SIST EN IEC 60721-2-7:2018
(Main)Classification of environmental conditions - Part 2: Environmental conditions appearing in nature - Fauna and flora (IEC 60721-2-7:2018)
Classification of environmental conditions - Part 2: Environmental conditions appearing in nature - Fauna and flora (IEC 60721-2-7:2018)
This document addresses the occurrence of fauna and flora, including its main effects on
electrotechnical products. Exposure and damage from the effects of fauna and flora can occur
at almost any time in a product's life cycle. Moreover, there are many agents of attack with
various actions.
This document addresses the occurrence and damage arising from fauna and flora in all
locations a product can be stored, transported or used. Generally, fauna can be present and
cause damage to products in both the natural environments experienced in open-air locations
as well as in artificially created environments, such as in a warehouse or building. However,
flora will predominantly be present and cause damage to products only in open-air locations.
Fungus and bacteria can be present in both open-air locations as well as in warehouses or
buildings.
Klassifizierung von Umgebungsbedingungen - Teil 2-7: Natürliche Umgebungsbedingungen - Fauna und Flora
Classification des conditions d'environnement - Partie 2 : Conditions d'environnement présentes dans la nature - Faune et flore
L'IEC 60721-2-7:2018 aborde la présence de la faune et de la flore, notamment ses principaux effets sur les produits électrotechniques. L’exposition aux effets de la faune et de la flore, ainsi que les dommages en résultant, peuvent survenir à tout moment du cycle de vie d’un produit. Par ailleurs, il existe de nombreux agents d’attaque par différentes actions.
Cette deuxième édition annule et remplace la première édition parue en 1987. Cette édition constitue une révision technique.
Cette édition inclut les modifications techniques majeures suivantes par rapport à l'édition précédente:
- La présente édition a été entièrement réécrite.
La présente version bilingue (2018-11) correspond à la version anglaise monolingue publiée en 2018-03.
La version française de cette norme n'a pas été soumise au vote.
Klasifikacija okoljskih pogojev - 2. del: Okoljski pogoji v naravi - Favna in flora (IEC 60721-2-7:2018)
Ta dokument obravnava prisotnost živalstva in rastlinstva, vključno z glavnimi učinki na elektrotehnične izdelke. Do izpostavljenosti in poškodb zaradi vplivov živalstva in rastlinstva lahko pride v skoraj katerem koli delu življenjskega cikla izdelka. Poleg tega obstajajo številni dejavniki škodljivega vpliva z različnim delovanjem.
Ta dokument obravnava prisotnost in poškodbe zaradi živalstva in rastlinstva na vseh lokacijah, kjer se lahko izdelek shranjuje, prevaža ali uporablja. Živalstvo je lahko prisotno in poškoduje izdelke v naravnih okoljih, značilnih za lokacije na prostem, ter v umetno ustvarjenih okoljih, kot so skladišča in stavbe. Rastlinstvo pa je zlasti prisotno in povzroča poškodbe izdelkov samo na lokacijah na prostem. Glive in bakterije so lahko prisotne tako na lokacijah na prostem kot v skladiščih ali stavbah.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN IEC 60721-2-7:2018
01-julij-2018
Klasifikacija okoljskih pogojev - 2. del: Okoljski pogoji v naravi - Favna in flora
(IEC 60721-2-7:2018)
Classification of environmental conditions - Part 2: Environmental conditions appearing in
nature - Fauna and flora (IEC 60721-2-7:2018)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN IEC 60721-2-7:2018
ICS:
19.040 Preskušanje v zvezi z Environmental testing
okoljem
SIST EN IEC 60721-2-7:2018 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN IEC 60721-2-7:2018
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SIST EN IEC 60721-2-7:2018
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN IEC 60721-2-7
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
May 2018
ICS 19.040
English Version
Classification of environmental conditions - Part 2:
Environmental conditions appearing in nature - Fauna and flora
(IEC 60721-2-7:2018)
Classification des conditions d'environnement - Partie 2 : Klassifizierung von Umgebungsbedingungen - Teil 2-7:
Conditions d'environnement présentes dans la nature - Natürliche Umgebungsbedingungen - Fauna und Flora
Faune et flore (IEC 60721-2-7:2018)
(IEC 60721-2-7:2018)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2018-04-23. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN IEC 60721-2-7:2018 E
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SIST EN IEC 60721-2-7:2018
EN IEC 60721-2-7:2018 (E)
European foreword
The text of document 104/741/CDV, future edition 2 of IEC 60721-2-7, prepared by IEC/TC 104
"Environmental conditions, classification and methods of test" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC
parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as EN IEC 60721-2-7:2018.
