SIST EN 1915-2:2002
(Main)Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 2: Stability and strength requirements, calculations and test methods
Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 2: Stability and strength requirements, calculations and test methods
This European Standard specifies the conditions to be taken into consideration when calculating the strength of structural parts and the stability of GSE. It also specifies test requirements. The calculation methods used shall be commensurate with the complexity of the GSE.
Luftfahrt-Bodengeräte - Allgemeine Anforderungen - Teil 2: Standsicherheits- und Festigkeitsanforderungen, Berechnungen und Prüfverfahren
1 Anwendungsbereich
Dieser Teil von EN 1915 fasst die Bedingungen zusammen, die bei der Berechnung der Festigkeit und der Stand-
sicherheit von Luftfahrt-Bodengeräten entsprechend EN 1915-1:2001 und der Normenreihe EN 12312 für die bestimmungsgemäße Verwendung zu beachten sind. Sie gibt auch die Voraussetzun-gen an, unter denen Prüfungen durchzuführen sind.
ANMERKUNG Die in dieser Norm angegebenen Methoden bieten einen möglichen Weg zum Erreichen eines annehm-
baren Sicherheitsniveaus. Methoden, die vergleichbare Ergebnisse liefern, dürfen ebenfalls angewendet werden.
In diesem Teil von EN 1915 sind für folgende Aspekte keine zusätzlichen Festlegungen enthalten:
3 Betrieb außerhalb des Flughafens;
3 Betrieb unter erschwerten Bedingungen, z.B. bei Umgebungstemperaturen unter - 20 °C oder über 50 °C, in tropischer oder in gesättigter Salz-Atmosphäre;
3 Gefährdungen aus Windgeschwindigkeiten oberhalb der in dieser Europäischen Norm angegebenen Werte;
3 Erdbeben, Überschwemmungen, Erdrutsche, Blitze und allgemein jede Art von Naturkatastrophen.
Dieser Teil von EN 1915 ist nicht auf Bodengeräte anzuwenden, die vor der Veröffentlichung dieser Norm durch CEN hergestellt wurden.
Matériels au sol pour aéronefs - Exigences générales - Partie 2: Exigences de stabilité et de résistance mécanique, calculs et méthodes d'essai
La présente partie de l'EN 1915 spécifie les conditions a prendre en compte lors du calcul de la résistance mécanique et de la stabilité des GSE conformément a l'EN 1915-1:2001 et a la série des EN 12312 dans des conditions normales d'utilisation. Elle spécifie également les méthodes d'essai générales.
NOTE Les méthodes de calcul données dans la présente norme indiquent une façon d'atteindre un niveau de sécurité acceptable. Des méthodes de calcul équivalentes donnant des résultats comparables peuvent etre utilisées.
La présente partie de l'EN 1915 n'établit pas d'exigences supplémentaires pour :
l'utilisation en dehors d'un environnement aéroportuaire ;
l'utilisation dans des conditions exceptionnelles, par exemple température ambiante inférieure a -20 °C ou supérieure a 50 °C, un environnement atmosphérique tropical ou salin saturé ;
les phénomenes dangereux entraînés par une vitesse de vent supérieure aux données fournies dans la présente norme européenne ;
tremblement de terre, inondation, glissement de terrain, foudre et plus généralement, les catastrophes naturelles.
La présente partie de l'EN 1915 ne s'applique pas aux GSE fabriqués avant la date de publication de la présente norme par le CEN.
Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 2: Stability and strength requirements, calculations and test methods
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 1915-2:2002
01-januar-2002
Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 2: Stability and
strength requirements, calculations and test methods
Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 2: Stability and strength
requirements, calculations and test methods
Luftfahrt-Bodengeräte - Allgemeine Anforderungen - Teil 2: Standsicherheits- und
Festigkeitsanforderungen, Berechnungen und Prüfverfahren
Matériels au sol pour aéronefs - Exigences générales - Partie 2: Exigences de stabilité et
de résistance mécanique, calculs et méthodes d'essai
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1915-2:2001
ICS:
49.100 Oprema za servis in Ground service and
vzdrževanje na tleh maintenance equipment
SIST EN 1915-2:2002 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 1915-2
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
March 2001
ICS 49.100
English version
Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part
2: Stability and strength requirements, calculations and test
methods
Matériel au sol pour aéronefs - Exigences générales - Luftfahrt-Bodengeräte - Allgemeine Anforderungen - Teil 2:
Partie 2: Prescriptions de stabilité et de résistance Standsicherheits- und Festigkeitsanforderungen,
mécanique, calculs et méthodes d'essai Berechnungen und Prüfverfahren
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 6 January 2001.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2001 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1915-2:2001 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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EN 1915-2:2001
Contents
Page
Foreword. 3
0 Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 4
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions. 5
4 List of hazards . 7
5 Safety requirements and/or measures . 7
5.1 General. 7
5.2 Requirements for the strength calculation of steel constructions. 7
5.2.1 General remarks. 7
5.2.2 Loads and load combinations . 8
5.2.3 Materials. 9
5.2.4 Factors for stress calculations. 10
5.2.5 Combined stresses. 10
5.2.6 Fatigue . 10
5.3 Requirements for the calculation of safety related machinery parts . 11
5.3.1 Chain lifting elements. 11
5.3.2 Cylinders, pipes and hoses used in lifting systems . 11
5.3.3 Wire rope lifting elements. 11
5.3.4 Winches . 12
5.3.5 Winching plants . 12
5.3.6 Stabilizers . 12
5.4 Stability calculations . 13
5.4.1 Loads and forces . 13
5.4.2 Ground slope. 13
5.4.3 Elastic deflection . 13
5.4.4 Flat tyres . 13
5.4.5 Load combinations. 13
5.4.6 Stability criteria . 14
6 Information for use . 14
7 Verification of safety requirements and/or measures. 14
7.1 General. 14
7.2 Verification of strength. 15
7.3 Verification of stability . 16
Annex A (informative) Examples for load geometry . 18
Annex B (normative) Wind shape factors . 24
Annex Z (informative) Relationship of this document with EC Directives . 25
Bibliography . 26
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EN 1915-2:2001
Foreword
This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 274 " Aircraft ground support
equipment", the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2001, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by September 2001.
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EC Directive(s).
For relationship with EC Directive(s), see informative Annex Z, which is an integral part of this standard.
EN 1915 - Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements consists of:
Part 1: Basic safety requirements
Part 2: Stability and strength requirements, calculations and test methods
Part 3: Vibration measurement methods
Part 4: Noise measurement methods.
This is the first edition of this Part of EN 1915.
A further European Standard (EN 12312) in several parts covering specific requirements for different aircraft
ground support equipment is in preparation.
The parts of EN 12312 - Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements are:
Part 1: Passenger stairs Part 12: Potable water service equipment
Part 2: Catering vehicles Part 13: Lavatory service equipment
Part 3: Conveyor belt vehicles Part 14: Disabled/Incapacitated passenger
Part 4: Passenger boarding bridges boarding equipment
Part 5: Aircraft fuelling equipment Part 15: Baggage and equipment tractors
Part 6: Deicers and deicing/antiicing equipment Part 16: Air start equipment
Part 7: Aircraft movement equipment Part 17: Air conditioning equipment
Part 8: Maintenance stairs and platforms Part 18: Oxygen/Nitrogen units
Part 9: Container/Pallet loaders Part 19: Aircraft jacks, axle jacks and hydraulic
Part 10: Container/Pallet transfer transporters tail stanchions
Part 11: Container/Pallet dollies and loose load Part 20: Ground power equipment.
Trailers
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
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EN 1915-2:2001
0 Introduction
The abbreviation GSE means a complete item of aircraft ground support equipment in the context of this
European Standard.
When compiling this European Standard it was assumed that:
- components without specific requirements are:
a) designed in accordance with the usual engineering practices, welding and calculation codes including
all failure modes;
b) made of materials with adequate strength and of suitable quality;
c) made of materials free of defects;
- components are kept in good repair and working order, so that the required characteristics remain despite
wear;
– by design of the load bearing elements, a safe operation of the machine is assured for loading ranges from
zero to 100 % of the rated possibilities and during tests;
– a negotiation took place between the user and the manufacturer concerning particular conditons for the use
and places of use of the GSE;
– the place of operation allows a safe use of GSE.
