oSIST prEN 14770:2022
(Main)Bitumen and bituminous binders - Determination of complex shear modulus and phase angle - Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR)
Bitumen and bituminous binders - Determination of complex shear modulus and phase angle - Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR)
This document specifies a general method of using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) for measuring the rheological properties of bituminous binders. The procedure involves determining the complex shear modulus and phase angle of binders over a range of test frequencies and test temperatures when tested in oscillatory shear.
From the test, the complex shear modulus, |G*|, and its phase angle, δ, at a given temperature and frequency are calculated, as well as the components G' and G'' of the complex shear modulus.
This method is applicable to un-aged, aged and recovered bituminous binders.
WARNING -The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Bitumen und bitumenhaltige Bindemittel - Bestimmung des komplexen Schermoduls und des Phasenwinkels - Dynamisches Scherrheometer (DSR)
Dieses Dokument legt ein allgemeines Verfahren fest, bei dem ein dynamisches Scherrheometer (DSR) zur Anwendung kommt, mit dem die rheologischen Eigenschaften von bitumenhaltigen Bindemitteln gemessen werden können. Die Durchführung schließt die Bestimmung des komplexen Schermoduls und des Phasenwinkels von Bindemitteln über einen Bereich von Prüffrequenzen und Prüftemperaturen bei der Prüfung im Oszillations-Modus ein.
Aus der Prüfung werden sowohl der komplexe Schermodul, |G*|, und der zugehörige Phasenwinkel,δ,, für eine gegebene Temperatur und Frequenz als auch die Komponenten G' und G'' des komplexen Schermoduls berechnet.
Dieses Verfahren ist anwendbar für nicht gealterte, gealterte und rückgewonnene bitumenhaltige Bindemittel.
WARNUNG - Die Anwendung dieses Dokuments kann den Umgang mit gefährlichen Substanzen und Ausrüstungsteilen und die Ausführung gefährlicher Arbeitsgänge einschließen. Dieses Dokument erhebt nicht den Anspruch, alle mit seiner Anwendung verbundenen Sicherheitsprobleme anzusprechen. Es liegt in der Verantwortung des Anwenders dieses Dokuments, geeignete Verhaltensregeln für den Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutz festzulegen und vor der Anwendung zu klären, ob einschränkende Vorschriften zu berücksichtigen sind.
Bitumes et liants bitumineux - Détermination du module complexe en cisaillement et de l'angle de phase à l'aide d'un rhéomètre à cisaillement dynamique (DSR)
Ce document spécifie une méthode générale faisant appel à l’utilisation d’un rhéomètre à cisaillement dynamique (DSR) pour mesurer les caractéristiques rhéologiques de liants bitumineux. La procédure repose sur la détermination du module complexe en cisaillement et de l’angle de phase des liants sur une plage de fréquences et de températures d’essai, lorsqu’ils sont testés en cisaillement oscillatoire.
À partir de cet essai, il est possible de déterminer le module complexe en cisaillement |G*| et son angle de phase , à une température et à une fréquence données, ainsi que les composantes G’ et G“ du module complexe en cisaillement.
Cette méthode est applicable aux liants bitumineux neufs, vieillis et récupérés.
AVERTISSEMENT — L'utilisation de ce document peut impliquer l'intervention de produits, d'opérations et d'équipements à caractère dangereux. Le présent document n'est pas censé aborder tous les problèmes de sécurité concernés par son usage. Il incombe à son utilisateur d'établir des règles d'hygiène et de sécurité appropriées et de déterminer l'applicabilité des restrictions réglementaires avant utilisation.
