SIST EN ISO 4042:2001
(Main)Fasteners - Electroplated coatings (ISO 4042:1999)
Fasteners - Electroplated coatings (ISO 4042:1999)
Migrated from Progress Sheet (TC Comment) (2000-07-10): Wait for final ISO-text for PQ or PV. ISO 4042 is under revision.
Verbindungselemente - Galvanische Überzüge (ISO 4042:1999)
Diese Internationale Norm behandelt maßliche Anforderungen an Verbindungs- elemente aus Stahl oder Kupferlegierung mit galvanischen Überzügen. Sie legt Schichtdicken fest und gibt Empfehlungen zur Verminderung der Wasserstoffver- sprödungsgefahr bei Verbindungselementen mit hoher Festigkeit oder Härte oder oberflächengehärteten Verbindungselementen. Die Norm gilt in erster Linie fürdas Aufbringen galvanischer Überzüge auf Verbindungselementen mit Gewinde, siekann aber auch für andere Teile mit Gewinde angewendet werden.
Eléments de fixation - Revetements électrolytiques (ISO 4042:1999)
La présente Norme internationale spécifie les caractéristiques dimensionnelles des éléments de fixation en acier ou en alliage de cuivre, avec revêtement électrolytique. Elle spécifie les épaisseurs de revêtement et donne des recommandations pour la non-fragilisation par l'hydrogène des éléments de fixation présentant une résistance à la traction ou une dureté élevée et pour les éléments de fixation ayant subi un durcissement superficiel.La présente Norme internationale traite principalement du revêtement électrolytique des éléments de fixation filetés, mais elle peut également s'appliquer à d'autres pièces filetées. Pour l'application aux vis qui forment leur propre filetage par déformation ou par enlèvement de matière.Les spécifications données dans la présente Norme internationale peuvent également être appliquées aux pièces non filetées comme des rondelles et des goupilles.
Mehanski vezni elementi - Galvanske prevleke veznih elementov (ISO 4042:1999)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 4042:2001
01-julij-2001
Mehanski vezni elementi - Galvanske prevleke veznih elementov (ISO 4042:1999)
Fasteners - Electroplated coatings (ISO 4042:1999)
Verbindungselemente - Galvanische Überzüge (ISO 4042:1999)
Eléments de fixation - Revetements électrolytiques (ISO 4042:1999)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 4042:1999
ICS:
21.060.01 Vezni elementi na splošno Fasteners in general
25.220.40 Kovinske prevleke Metallic coatings
SIST EN ISO 4042:2001 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 4042:2001
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 4042
Second edition
1999-06-15
Fasteners — Electroplated coatings
Éléments de fixation — Revêtements électrolytiques
A
Reference number
ISO 4042:1999(E)
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ISO 4042:1999(E)
Contents
Page
1 Scope .1
2 Normative references .1
3 Terms and definitions .2
4 Dimensional requirements and gauging .3
4.1 Dimensional requirements before electroplating.3
4.2 Dimensional requirements after electroplating .3
5 Other coating requirements.3
6 Hydrogen embrittlement relief.3
7 Corrosion protection .4
8 Applicability to fasteners that cut or form their own mating threads .4
9 Specification of coating thickness.4
10 Measurement of coating thickness.5
10.1 Local thickness.5
10.2 Batch average thickness.7
10.3 Agreement on test method .7
11 Sampling for thickness tests.7
12 Ordering requirements for electroplating .7
13 Designation .7
Annex A (informative) Hydrogen embrittlement relief.8
Annex B (informative) Salt spray corrosion protection performance of metallic coatings .10
Annex C (informative) Guidance on procedures that may be adopted to accommodate thick coatings.12
Annex D (normative) Determination of batch average thickness .13
Annex E (normative) Designation code, system A, for electroplated coatings on threaded parts.16
Annex F (informative) Examples for coating designation.19
Annex G (informative) Surface areas of bolts, screws and nuts .20
Bibliography.23
© ISO 1999
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Switzerland
Internet iso@iso.ch
Printed in Switzerland
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
International Standard ISO 4042 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 2, Fasteners, Subcommittee SC1,
Mechanical properties of fasteners.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 4042:1989) which has been technically revised.
Annexes D and E form a normative part of this International Standard. Annexes A, B, C, F and G are for information
only.