The extent to which hazards are covered is indicated in the scope of this European Standard.
The minimum essential criteria are considered to be of primary importance in providing safe, economical and
usable GSE. Deviation from the recommended methods and conditions should occur only after careful
consideration, extensive testing and thorough in service evaluation have shown alternative methods or
conditions to be satisfactory.
This European Standard is a Type C standard as defined in EN 1070 : 1998.
1 Scope
This Part of EN 1915 specifies the conditions to be taken into consideration when calculating the strength and
the stability of GSE according to EN 1915-1 : 2001 and the EN 12312 series under intended use conditions. It
also specifies general test methods.
NOTE The methods given in this standard demonstrate one way of achieving an acceptable safety level.
Methods that produce comparable results may be used.
This Part of EN 1915 does not establish additional requirements for the following:
– operation elsewhere than in an airport environment;
– operation in severe conditions, e.g. ambient temperature below -20 C or over 50 C, tropical or saturated
salty atmospheric environment;
– hazards caused by wind velocity in excess of the figures given in this European Standard;
– earthquake, flood, landslide, lightning and more generally any natural catastrophe.
This Part of EN 1915 is not applicable to GSE which are manufactured before the date of publication by CEN of
this Standard.
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EN 1915-2:2001
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.
These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed
hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to
this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the
latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).
EN 292-1 : 1991
Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 1: Basic terminology,
methodology
EN 292-2 : 1991/A1 : 1995
Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 2: Technical principles and
specifications
EN 729-1
Quality requirements for welding - Fusion welding of metallic materials - Part 1: Guidelines for selection
and use
EN 729-2
Quality requirements for welding - Fusion welding of metallic materials - Part 2: Comprehensive quality
requirements
EN 729-3
Quality requirements for welding - Fusion welding of metallic materials - Part 3: Standard quality
requirements
EN 729-4
Quality requirements for welding - Fusion welding of metallic materials - Part 4: Elementary quality
requirements
EN 1070 : 1998
Safety of machinery – Terminology
EN 1915-1 : 2001
Aircraft ground support equipment – General requirements – Part 1: Basic safety requirements
EN 25817
Arc-welded joints in steel; guidance on quality levels for imperfections (ISO 5817:1992)
ISO 2408 : 1985
Steel wire ropes for general purposes – Characteristics
ISO 8625-1 : 1993
Aerospace – Fluid systems – Vocabulary – Part 1: General terms and definitions relating to pressure
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this Part of EN 1915 the terms and definitions of EN 1070 : 1998 and
EN 1915-1 : 2001 apply. Additional terms and definitions are:
3.1
component mass
mass of that part of the GSE, for which the strength is to be calculated
3.2
rated load
maximum mass (including persons) a GSE or a part of it is intended to carry
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EN 1915-2:2001
3.3
local loads
loads derived from the rated load for the calculation of the strength of particular parts of the GSE
3.4
snow load
maximum mass of snow or ice the GSE is intended to carry
3.5
static test load
test load or combination of test, used to simulate operational loading
3.6
dynamic forces
forces resulting from acceleration of a mass (e. g. acceleration forces, retardation forces, centrifugal forces)
3.7
secondary dynamic forces
forces caused by the movement of persons. These forces act horizontally at the centre of gravity of the body of a
person. The centre of gravity of persons is assumed to be 1,1 m above the standing area
3.8
retardation forces
forces on particular parts of GSE caused by the maximum deceleration of the GSE. These forces act at the
centre of gravity of the particular part in the direction of motion
3.9
spring reaction force
force in the suspension under the condition of loading
3.10
wind load
force acting on a GSE or part of it due to wind pressure. This force acts horizontally at the geometric centre of
the body of the GSE
3.11
tipping edge
those part(s) of the GSE in contact with the ground, located farthest out on the most heavily loaded side
3.12
tipping moment
total of the products of those forces which tend to tip the GSE, and their distance normal to the tipping edge
3.13
bursting pressure
pressure at which a component bursts or shows excessive leakage due to structural failure [ISO 8625-1 : 1993]
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EN 1915-2:2001
3.14
maximum working pressure
highest pressure at which the system is to operate
4 List of hazards
In addition to the hazards dealt with in EN 1915-1 : 2001 and in the specific product standards of the EN 12312
series this Part of EN 1915 deals with the following:
– mass and velocity (kinetic energy of elements in controlled or uncontrolled motion);
– inadequacy of mechanical strength;
– break-up during operation;
– loss of stability / tipping of GSE.