Bitumen in bitumenska veziva - Ugotavljanje kompleksnega strižnega modula in faznega kota - Dinamični strižni reometer (DSR)
General Information
RELATIONS
Standards Content (sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 14770:2022
01-maj-2022
Bitumen in bitumenska veziva - Ugotavljanje kompleksnega strižnega modula in
faznega kota - Dinamični strižni reometer (DSR)
Bitumen and bituminous binders - Determination of complex shear modulus and phase
angle - Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR)Bitumen und bitumenhaltige Bindemittel - Bestimmung des komplexen Schermoduls und
des Phasenwinkels - Dynamisches Scherrheometer (DSR)Bitumes et liants bitumineux - Détermination du module complexe en cisaillement et de
l'angle de phase à l'aide d'un rhéomètre à cisaillement dynamique (DSR)Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 14770
ICS:
75.140 Voski, bitumni in drugi naftni Waxes, bituminous materials
proizvodi and other petroleum products
91.100.50 Veziva. Tesnilni materiali Binders. Sealing materials
oSIST prEN 14770:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN 14770:2022
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 14770
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
February 2022
ICS 75.140; 91.100.50 Will supersede EN 14770:2012
English Version
Bitumen and bituminous binders - Determination of
complex shear modulus and phase angle - Dynamic Shear
Rheometer (DSR)
Bitumes et liants bitumineux - Détermination du Bitumen und bitumenhaltige Bindemittel -
module complexe en cisaillement et de l'angle de phase Bestimmung des komplexen Schermoduls und des
à l'aide d'un rhéomètre à cisaillement dynamique Phasenwinkels - Dynamisches Scherrheometer (DSR)
(DSR)This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 336.If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 14770:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
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Contents Page
European foreword ............................................................................................................................................ 3
1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
2 Normative references .......................................................................................................................... 5
3 Terms and definitions ......................................................................................................................... 5
4 Principle ................................................................................................................................................... 6
5 Apparatus ................................................................................................................................................ 6
6 Preparation of rheometers ................................................................................................................ 7
6.1 General...................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.2 Selection of Geometry ......................................................................................................................... 7
6.3 Set up ......................................................................................................................................................... 8
6.4 Zero Gap Setting .................................................................................................................................... 8
7 Specimen preparation ......................................................................................................................... 8
7.1 General...................................................................................................................................................... 8
7.2 Heating procedure for binders prepared above 100 °C .......................................................... 8
7.3 Heating procedure for binders prepared at temperatures less than 100 °C .................. 9
7.4 Specimen manufacturing and storage conditions .................................................................... 9
8 Procedure ................................................................................................................................................ 9
8.1 General...................................................................................................................................................... 9
8.2 Specimen placing onto the rheometer ........................................................................................ 10
8.3 Gap setting ............................................................................................................................................. 10
8.4 Temperature and frequency conditions selecting .................................................................. 10
8.5 Testing measurement procedure ................................................................................................. 11
9 Expression of results ......................................................................................................................... 12
10 Precision ................................................................................................................................................ 12
11 Test report ............................................................................................................................................. 14
Annex A (informative) Temperature verification procedure .......................................................... 15
Annex B (informative) Determining equilibration time .................................................................... 16
Annex C (normative) Determination of the linear viscoelastic (LVE) range .............................. 17
Annex D (normative) Determining rheological parameters TX and δ ...................................... 18
Annex E (informative) Flow chart .............................................................................................................. 20
Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................... 22
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European foreword
This document (prEN 14770:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 336 “Bituminous
binders”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 14770:2012.
