D09 - Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of technical terms associated with testing and specifying solid electrical and electronic insulating materials.  
1.2 This terminology standard shall contain all definitions that are balloted specifically through Subcommittee D09.94 and through D09 main committee and that are of general interest to standards associated with electrical and electronic insulating materials. Those definitions shall be of importance to electrical and electronic insulating materials issues but need not be directly associated with a specific standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials.  
1.3 It is intended that all definitions in this terminology standard originating in a specific standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D09 be identical to definitions of the same terms as printed in standards of originating technical subcommittees, with the exceptions of: (1) deletion of any part of the Discussion included in another standard that refers specifically to the use of a term in that standard; (2) figure numbers and corresponding references; and (3) in this terminology standard, a parenthetical addition of a reference to one or more technical standards in which the term is used and the year in which the term was added to this compilation.  
1.3.1 Definitions contained in this terminology standard which did not originate in a specific standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D09, or which originated in a standard that has since been revised or withdrawn, and that have been appropriately balloted, shall also be included in this terminology standard.  
1.4 It is permissible to include symbols as part of the representation of terms, where appropriate.  
1.5 It is not intended that this terminology standard include symbols (except as noted in 1.4). It is also permissible to include acronyms and abbreviations referring directly to defined terms.  
1.6 Revisions and additions to those definitions in this terminology standard which originate in a specific standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D09 are to be made as a product of a collaborative effort between Subcommittee D09.94 and the corresponding technical subcommittee of Committee D09, with Subcommittee D09.94 providing editorial advice to the technical subcommittees.  
1.7 Each definition in this terminology standard shall be accompanied by the year in which it was first incorporated into the standard, placed at the end in parentheses. All discussions shall also carry a date; it is possible that the discussion date is different from the definition date.  
1.8 1.8.1 – 1.8.3 contain references to specific terminology standards that are relevant to specific electrical insulating materials or applications. In case of conflict between a definition contained in Terminology D1711 and one contained in another standard, the definition given in Terminology D1711 shall prevail.  
1.8.1 For terms related to plastics, the applicable definitions are contained in Terminology D883.  
1.8.2 For terms relating to fire, the applicable definitions are contained in Terminology E176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict between Terminology E176 and ISO 13943, the definitions given in Terminology E176 shall prevail.  
1.8.3 For terms relating to precision and bias and associated issues, the applicable definitions are contained in Terminology E456.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers electrical insulating tape consisting of a flexible backing made from vinyl chloride plastic coated on one side with a pressure-sensitive adhesive. The tape shall be classified according to thickness: Type I and Type II. The backing shall be polyvinyl chloride plastic suitably compounded to meet the requirements of this specification. The backing shall be smooth and uniform. The selection of rolls, conditioning, and testing shall be in accordance with the specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers electrical insulating tape consisting of a flexible backing made from vinyl chloride plastic coated on one side with a pressure-sensitive adhesive.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Gel time is important in determining batch uniformity and some processing characteristics. It is indicative of pot life and shelf life.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the gel time of a solventless varnish mixed with a catalyst, if required, and exposed to elevated temperature.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: Although this test method and IEC 60455-2 differ in approach or detail, data obtained using either are technically equivalent.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precaution statement, see Section 8.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is widely used within the paper industry, in conjunction with other tests of strength, as a predictor of end-use performance of a wide range of grades of papers.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the force perpendicular to the plane of the paper required to tear multiple sheets of paper through a specified distance after the tear has been started, using an Elmendorf-type tearing tester. The measured results can be used to calculate the approximate tearing resistance of a single sheet. In the case of tearing a single sheet of paper, the tearing resistance is measured directly.
Note 1: Similar procedures for making Elmendorf-type tear measurements are found in ISO 1974 and TAPPI T414.  
1.2 This test method is not suitable for determining the cross-directional tearing resistance of highly directional boards and papers.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The dissipation factor of natural muscovite mica, as determined by this test method, is of practical importance as a measure of the electrical energy lost as heat in the mica serving as the dielectric substance of capacitors, or in other applications in which the electric field is applied perpendicular to the plane of cleavage. The dissipation factor is particularly important in applications using mica at radio frequencies and in some less extensive audio frequency applications. This test method is suitable for specification acceptance and dielectric-loss control tests (see the Significance and Use of Test Methods D150).  
4.2 Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)—The permittivity of natural muscovite mica is a measure of its relative ability to store electrostatic energy. Since the relative permittivity perpendicular to the cleavage plane is fairly uniform, regardless of origin, its practical significance is mainly for identification purposes, special uses, research, and design. If a loss index is desired, the value of the permittivity must be known (see the Significance and Use of Test Methods D150).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dissipation factor and the relative permittivity of natural block mica having thicknesses between 0.007 and 0.030 in. (0.18 and 0.77 mm) and mica films or capacitor splits between 0.0008 and 0.004 in. (0.02 and 0.10 mm) in thickness.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information purposes only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific warning statement is given in Section 7 and 6.1.1.  