5 Safety requirements and/or measures
5.1 General
GSE shall conform to the safety requirements and/or measures of clause 5. In addition, GSE shall be designed
according to the principles of EN 292 for hazards relevant but not significant which are not dealt with by this
European Standard, EN 1915-1 : 2001 and/or the specific product standard of the EN 12312 series.
NOTE Where a standard automotive chassis is used, the manufacturer of the GSE should pay attention to and
appropriate gross mass rating for the intended use.
5.2 Requirements for the strength calculation of steel constructions
5.2.1 General remarks
The method of calculation shall take into account the complexity of each individual type of GSE. The pertinence
of the method of calculation shall be stated in the technical file.
Calculations shall be performed in accordance with either
– recognized engineering design methods and engineering codes;
– finite elements analysis;
– actual stress measurements
or combinations of these.
NOTE Information about load geometry is given in annex A.
The source of the design methods and engineering codes, if generally accessible, shall be stated in the case of
any unusual formulae or calculation methods. Otherwise only formulae or calculation methods which can be
easily verified shall be used.
The general stress analysis shall be carried out to ensure safe levels of stress in relation to the yield stress of the
material used.
Safe levels of stress related to the loading conditions shall be demonstrated for all supporting structures. The
principal dimensions, cross sections, materials and fastening means shall be stated.
Significant effects of elastic deflection including results of tests (see 5.4.3) shall be considered in the stress
analysis.
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EN 1915-2:2001
The analysis of the load case combinations intended by the manufacturer shall be carried out to ensure that the
severest individual load ratings can be identified.
Design strength shall be proven for components under compression which may be susceptible to buckling or
bulging using a verifiable method.
Consideration shall be given to high dynamic forces which can be caused by the operation of a safety device for
the prevention of unintentional movements if there is an escape of fluid in a piping system or a rope, chain, nut
or gear fails.
The design of mechanical restraint devices shall take into account all loads and forces occuring during blocking.
Where a system has two or more lifting elements in parallel, design shall ensure the loads resulting from the
failure of one element shall not have effects jeopardising safety.
NOTE For calculation purposes, this situation corresponds to an exceptional loading.
5.2.2 Loads and load combinations
5.2.2.1 The following loads or worse combinations thereof shall be taken into account:
– component mass;
– rated load;
– local loads;
– snow load;
– dynamic forces;
– secondary dynamic forces;
– wind load.
NOTE Load combinations are given in 5.4.5.
5.2.2.2 Loads shall be used in the calculation of the strength of the elements concerned at the most
unfavourable positions, values and directions.
5.2.2.3 The rated load shall be stated by the manufacturer, and shall be not less than 3000 N/m². Where the
intended use of the GSE is to carry persons, the rated load shall be calculated on the basis of four persons per
m², each person at 80 kg. For the calculation of floors, local loads of a single person placed on a surface of
200 mm 200 mm shall be taken into account.
5.2.2.4 Dynamic forces effective at the same time shall be measured under intended use conditions or be
calculated. For GSE not designed to be driven during operation, as a general rule (see also EN 12312 series),
vertical dynamic forces may be considered to be at least 10 % of the component mass and rated load, subject to
assessment by the manufacturer.
5.2.2.5 For simplification of the calculation, secondary dynamic forces are introduced into the calculation as
static forces by the formula:
F = 200 N (1/i)
s
i.e. F = 200 N (1/1+1/2+1/3+.+1/i)
s
where:
i is the number of persons on the entire GSE.
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EN 1915-2:2001
5.2.2.6 The snow load shall be stated by the manufacturer.
NOTE The snow load is depending on the geographical
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