In comparison with the previous edition, the following technical modifications have been made:
a) reference to outdated standards IP PM CM-02 and XPT 66-065 removed;b) integration of “complex compliance” removed;
c) use of the terms “shear strain” and “shear stress” unified;
d) use of the term “bituminous binder” unified;
e) reference to EN 1427 moved from Clause 2 to Bibliography; references to EN 12607-1, EN 14023 and
EN 14769 added to Bibliography;f) definitions “shear strain controlled mode“ and “shear stress controlled mode” added;
g) use of the term “range of linear viscoelastic behaviour” unified;h) use of the term “complex shear modulus” together with the corresponding symbol |G*| unified;
description of the complex shear modulus slightly revised;i) 6.1, 7.1 and 8.1 added with reference to Annex E;
j) information about different plate diameters relocated from 5.1 to new 6.2; information about
different plate diameters in 6.2 updated and plate diameter of 4 mm added;k) deviation for rheometer specification removed in 5.1;
l) suitable dimensions for silicone moulds added in 5.2;
m) vials for preparation of test specimen removed in 5.2. 7.3, 7.4 and 8.2;
n) use of the term “specimen” unified;
o) 6.4 “Zero gap setting” revised and clarified;
p) sub-samples smaller 50 g introduced in 7.2;
q) paring of specimen at room temperature removed in 7.4;
r) storage conditions and storage duration of specimens revised in 7.4;
s) 8.2 “Specimen placing onto the rheometer” and 8.3 “Gap setting” revised;
t) gap compensation added in 8.4;
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u) calculation of TX and δ added in Clause 9 and new Annex D;
v) Clause 10 revised and complemented with new precision data, instead of coefficient of variation
repeatability r and reproducibility R are now used;w) terms c) and d) added in Clause 11;
x) revision of Annex C “Determination of the linear viscoelastic (LVE) range”;
y) Annex E “Flow Chart” added.
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1 Scope
This document specifies a general method of using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) for measuring the
rheological properties of bituminous binders. The procedure involves determining the complex shear
modulus and phase angle of binders over a range of test frequencies and test temperatures when tested
in oscillatory shear.From the test, the complex shear modulus, |G*|, and its phase angle, δ, at a given temperature and
frequency are calculated, as well as the components G' and G'' of the complex shear modulus.
This method is applicable to un-aged, aged and recovered bituminous binders.WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This
document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12594, Bitumen and bituminous binders - Preparation of test samples3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
shear strain controlled mode
rheometer control mode where a demand angular displacement is applied to the specimen and the
corresponding torque is measuredNote 1 to entry: Using the shear strain factor of the measuring geometry, a specimen shear strain can be calculated
from the applied angular displacement. Using the shear stress factor of the measuring geometry, a specimen shear
stress can be calculated from the measured torque. Additional corrections can be applied to calculate true specimen
shear strain and true specimen shear stress.3.2
shear stress controlled mode
rheometer control mode where a demand torque is applied to the specimen and the corresponding
angular displacement is measuredNote 1 to entry: Using the shear stress factor of the measuring geometry, a specimen shear stress can be calculated
from the applied torque. Using the shear strain factor of the measuring geometry, a specimen shear strain can be
calculated from the measured angular displacement. Additional corrections can be applied to calculate true
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3.3
complex shear modulus
|G*|
ratio of the amplitude of the shear stress to the amplitude of the shear strain in harmonic sinusoidal
oscillationNote 1 to entry: The (mathematical) real part of the complex shear modulus |G*| is G´. It is associated with the
elastic part of material behaviour which represents energy stored during a shear cycle. The real part is the complex
shear modulus multiplied with cosine of phase angle expressed in degrees.Note 2 to entry: The (mathematical) imaginary part of the complex shear modulus is G´´. It is associated with the
viscous part of material behaviour which represents energy dissipated during a shear cycle. The imaginary part is
the complex shear modulus multiplied with sine of phase angle expressed in degrees.
3.4phase angle
phase difference between shear stress and shear strain in harmonic oscillation
3.5
isotherm
equation or curve on a graph representing the behaviour of a material at a constant temperature
3.6isochrone
equation or curve on a graph representing the behaviour of a material at a constant frequency
3.7range of linear viscoelastic behaviour
range in which complex shear modulus is independent of shear stress or shear strain
4 PrincipleA known oscillatory shear stress is applied to the temperature controlled test geometry, in which the
bituminous test specimen is held. The binder's shear strain response to the shear stress is measured.
Alternatively, a known oscillatory shear strain is applied to the test specimen and the resulting shear
stress is measured.Except for specific purposes, the test is performed in the region of linear viscoelastic behaviour.