The following dates are fixed:
(dop) 2019-01-23
• latest date by which the document has to be
implemented at national level by
publication of an identical national
standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national (dow) 2021-04-23
standards conflicting with the
document have to be withdrawn
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 60721-2-7:2018 was approved by CENELEC as a
European Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards indicated:
IEC 60721-1:1990 and NOTE Harmonized as EN 60721-1:1995 (not modified)
IEC 60721-1:1990/A1:1992
IEC 60721-1:1990/A2:1995 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60721-1:1995/A2:1995 (not modified).
2
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SIST EN IEC 60721-2-7:2018
IEC 60721-2-7
®
Edition 2.0 2018-03
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Classification of environmental conditions –
Part 2-7: Environmental conditions appearing in nature – Fauna and flora
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 19.040 ISBN 978-2-8322-5483-7
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 3
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
4 General . 5
5 Occurrence of fauna and flora . 6
5.1 Fungi . 6
5.1.1 Background . 6
5.1.2 Growth and survival factors . 6
5.1.3 Habitat and geographical distribution . 7
5.1.4 Effects of fungi on materials . 8
5.2 Bacteria . 11
5.2.1 Background . 11
5.2.2 Growth and survival factors . 11
5.2.3 Habitat . 12
5.2.4 Effects of bacteria on materials. 12
5.3 Insects . 13
5.3.1 Background . 13
5.3.2 Habitat . 14
5.3.3 Effects of insects on materials . 14
5.4 Rodents . 14
5.4.1 Background . 14
5.4.2 Effects of rodents on materials . 14
5.5 Algae and marine organisms . 15
5.5.1 Algae . 15
5.5.2 Borers . 15
5.5.3 Fouling organisms . 15
Bibliography . 16
Figure 1 – Map of regions with different degrees of fungal corrosion . 8
Table 1 – List of fungus resistant materials . 9
Table 2 – List of potential fungus nutrient materials . 10
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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS –
Part 2-7: Environmental conditions appearing in nature –
Fauna and flora
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and
non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates
closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined
by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60721-2-7 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 104:
Environmental conditions, classification and methods of test.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1987. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) This edition has been entirely rewritten.
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The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
CDV Report on voting
104/741/CDV 104/792/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in
the report on voting indicated in the above table.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts in the IEC 60721 series, published under the general title Classification of
environmental conditions, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date.
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CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS –
Part 2-7: Environmental conditions appearing in nature –
Fauna and flora
1 Scope
This document addresses the occurrence of fauna and flora, including its main effects on
electrotechnical products. Exposure and damage from the effects of fauna and flora can occur
at almost any time in a product's life cycle. Moreover, there are many agents of attack with
various actions.
This document addresses the occurrence and damage arising from fauna and flora in all
locations a product can be stored, transported or used. Generally, fauna can be present and
cause damage to products in both the natural environments experienced in open-air locations
as well as in artificially created environments, such as in a warehouse or building. However,
flora will predominantly be present and cause damage to products only in open-air locations.
Fungus and bacteria can be present in both open-air locations as well as in warehouses or
buildings.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
4 General
The main attacking agents considered in this document are micro-organisms including fungi,
bacteria, as well as insects, rodents, algae and marine organisms. Hazards due to other
agents are considered to be of lesser importance and have been omitted. These include the
corrosive action of juices secreted by some plants, the mechanical action due to the growth of
the larger trees, which may be sufficiently great to destroy the foundations of a building or to
break cables, and the damage caused by animals such as monkeys and elephants. Birds in
flight can be a hazard to aircraft, and in the region of bird colonies, widespread droppings can
create corrosion problems. In addition, some agents which are mentioned have other modes
of action which have not been included; for example both rodents and insects are occasionally
responsible for chemical corrosion or soiling.
The frequency of occurrence of fauna and flora with a possibility of damaging products very
much depends on conditions of temperature and humidity. In geographical areas with warm
damp climates, fauna and flora, especially insects and micro-organisms such as mould and
bacteria, will find favourable conditions of life. Moreover, humid or wet rooms in buildings, or
rooms for processes producing humidity, are suitable living spaces for rodents, insects and
micro-organisms.
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Fauna and flora can affect products in various ways, the most important of which are given in
the following examples.
a) Deterioration by physical attack: The functioning of products may be affected by physical
attacks of fauna and flora. The materials of a product may be attacked by fauna,
particularly by rodents and insects, by the actions of feeding from material, gnawing at
material, eating into material, chewing material or cutting holes into material. The severe
damage arising from the physical attack by termites is especially emphasized in this
respect. Among materials susceptible to attack are natural materials such as wood, paper,
leather, textiles, but also plastic materials, including elastomers and even some metals
such as tin and lead.
b) Deterioration by deposits: The functioning of products may be affected by deposits
originating from fauna and flora. These surface deposits affect the products by chemical
and mechanical reactions. Deposits from fauna, especially from insects, rodents, birds,
etc., may consist of elements such as the presence of the animal itself, the building of
nests or settlements, feed stock as well as the metabolic products such as excrements,
enzymes. Deposits from all kinds of flora may consist of material such as detached parts
of plants (leaves, blossom, seeds, fruits, etc.), growth layers of cultures of moulds or
bacteria and effects of their metabolic products.