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SIST EN ISO 4042:2001
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO ISO 4042:1999(E)
Fasteners — Electroplated coatings
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies dimensional requirements for electroplated fasteners of steel or copper alloy. It
specifies coating thicknesses and gives recommendations for hydrogen embrittlement relief for fasteners with high
tensile strength or hardness and for surface-hardened fasteners.
This International Standard primarily concerns the electroplating of threaded fasteners, but it may also be applied to
other threaded parts. For the applicability to screws that cut or form their own mating threads, see clause 8.
The specifications given in this International Standard may also be applied to non-threaded parts such as washers
and pins.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC
maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 965-1:1999, ISO general purpose metric screw threads — Tolerances — Part 1: Principles and basic data.
ISO 965-2:1999, ISO general purpose metric screw threads — Tolerances — Part 2: Limits of sizes for general
purpose bolt and nut threads — Medium quality.
ISO 965-3:1999, ISO general purpose metric screw threads — Tolerances — Part 3: Deviations for constructional
threads.
ISO 1456:1988, Metallic coatings — Electrodeposited coatings of nickel plus chromium and of copper plus nickel
plus chromium.
ISO 1458:1988, Metallic coating — Electrodeposited coatings of nickel.
ISO 1502:1996, ISO general purpose metric screw threads — Gauges and gauging.
ISO 2064:1996, Metallic and other non-organic coatings — Definitions and conventions concerning the
measurement of thickness.
ISO 2081:1986, Metallic coatings — Electroplated coatings of zinc on iron or steel.
ISO 2082:1986, Metallic coatings — Electroplated coatings of cadmium on iron or steel.
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1)
ISO 3269:— , Fasteners — Acceptance inspection.
ISO 4520:1981, Chromate conversion coatings on electroplated zinc and cadmium coatings.
ISO 9227:1990, Corrosion tests in artificial atmospheres — Salt spray tests.
2)
ISO 9587:— , Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Pre-treatments of iron or steel for reducing the risk of
hydrogen embrittlement.
2)
ISO 15330:— , Fasteners — Preloading test for the detection of hydrogen embrittlement — Parallel bearing
surface method.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the definitions given in ISO 2064 (in particular, the definitions of
significant surface, measuring area, local thickness and minimum local thickness) and ISO 3269 together with the
following, apply.
3.1
batch
quantity of identical fasteners from the same manufacturing lot processed together at one time
3.2
production run
those batches of parts processed continuously without any changes in coating techniques or constituents
3.3
batch average thickness
calculated average thickness of a coating if it was uniformly distributed over the surface of the parts of the batch
3.4
baking
process of heating parts for a definite time at a given temperature in order to minimize the risk of hydrogen
embrittlement
3.5
baking duration
time at which the parts are held at the specified temperature which they shall have completely reached
1)
To be published. (Revision of ISO 3269:1988)
2)
To be published.
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4 Dimensional requirements and gauging
4.1 Dimensional requirements before electroplating
Before coating, parts shall comply with the relevant International Standards if applicable or other standards as
specified, except where threads or other features are specifically manufactured to allow, for functional reasons, the
application of thicker coatings than are possible on normal threads.
Coating thicknesses which can be applied on ISO metric threads in accordance with ISO 965-1, ISO 965-2 and ISO
965-3 depend on the fundamental deviation available, which itself depends on the screw thread and the following
tolerance positions:
g, f, e for external threads;
G for internal threads or H if required.
The tolerance positions apply prior to application of the electroplated coating.
4.2 Dimensional requirements after electroplating
After coating, ISO metric screw threads shall be gauged in accordance with ISO 1502 with a GO gauge of tolerance
position h for external threads and H for internal threads.
Other product dimensions apply only before coating.
NOTE Care should be exercised where relatively thick coatings may affect dimensions with small tolerances as in the case
of internal drives; in these cases an agreement should be made between the supplier and the purchaser.
The applicability of the recommended coatings to ISO metric threads is limited by the fundamental deviation of the
threads concerned and hence, by the pitch and tolerance positions. The coating shall not cause the zero line (basic
size) to be exceeded in the case of external threads, nor shall it fall below this line in the case of internal threads.
This means that for an internal thread of tolerance position H, a measurable coating thickness can only be applied
to the threads if the tolerance zone is not taken up to the zero line (basic size).
5 Other coating requirements
The electroplated coating shall comply with the provisions of the relevant International Standards (ISO 1456,
ISO 1458, ISO 2081, ISO 2082) for the coating concerned in respect of appearance, adhesion, ductility, corrosion
resistance, etc.