5 ApparatusUsual laboratory apparatus and glassware, together with the following:
5.1 Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), with either an integral temperature control system or
temperature control attachments, capable of controlling the temperature over a minimum range of 5 °C
to 85 °C with an accuracy of ± 0,1 °C throughout the test period. The rheometer shall be fitted with
parallel plates, with a constant gap across the area of the plates. Depending on the expected complex
shear modulus range different plate diameters (for example 25 mm, 8 mm or 4 mm) are used (see 6.2).
The temperature control system shall encompass both plates to avoid temperature gradients across the
plates. When the test specimen is immersed in liquid other than water, ensure that the liquid does not
affect the properties of the material being analysed. The rheometer shall be capable to determine |G*|, at
least in the range of 1 kPa to 10 MPa and the phase angle (δ), in the range 0° to 90°.
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NOTE 1 When liquid is used to immerse the test specimen, a water/glycol mixture has been found to be suitable.
The proportions used depend on how low the temperature intended for testing is. Rheometers using radio
frequency (RF) heating and/or liquid gas cooling or other heating/cooling systems can be used in accordance with
the manufacturer's instructions.Where the bottom plate is nominally the same diameter as the top plate, a visual check should be made
to ensure the two plates are vertically aligned. If there is any doubt as to the alignment of the top and
bottom plates, the manufacturer, or a qualified technician, should re-align the plate geometry.
NOTE 2 The fact that the temperature control range is 5 °C to 85 °C does not imply that accurate results will
necessarily be obtained for all binders over this range (see 6.2 and 6.3, Note 1). Furthermore, temperatures outside
this range can also be used, provided the results are not affected by material or instrument limitations (see 6.2).
5.2 Moulds or sheet materials, for the preparation of the test specimens. The moulds or sheet
material, where used, shall be of silicone or similar material, which does not adhere to the test specimen.
For a testing geometry with a diameter of 25 mm and a gap setting of 1 mm, a mould with a cavity of
approximately 18 mm in diameter and 2 mm deep may be used. For a testing geometry with a diameter
of 8 mm and a gap setting of 2 mm, a mould with a cavity of approximately 8 mm in diameter and 2,5 mm
deep may be used. For a testing geometry with a diameter of 4 mm with different gap settings, a mould
with a cavity of approximately 4 mm in diameter and 3 mm deep may be used. In any case, the operator
shall assure adequate filling of the gap according to 8.3.The use of grease or other anti-stick products should be avoided because they can affect the adherence
of the specimen to the rheometer plates.5.3 Oven, ventilated laboratory model, capable of being controlled at temperatures between 50 °C and
200 °C with an accuracy of ± 5 °C.6 Preparation of rheometers
6.1 General
An informative flow chart for preparation of rheometers is given in Annex E, Figure E.1.
6.2 Selection of GeometryFor different ranges of complex shear modulus plates of different diameters and gap settings shall be
used to respect the instruments limitations.For determining complex shear modulus of bituminous binders in the range 1 kPa to 100 kPa, the
geometry with a diameter of 25 mm and a gap setting of 1,0 mm is suitable for most instruments. For
determining complex shear modulus of bituminous binders in the range 100 kPa to 10 MPa, the geometry
with a diameter of 8 mm a gap setting from 2,0 mm is suitable for most instruments. Overlapping of test
results from both geometries is recommended (see 8.5).For determining complex shear modulus of bituminous binders below 1 kPa, a geometry with a diameter
bigger than 25 mm is recommended. Alternatively, the geometry with a diameter of 25 mm may be used
provided that test results in the expected range of the complex shear modulus are verified with a
calibrated fluid.Plates of other diameters and other gap settings with different ranges of complex shear modulus may
also be used, ensuring compliance effects of the instrument do not affect the results (see 6.3, Note 1), the
minimum torque specification of the rheometer is respected and the testing is done in the linear
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NOTE Recent research results demonstrate the suitability of a plate diameter of 4 mm for testing complex
shear modulus in a range 10 MPa to 1 GPa. Depending on the specimen installation procedure, a gap setting between
1,0 mm and 3,0 mm is generally suitable.6.3 Set up