5 Occurrence of fauna and flora
5.1 Fungi
5.1.1 Background
The name fungus is used to denote members of a large heterogeneous group of organisms, of
which there are about a hundred thousand known species. Most fungi are so small that they
can be observed only with the aid of a microscope. The terms 'mould' and 'mildew', although
not exactly defined in the biological sense, are used by both biologists and laymen to refer to
small non-parasitic fungi, such as those which do not live on other living organisms.
A fungus can, in general, be divided into two parts: the vegetative and the reproductive. The
vegetative part, known as the hypha, is essentially a threadlike filament normally having a
diameter between 2 μm and 20 μm and may be several centimetres long. In the simplest fungi
the hyphae are merely continuous tubes of living matter; in others they are divided by cell
walls, called septa, into separate cells. Collectively the hyphae are referred to as the
mycelium. The mycelium, together with the reproductive spores, is commonly observed on
mouldy bread, shoes, oranges, etc.
In the vast majority of cases the unit of reproduction is the spore. Normally it is unicellular and
microscopic, though occasionally, giants 500 μm in length occur. They may be produced
directly via the hyphae or from a structure created for this specific purpose, as in the
mushroom. From a functional viewpoint spores may be divided into two classes each of which
may be produced by the same organism: those which can be produced rapidly and in large
numbers but have little resistance to adverse environmental factors, and those which are
comparatively few in number but much more resistant to adverse conditions. The former
enable the fungus to spread rapidly during good growing conditions and the latter enable it to
survive hard times such as winter or drought and have been known to survive for many years
in a dry condition.
5.1.2 Growth and survival factors
In order to adapt themselves to changes in their environment or food supply, most species of
fungi can slightly change their characteristics and needs over several generations. This may
be a very short time; in many cases the whole cycle from spore to spore can be completed in
a few days. In addition, it should be noted that the conditions required for the production and
dispersal of spores are generally more exacting than those for growth and survival.
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The precise minimum, maximum and optimum temperatures for growth appear to be a matter
of debate between the various authorities. This may be because these values vary from one
species to another. However, in general, the minimum is 2 °C to 5 °C, the maximum 40 °C to
50 °C and the optimum 22 °C to 27 °C. In addition, there are a few fungi that can grow at and
below 0 °C, and one species has been reported growing at a maximum of 62 °C. They are, of
course, capable of surviving even greater extremes in a quiescent state.
The optimum humidity for the growth of nearly all moulds is a relative humidity of 95 % to
100 %. If submerged in water, however, most fungi will not grow. Any reduction from this
optimum will mean a reduced growth rate and few species will grow in a relative humidity of
less than 70 %. Optimum growth conditions also occur in still air.
A suitable source of carbon that can be absorbed as food is essential to fungi for their growth.
Almost all naturally occurring carbon containing compounds, together with many synthetic
organic compounds of a similar structure can be used by fungi as a source of food. All fungi
can utilize an organic supply of nitrogen and a few can also use an inorganic source such as
ammonia. Nitrogen, other than as a gas, is essential for the growth of fungi.
Most fungi are strictly aerobic, that is they cannot grow in complete absence of free oxygen.
In the small number of cases where fungi grow in water, they always do so in a few
centimetres near the surface.
Other elements required for the growth of fungi include sulfur (as sulfate), potassium,
phosphorus (as phosphate) and magnesium. In some cases minute traces of iron, zinc,
manganese, molybdenum, or calcium are required, though in such small quantities that only in
a few fungi is there a clear picture of these requirements. Some fungi also require a supply of
certain vitamins for growth.
Ultra-violet is known to inhibit the growth of most fungi, although daylight normally has no
effect. In a very few instances daylight can influence growth and indeed can cause it to
increase. However, the production and dispersal of spores is dependent upon the presence of
light for many species.
Most fungi grow best in a slightly acid medium within the range pH 5 to pH 6,5. This varies
from one species to another, but few will grow at all below pH 3 or above pH 9.
5.1.3 Habitat and geographical distribution
Since fungi can survive adverse growth conditions in a quiescent state and can gradually
evolve to survive more extreme conditions, and since new species are still being identified, it
is not possible to define exactly the geographical areas in which fungi will grow. There are,
however, certain tendencies which are relevant.
Fungi of one sort or another are found in the soil, water and air over a large part of the earth's
surface, whilst others live on or upon both living and dead animals and plants. Those found in
the air do not grow there, but are in the form of spores. Most live in the soil and only about
2 % live in water; in both cases they grow in the few centimetres just below the surface.
