of field luminance within the exposure capabilities of the camera
Note 1 to entry: The film speed setting may be made manually or may be automatically sensed from the film or
its container.
Note 2 to entry: Operation of the control may require the operator’s participation in adjusting an indicator to a
fiducial point or condition for set-point recognition, but should not require him to read light value indications and
transfer the information to another mechanism having similar fiducial markings.
3.3
exposure capability of camera
difference between the maximum exposure value for which the camera can provide nominal focal-
plane exposure and the minimum exposure value for which the camera can provide nominal focal-plane
exposure, both for the film speed ISO 100/21°
Note 1 to entry: When describing the exposure capability of a camera, the film speed should be indicated.
4 Specific requirements
4.1 Scales
If the camera has scales for f-number, exposure time, exposure value, or film speed, the numerical values
according to ISO 2720 shall be applied.
4.2 Out-of-range indication
For cameras designed to use colour reversal films, automatic indication, for example by an optical signal
in the viewfinder, should be displayed when the field luminance exceeds the exposure capability of
the camera by more than 1 E (1 exposure value = 1 step) in either over-exposure or under-exposure.
V
This indication need only be provided if the exposure capability of the camera does not cover subject
2 2
luminance below 4 cd/m and above 4096 cd/m . Tests are made with a uniform source.
In addition, a long exposure signal should be provided to indicate when the field luminance is such as to
result in an exposure longer than approximately 1/30 s. This signal need not be provided if the camera
cannot give an exposure longer than 1/30 s without the photographer being aware of it.
4.3 The sensors of exposure controls
4.3.1 Spectral sensitivity
The spectral sensitivity of the system response in the camera shall manifest no discontinuities within
the visible spectrum (380 nm to 780 nm).
4.3.2 Spectral sensitivity tests
For cameras designed to be used in daylight, tungsten light, and with other artificial sources, the ratio
of the responses of the light sensors including optical systems to field luminances of distribution
+ 02, 6
temperature 2856 K compared with those at 4700 K shall be 10, (corresponding to ± 1/3 E ). Not
V
− 02, 1
more than 10 % of the total response of the light sensors, including optical systems, should be due to
wavelengths longer than 700 nm when the sensors are exposed to a light source of equal energy at all
wavelengths. Not more than 10 % of the total response of the sensors should be due to wavelengths
shorter than 380 nm when tested in the same manner.
2 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
SIST ISO 2721:2014
ISO 2721:2013(E)
5 Calibration of the exposure controls
5.1 Method of calibration
In this International Standard, the word calibration means the adjustment of the exposure control mechanism
so that the measured focal-plane exposure is within the limits described in this International Standard.
The exposure controls of the camera shall be calibrated by actual measurement of the exposure in the
focal plane. The exposure shall be measured within a circular area in the focal plane, which is concentric
with the lens axis, and of diameter equal to three-quarters of the shorter side of the nominal picture
format of the camera. A circular area, whose diameter is smaller than three-quarters of the shorter side
of the nominal picture format, may be used for medium and large format cameras.
The exposure is measured by placing a device in the focal plane having a circular aperture of the diameter
described above, located in the exact plane of focus of the lens, when the latter is adjusted to focus at a
distance of 5 m or more. If a smaller aperture is used, the influence of the size of the measuring area shall
be taken into account as in the example of Annex B.
The sensor used for calibration shall have, for cameras having sensors as described in 4.3.2, a photopic
response in accord with the spectral luminous efficiency for the CIE standard photometric observer V(λ)
(see International Lighting Vocabulary, CIE Publication No. 17, 1970) or a correlatable spectral sensitivity.
The sensor shall be large enough to receive all of the flux transmitted by the circular aperture of the
measuring device.
For methods of measuring the exposure in the focal plane, see Annex A.
5.2 Light source for calibration
The light source used for calibration of the exposure control shall approximate a uniformly diffusing
(Lambertian) surface source that subtends a field angle at least 25 % larger in diameter than the
photometric field of the exposure control and of the measuring device in the focal plane. The source
shall provide a continuous spectrum throughout the visible range, and shall be uniform in luminance
within ± 4 %. The distribution temperature shall be (4 700 ± 200) K. The spectra
...
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