6 Hydrogen embrittlement relief
In cases of parts
with high tensile strength or hardness or which have been surface hardened,
which have absorbed hydrogen and
are under tensile stress
there is the risk of failure due to hydrogen embrittlement.
When the core or surface hardness is above 320 HV, process investigation shall be conducted using a test to detect
hydrogen embrittlement, for example the "Parallel bearing surface method" in accordance with ISO 15330, to be
sure that the process with regard to embrittlement is under control. If embrittlement is discovered, modification of
the manufacturing process will be necessary, such as the inclusion of a baking process (see informative annex A for
more information).
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For fasteners of hardness in excess of 365 HV, a written agreement should exist between the customer and
manufacturer to define how to manage the risk. If written agreement does not exist, the manufacturer shall process the
parts in accordance with his recommended practices to reduce the risk of hydrogen embrittlement.
Complete elimination of hydrogen embrittlement cannot be assured. If a reduced probability of encountering
hydrogen embrittlement is desired, alternative procedures should be evaluated.
NOTE Investigations are proceeding to develop methods for the reduction of hydrogen embrittlement.
7 Corrosion protection
The corrosion protection of an electroplated coating depends to a considerable extent on its thickness. In addition to
greater coating thickness, a chromate conversion treatment can be specified for increased corrosion protection on
zinc and cadmium coatings.
Contact with other metals and materials, the frequency and duration of wetting and service temperatures may
influence the protective performance of coatings and expert advice is essential when uncertainties of choice arise.
Coatings of Zn and Cd applied to ferrous substrates are less electropositive than the steel base metal and
consequently provide cathodic protection. In contrast, Ni and Cr coatings are more electropositive than the steel
base metal and may intensify part corrosion where the coating is damaged or pitted.
Cadmium coatings are dealt with in ISO 2082.
Zinc coatings are dealt with in ISO 2081.
Nickel coatings are dealt with in ISO 1458.
Nickel 1 chromium and copper 1 nickel 1 chromium coatings are dealt with in ISO 1456.
Chromate conversion treatments are dealt with in ISO 4520.
NOTE Information on salt spray corrosion protection performance of metallic coatings is given in informative annex B.
8 Applicability to fasteners that cut or form their own mating threads
All recommended coatings may be applied to screws that cut or form their own mating threads such as wood
screws, self tapping screws, self drilling screws and thread forming screws. The maximum value for batch average
thickness given in Table 1 may be ignored unless otherwise specified.
9 Specification of coating thickness
The local and batch average thicknesses corresponding to the nominal coating thicknesses recommended in the
relevant International Standards for electroplating are given in Table 1.
In order to reduce the risk of interference on assembly of threads with electroplated coatings, the coating thickness
shall not exceed one-quarter of the fundamental deviation of the thread. These values are specified in Table 2.
NOTE For accommodation of thick coatings guidance is given in informative annex C.
The effective coating thicknesses measured according to one of the methods specified in clause 10 shall comply
with the values specified in Table 1.
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Table 1 — Coating thicknesses
Thicknesses in micrometres
Effective coating thickness
a b
Nominal coating thickness Local Batch average
min. min. max.
333 5
554 6
887 10
10 10 9 12
12 12 11 15
15 15 14 18
20 20 18 23
25 25 23 28
30 30 27 35
a
For measuring local thickness see 10.1.
b
For measuring batch average thickness see 10.2.
In the case of batch average thickness measurement and if the threaded parts have nominal lengths l > 5d, smaller
nominal thicknesses than those specified in Table 1 shall be applied, see Table 2.
10 Measurement of coating thickness
10.1 Local thickness
The local thickness shall be not less than the minimum thickness specified in the order, and shall be measured
using one of the methods specified in the International Standard for the coating being applied. Thicknesses on bolts,
screws and nuts shall only be measured on the test surfaces shown in Figure 1.
Key
1 Measurement area
Figure 1 — Measuring area for local coating thickness measurement on fasteners
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10.2 Batch average thickness
Batch average thickness shall be measured by the method described in normative annex D. Exceeding the
maximum batch average thickness shall not cause rejection if the coated thread is accepted by an appropriate GO
gauge (H or h).
10.3 Agreement on test method
Unless otherwise specified, local thickness shall be measured.
NOTE Most screws and bolts are electroplated in bulk in barrels and as a consequence the greatest coating thickness is
always at both extremities of the parts. This effect is increased the longer the screw or bolt is in relation to its diameter and
tends to reduce the coating thickness that can be accepted by a specified pitch size.