Set up the rheometer in the sequence given in the manufacturer's instructions, including the procedure
for selecting and setting the correct geometry and gap.NOTE 1 The selection of system geometry can affect the accuracy of results. The manufacturer can have
determined the operational limits and this information can be available but, if not, it can be determined by running
a test specimen over a range of test temperatures using all the test geometries likely to be used in practice, and
plotting |G*| against either frequency or phase angle (δ). Where the divergence between the plots for each geometry
exceeds 15 %, this is an indication that compliance effects are affecting one or more of the geometries. The chosen
geometry(ies) which shows the more rapid fall in |G*|, or the lower phase angle, indicates that its accuracy limit has
been reached. Also, for most rheometers generally used in this document, irrespective of the geometry chosen,
values of |G*| in excess of 10 Pa are likely to be suspect. Software corrections to the stiffness can be acceptable
provided appropriate validation is supplied by the manufacturer.The rheometer and temperature control system should be calibrated at regular intervals in accordance
with the quality assurance procedure of the laboratory. The rheometer and temperature control system
should be calibrated by a means traceable to a national standard. Also, it is advisable to verify the
accuracy of the temperature control system by means of a certified temperature-measuring device at
regular intervals. Take note that external devices read the accurate temperature value only if they are
calibrated correctly. A temperature verification procedure is described in Annex A.
NOTE 2 The temperature in the test specimen can differ from the temperature read by the device if insufficient
equilibration time is used. A procedure for determining equilibration time is described in Annex B.
6.4 Zero Gap SettingFor initialization, the gap between the plates shall be set to zero to give a reference for the gap change for
the thermal expansion of the geometry. Prior to loading the first test specimen, the zero gap is set with
both clean plates at ambient temperature.NOTE For temperature control systems with minimized thermal gradients within the gap, the zero gap can be
set at any temperature assuring thermal equilibrium of the geometry.If the DSR has no gap compensation feature, the zero gap can be set at the mid-point of the temperature
range to be tested.7 Specimen preparation
CAUTION — This document involves handling of apparatus and binders at very high temperatures.
Always wear protective gloves and eyeglasses when handling hot binder, and avoid contact with any
exposed skin.7.1 General
An informative flow chart for specimen preparation is given in Annex E, Figure E.1.
7.2 Heating procedure for binders prepared above 100 °CThis procedure is applicable for all binders except cut-backs and stabilised binders from emulsions.
Prepare the bituminous binder in accordance with EN 12594.If the specification grade of the binder is known, the upper softening point limit may be used.
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Avoid prolonged heating of the bulk binder sample, and use the heating periods in EN 12594 as the
maximum time prior to withdrawal of (a) sub-sample(s). For very large bulk samples, it is convenient to
redistribute the binder in smaller bulk samples after heating and careful homogenisation. Place the
sample in the oven maintained at a temperature of (85 ± 5) °C above the expected softening point of the
binder, or at 180 °C, whichever is the lower. For polymer-modified binders, the temperature shall be in
accordance with EN 12594.Binder samples shall not be reheated more than two times.
Reheating times for sub-samples shall conform to following requirements:
• < 50 g: max 15 min;
• 50 g to 100 g: max 30 min;
• 100 g to 500 g: max 1 h;
• 500 g to 1 kg: max 2 h.
7.3 Heating procedure for binders prepared at temperatures less than 100 °C
This procedure is intended for cut-back binders and stabilised binders from emulsions. Warm the binder
sufficiently and for the minimum time required until it becomes sufficiently fluid either to prepare
smaller bulk samples or to directly prepare moulded test specimens. The binder shall not be heated above
100 °C.NOTE Normally, warming the binder to its softening point is sufficient. For heavily modified stabilised binders
from emulsions, a temperature closer to 100 °C can be more appropriate. For too viscous samples, a spatula can be
used to remove small quantities at a time from the bulk to place onto the rheometer plate.
Binder samples shall not be reheated more than two times.7.4 Specimen manufacturing and storage conditions
Moulds or sheet materials may be used for all types of binders.