The best conditions for most types of mould growth are in humid tropical areas, although
deterioration due to mould is not confined to the tropics. Equally serious damage can occur in
temperate regions, though not so rapidly, and at least one species of mould is often found in
the form of spores in the air over arctic regions.
Conditions favourable for mould growth may easily be created artificially inside a building or
equipment. Those which are parasitic upon particular animals or plants are among the few
which are restricted to geographical regions.
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The map in Figure 1 shows areas in which climatic conditions are most favourable for fungal
corrosion. It is based on an analysis of relative humidity and temperature data from
approximately two thousand meteorological stations throughout the world, as follows:
a) Region A – includes areas with at least one month a year in which the mean monthly
relative humidity is from 70 % to 75 % in the hours from 12:00 h (noon) to 14:00 h, and
with a mean monthly minimum temperature at the same time of not less than 15 °C.
b) Region B – includes areas where the equivalent relative humidity is from 75 % to 80 %,
again with the same temperature as Region A.
c) Region C – includes areas where the equivalent relative humidity is greater than 80 %,
again with the same temperature as Region A.
IEC
Figure 1 – Map of regions with different degrees of fungal corrosion
It should be noted that the above climatic conditions do not take account of other naturally
occurring factors mentioned earlier, such as air flow. It also does not cover cases where
favourable conditions may be artificially induced, inside buildings or containers for example.
Nevertheless, within these limits, it does provide a useful indication of the natural liability to
attack by micro-organisms.
5.1.4 Effects of fungi on materials
Unlike most plants, fungi contain no chlorophyll, the green colouring matter with which plants
utilize the sun's energy to manufacture their food from absorbed raw materials. Thus they
have to rely on the food in the substratum on which they grow. However, the structure of the
cell walls only allows them to absorb this food if it is in solution. To achieve this, the fungi
secrete enzymes via their hyphae. This substance converts the food into a soluble form which
can then be readily absorbed.
There are three ways in which fungi may cause damage. Each can occur independently, or in
association with one or both of the others:
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1) A material may be a food for the fungi, in which case the material is gradually eaten away.
2) The waste products of fungi are excreted as juices, many of which are corrosive and
cause damage to the substrate on which the fungi are growing. Thus it is possible for
fungi to damage a material even though it is not a source of food. For example the minute
impurities in finger prints on glass have been known to support growths whose corrosive
waste products have etched the surface of the glass. In addition, the mould coating has
the effect of retaining moisture and retarding the drying-out process.
3) Fungus may hinder the efficient operation of equipment, even though it has not caused
damage to any material part. Examples of this are soiling in optical equipment, or the
formation of undesirable conducting paths in electrical equipment.
The preferred method for controlling fungus growth is by the selection of fungus inert
materials. Also acceptable is the treatment of potential fungus nutrient materials or by
hermetic sealing. Table 1 lists materials which have a known resistance to fungus growth,
whilst Table 2 lists those materials which are potential fungus nutrients.
Table 1 – List of fungus resistant materials
Acrylics Polycarbonate
Acrylonitile-styrene Polyester
Acrylonitile-vinyl-chloride copolymer Polyester-glass fibre laminate
Asbestos Polyethylene, high density (> 0,94)
Ceramics Polyethylene terephthalate
Chlorinated polyether Polyamide
Fluorinated ethylenepropylene copolymer Polymonochlorotrifluorethylene
Fluorocarbon Polypropylene
Glass Polystryrene
Metals Polysulfone
Mica Polytetrafluoroethylene
Plastic laminate: silicone glass fibre Polyvinylidene chloride
Plastic laminate: phenolic-nylon fibre Silicone resin
Diallyl phthalate Siloxane-polyolefin
Polyacrylonirile Siloxane-polystyrene
Polyamide
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Table 2 – List of potential fungus nutrient materials
ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) Polyethylene, low density (< 0,94)
Acetyl resins Polymethyl methacrylate
Cellulose acetate Polyurethane (ester types are particularly
susceptible)
Cellulose acetate butyrate
Epoxy-glass fibre laminates Polyricinoleates
Epoxy-resin Polyvinyl chloride
Lubricants Polyvinyl chloride-acetate
Melamine-formaldehyde Polyvinyl fluoride
Organic polysulphides Rubbers, natural and synthetic
Phenol-formaldehyde Urea-formaldehyde
Polydichlorostyrene
A number of materials have a known susceptibility to damage by fungal growth. A number of
these are set out below.
a) Wood: Wood in contact with the ground is particularly prone to decay by fungi. If,
however, it is kept off the ground in a dry, well ventilated place it is much more resistant,
and if the wood contains less than 20 % water it is not attacked at all. Resistance to attack
varies from one species to another, and heartwood is always less liable to attack than
sapwood. In use, wood is normally coated or impregnated in some manner. This may
modify its resistance to fungal attack. Many fungi cause ver
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