11 Sampling for thickness tests
Sampling for thickness measurement shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of ISO 3269.
12 Ordering requirements for electroplating
When ordering threaded components to be electroplated in accordance with this International Standard, the
following information shall be supplied to the electroplater:
a) The coating designation and, if required, the International Standard for the desired coating.
b) The material of the part and its condition, e.g. heat treatment, hardness or other properties, which may be
affected by the coating process.
c) The stress relieving conditions, if any, for stress relieving prior to electroplating.
d) The requirement, if any, for precautions to be taken against the risk of hydrogen embrittlement (see clause 6).
e) Preference, if any, for batch average thickness measurement (see clause 10).
f) Any requirement for selective electroplating or reduction of thread dimensions.
g) Reference to the brightness or dullness; unless otherwise specified, bright finish shall be supplied.
h) Supplementary coating requirements, for example subsequent lubrication.
13 Designation
Fasteners shall be specified according to the appropriate product standards. The designation of the surface coating
[1]
shall be added to the product designation according to the specification of ISO 8991 and shall be in accordance
with
System A: see code system in normative annex E or
System B: see coating classification code described in ISO 1456 (nickel-chromium and copper-nickel-
chromium), ISO 2081 (zinc), ISO 2082 (cadmium) and ISO 4520 (chromate conversion coatings).
For examples of coating designations, see informative annex F.
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Annex A
(informative)
Hydrogen embrittlement relief
A.1 Introduction
3) [2]
NOTE 1 The following two paragraphs are essentially the text of the introduction of ISO 9588:— (see ).
When atomic hydrogen enters steels and certain other metals, for example aluminium and titanium alloys, it can cause
loss of ductility or load carrying ability, cracking (usually as submicroscopic cracks) or catastrophic brittle failures at
applied stresses well below the yield strength or even the normal design strength for the alloys. This phenomenon often
occurs in alloys that show no significant loss in ductility when measured by conventional tensile tests, and is frequently
referred to as hydrogen induced delayed brittle failure, hydrogen stress cracking or hydrogen embrittlement. The
hydrogen can be introduced during heat treatment, gas carburizing, cleaning, pickling, phosphating, electroplating,
autocatalytic processes and in the service environment as a result of cathodic protection reactions or corrosion
reactions. Hydrogen can also be introduced during fabrication, for example during roll forming, machining and drilling
due to the break-down of unsuitable lubricants as well as during welding or brazing operations. Parts that have been
machined, ground, cold-formed or cold-straightened subsequent to hardening heat treatment are especially susceptible
to hydrogen embrittlement damage.
The results of research work indicate that the susceptibility of any material to hydrogen embrittlement in a given test is
directly related to its hydrogen entrapment population (type and effectiveness of traps). Therefore the time–temperature
relationship of the baking process is dependent on composition and structure of steels as well as plating metals and
plating procedures. Additionally, for most high strength steels, the effectiveness of the baking process falls off rapidly
with reduction of time and temperature.
NOTE 2 "Traps" refer to certain metallurgical sites within the steel structure, such as inclusions, foreign atoms, dislocations, etc.,
to which atomic hydrogen may bond. Hydrogen thus bonded is no longer free to migrate to areas of high stress and contribute to
the initiation of embrittlement fracture. Traps may be of the reversible or non-reversible type. For further information see Professor
[3]
Troiano's paper .
There are many reasons why a fastener may become embrittled. The total manufacturing process has to be controlled
in such a way that the probability of embrittlement will be reduced to a minimum. This annex gives examples of
procedures by which the probability of hydrogen embrittlement can be reduced during the manufacturing process for
electroplating of fasteners.
A.2 Stress relief
Fasteners which have been cold worked hardened to 320 HV or above and are to be electroplated may benefit from a
stress relieving process. This process should be carried out before application of the cleaning process defined in A.3.
The temperature and duration applicable to the process will vary according to the design, manufacturing and heat
treatment conditions of the parts concerned, and shall be notified to the coater, if the process is required in accordance
with clause 12. Parts with a hardness above 320 HV that have been machined, ground, cold-formed or cold-
straightened subsequent to heat treatment should be treated according to ISO 9587.
Stress relief may not be desirable in cases where residual stresses are intentionally introduced, for example, screws
which are thread rolled after heat treatment.
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A.3 Cleaning processes
Hydrogen absorption of the steel, leading to brittle failure after electroplating, may be induced by the cleaning process.