When the binder reaches temperature after the heating period, stir and mix with a spatula to ensure
homogeneity (especially for polymer modified binders); or after the heating period, remove a sub-sample
of convenient size for handling safely and of sufficient volume, to prepare the required number of test
specimens plus approximately 50 %.Pour into moulds or directly on to sheets. Care shall be taken to avoid air bubbles in the specimen. Choose
one or more test shapes that will give reliable measurements with the selected test apparatus. The
moulds shall be stored at ambient temperature. If the ambient temperature is higher than 30 °C or the
binder is very soft, specimens may be cooled down for storage, but not below 5 °C. All specimens shall be
covered.A minimum storage duration before the de-moulding and testing procedure of 30 min shall be maintained
for all bituminous binders. For modified binders that do exhibit phenomena such as crystallization (e.g.
EVA modified binders) the minimum storage duration shall be increased to 12 h. A maximum delay of
two weeks shall not be exceeded for all bituminous binders. The storage time shall be stated in the test
report.8 Procedure
8.1 General
An informative flow chart for the test procedure is given in Annex E, Figure E.2.
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8.2 Specimen placing onto the rheometer
Carefully prepare the rheometer plates for receipt of the test specimen by cleaning them with a suitable
solvent and soft cleaning cloth or paper. Do not use metal or any other materials, which may damage the
surfaces of the plates, and take care not to bend the shaft of the upper plate.When using moulds or sheet material, the specimens may be placed in the refrigerator but not below 5 °C
for a maximum time of 30 min prior to de-moulding. De-moulding and loading onto the rheometer should
take place just after removal from the refrigerator.Specimen installation shall be performed in conditions ensuring satisfactory adhesion of the test
specimen to the rheometer plate, resetting rheologic history of the specimen by allowing sufficient
molecular mobility and ensuring adequate filling of the gap (see 8.3). If the sample flows out of the gap
before reaching gap setting and there is no adequate filling, the installation temperature shall be reduced.
Set the temperature of both plates to the expected softening point of the binder plus 5 °C to 20 °C. The
temperature shall be within a tolerance of ± 1,0 °C for a period of at least 5 min. If the upper plate has no
heating, it can be warmed by contact with lower plate and/or using a water bath. Load the specimen and
set the trimming gap according 8.3.Alternative temperatures may be used for the temperature for both plates provided that adhesion takes
place between the binder and the plate, and that the binder is sufficiently fluid to allow the gap to be
achieved.8.3 Gap setting
Values of 1,0 mm for 25 mm plate diameters and 2,0 mm for 8 mm plate diameters are recommended gap
settings.Bring the test specimen to the selected gap setting plus 0,05 mm for 25 mm plate diameter and plus
0,10 mm for 8 mm plate diameter. The normal force should be monitored during gap setting and reach
the key value of 1,0 N or below to continue the procedure. If the normal force can not be monitored by
the instrument a waiting time of at least 5 min need to be maintained after gap setting. Then trim any
excess binder with a knife, a spatula or a special trimming tool. It has been found helpful to heat the
trimming tool before trimming. After trimming, raise or lower the opposing plate to the set testing gap
(± 0,01 mm). Do not trim at this stage. The entire process of placing and trimming the specimen shall not
take more than 10 min.For the testing gap to be adequately filled, the test specimen shall cover the whole measuring plate
(indicated by a slight bulging at the periphery of the test specimen). If the testing gap is not adequately
filled, remove, re-prepare the rheometer plates, and prepare a fresh test specimen.
8.4 Temperature and frequency conditions selectingSet up the rheometer to test in the oscillatory mode to ensure a dynamic response from the specimen
under test.Select the test temperatures appropriate to the binder being tested. Temperatures should be selected so
that the binder can be adequately characterised with no temperature increment being greater than
(10,0 ± 0,1) °C. Allow the test specimen to equilibrate within the test geometry at each test temperature
before testing (see Annex B). The equilibration time between test temperatures shall be stated in
...
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