Unless otherwise agreed, parts heat-treated or work-hardened to a hardness of 320 HV or above should be cleaned
with an inhibited acid, alkaline or mechanical process. Immersion time in the inhibited acid depends on the as-received
surface condition and should be of minimum duration.
NOTE Inhibited acid is an acid to which a suitable inhibitor has been added to reduce corrosive attack on the steel and
absorption of hydrogen.
Parts heat treated or cold worked to a hardness greater than 385 HV or property class 12.9 and above, should not be
subjected to acid cleaning treatment. Special pre-treatments are advisable using non-acidic methods such as dry
honing, abrasive blasting or alkali derusting.
Steel parts should be supplied with a surface which can be prepared for electroplating with a minimum immersion time
for cleaning.
A.4 Plating process
For fasteners heat-treated or cold-worked to a hardness greater than 365 HV high cathodic efficiency electroplating
solutions are advisable.
A.5 Baking process
With increasing hardness, increasing degree of cold working and increasing content of carbon and/or certain other
elements of steel parts, the solubility of hydrogen and therefore the amount of absorbed hydrogen during an acid
cleaning or electroplating process increases. At the same time, the critical amount of hydrogen which may cause brittle
fracture decreases.
The beneficial effect of a baking process after electroplating is removal of hydrogen by effusion and/or irreversible
trapping of hydrogen in the steel.
Parts should be baked within 4 h and preferably within an hour of electroplating and before chromating, to a part
temperature of 200 °C to 230 °C. The maximum temperature should take into account the coating material and type of
base material. Certain coatings, e.g. tin, and the physical properties of some parts, may be adversely affected by these
temperatures. In such cases, lower temperatures and longer temper durations will be required. This should be agreed
beteen purchaser and supplier.
With increasing coating thickness the difficulty of removing hydrogen increases. The introduction of an intermediate
baking process when the coating is only 2 mm to 5 mm thick may reduce the risk of hydrogen embrittlement.
The user may agree that other conditions for embrittlement reduction may be used provided they can be shown to be
effective.
It should not be assumed that the baking recommended will completely prevent hydrogen embrittlement in all cases.
Alternative baking times and temperatures may be used if they have been shown to be effective for a part, but parts
should not be baked at a temperature above the temperature at which the parts were originally tempered. Generally,
lower baking temperatures require longer times at temperature. The chemical composition of some steels, in
combination with process conditions, may produce a higher susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. Fasteners with
larger diameters are less susceptible than those with small diameters.
At the time of publication of this International Standard it was not considered possible to give exact baking durations.
Eight hours is considered a typical example of baking duration. However, baking durations in the range of 2 h to 24 h at
200 °C to 230 °C may be suitable according to the type and size of part, part geometry, mechanical properties,
cleaning processes and electroplating processes used.
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Annex B
(informative)
Salt spray corrosion protection performance of metallic coatings
This annex gives information on the salt spray corrosion protection performance of zinc and cadmium coatings with
chromate treatment (see Tables B.1 and B.2) and of nickel and nickel/chromium coatings (see Table B.3) under the
conditions of the salt spray test according to ISO 9227.
Table B.1 — Neutral salt spray corrosion protection performance of zinc and cadmium
Designation code Nominal Chromate First appearance
First appearance
a
for coatings coating treatment of white corrosion
of red rust
b c
(system B ) thickness designation product
Cadmium Zinc
mmhhh
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 3c1A A 2 24 12
d
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 3c1B B 6 24 12
3
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 3c2C C 24 36 24
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 3c2D D 24 36 24
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 5c1A A 6 48 24
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 5c1B B 12 72 36
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 5c2C 5 C 48 120 72
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 5c2D D 72 168 96
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 5Bk Bk 12 — —
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 8c1A A 6 96 48
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 8c1B B 24 120 72
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 8c2C 8 C 72 168 120
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 8c2D D 96 192 144
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 8Bk Bk 24 120 72
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 12c1A A 6 144 72
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 12c1B B 24 192 96
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 12c2C 12 C 72 240 144
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 12c2D D 96 264 168
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 12Bk Bk 24 192 96
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 25c1A A
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 25c1B B
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 25c2C 25 C data not available
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 25c2D D
Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 25Bk Bk
a
For zinc coatings see classification code in ISO 2081. For cadmium coatings see classification code in ISO 2082.
b
For designation code systems, see clause 13
...
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