Note 1: Procedures for the measurement of dissipation factor and permittivity are given in IEC Publication 60371-2, but the details of the procedure are somewhat different from those specified in this test method.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Control—The following tests are useful for control purposes during the manufacture and use of varnishes, and for determining the uniformity of batches:  
4.1.1 Specific gravity,  
4.1.2 Viscosity,  
4.1.3 Flash point, and  
4.1.4 Nonvolatile matter by weight.  
4.2 Performance—The following tests are useful for determining the performance of varnishes during application and use:  
4.2.1 Drainage,  
4.2.2 Time of drying,  
4.2.3 Build,  
4.2.4 Dielectric strength,  
4.2.5 Thermal endurance,  
4.2.6 Varnish compatibility,  
4.2.7 Salt water proofness, and  
4.2.8 Oil resistance.
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1.1 These test methods cover tests for solvent containing varnishes primarily intended to provide electrical, mechanical, and chemical protection for electrical equipment. These test methods include tests for control and performance as follows:    
Procedure  
Section  
Build  
38 – 42  
Dielectric Strength  
43 – 48  
Drainage  
26 – 32  
Flash Point  
18 – 20  
Nonvolatile Matter  
21 – 25  
Oil Resistance  
54 – 56  
Preparation of Test Specimens  
7  
Specific Gravity  
9 – 12  
Temperature Index  
49 – 50  
Time of Drying  
33 – 37  
Varnish Compatibility  
51 – 53  
Viscosity  
13 – 17  
1.2 Where the entire test method is included in this standard, the precision and bias are not known unless given in the stated method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 5.
Note 1: There is no equivalent IEC standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A major factor affecting the life of insulating materials is thermal degradation. Other factors, such as moisture and vibration, are able to cause failures after the material has been weakened by thermal degradation.  
5.2 Electrical insulation is effective in electrical equipment only as long as it retains its physical and electrical integrity. Thermal degradation is able to be characterized by weight change, porosity, crazing, and generally a reduction in flexibility, and is usually accompanied by an ultimate reduction in dielectric breakdown voltage.
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1.1 This test method provides a procedure for evaluating thermal endurance of flexible sheet materials by determining dielectric breakdown voltage at room temperature after aging in air at selected elevated temperatures. Thermal endurance is expressed in terms of a temperature index.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to such solid electrical insulating materials as coated fabrics, dielectric films, composite laminates, and other materials where retention of flexibility after heat aging is of major importance (see Note 4).  
1.3 This test method is not intended for the evaluation of rigid laminate materials nor for the determination of thermal endurance of those materials which are not expected or required to retain flexibility in actual service.  
1.4 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 10.1.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
7.1 Accurate determination of thickness is important for identification purposes. Thickness is related to weight and must be known in order to calculate apparent density and the dielectric strength.  
7.2 Thickness variation affects the quality of roll winding and is useful in judging the uniformity of mica paper particularly with respect to dielectric breakdown voltage, impregnation time, and thickness of the end product.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and testing untreated mica paper to be used as an electrical insulator or as a constituent of a composite material used for electrical insulating purposes.  
1.2 The procedures2 appear in the following order:    
ASTM  
Method  
Procedures  
Sections  
References  
Apparent Density  
12  
...  
Aqueous Extract Conductivity  
32 and 33  
D202  
Conditioning  
4  
D685  
Dielectric Strength  
16 – 19  
D149  
Impregnation Time  
20 – 24  
D202  
Moisture Content  
26 – 28  
D644  
Roll Quality  
25  
...  
Sampling  
3  
...  
Tensile Strength  
13 – 15  
D828  
Thickness  
6 – 10  
D374/D374M  
Weight  
11  
D646  
Weight Variability  
29 – 31  
...  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
These test methods cover the testing of fibrous-insulated electrical conductors, commonly referred to as magnet wire, which are used in electrical apparatus. The test methods are intended primarily for evaluation of the electrical insulating materials used. It is intended that these test methods be used, except where modified by individual specifications for particular applications. This elongation testing method covers the determination of the elongation of fibrous insulated magnet wire that results in a fracture of the conductor. The electrical resistance testing method covers the determination of the electrical resistance of fibrous insulated magnet wire conductors. The fibrous coverage testing method covers the determination of the quality of fibrous servings on round magnet wire or bare conductor. The measurement of dimensions test methods determine the dimensions of the bare or film insulated conductor and the fibrous-insulated magnet wire. The adhesion and flexibility test method covers the evaluation of the flexibility and adherence of varnished fibrous glass, and varnished or unvarnished fibrous polyester-glass insulating material on either bare conductor, or film-insulated magnet wire. The dielectric breakdown voltage test method covers the determination of the dielectric breakdown voltage in air of insulation on round, rectangular, and square wires at commercial power frequencies.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of fibrous-insulated electrical conductors, commonly referred to as magnet wire, which are used in electrical apparatus. The test methods are intended primarily for evaluation of the electrical insulating materials used. It is intended that these test methods be used, except where modified by individual specifications for particular applications.  
1.1.1 These test methods apply to those magnet wires that are fiber-covered and in which the substrate is bare conductor or is coated with an underlying insulating film as covered by Test Methods D1676. Fiber-covered wires are produced by serving helically or wrapping fibers or fibrous-tape insulation uniformly around the wire in single and multiple layers. The served or wrapped materials are bonded or not bonded to the underlying wire.  
1.2 The test methods appear in the following sections:    
Procedure  
Section  
Measurement of Dimensions  
7  
Electrical Resistance of Conductors  
5  
Elongation  
4  
Adhesion and Flexibility  
8  
Fibrous Coverage  
6  
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage  
9  
1.3 This standard and IEC 60851 are similar if not equivalent in technical content.  
1.4 This standard and NEMA MW 1000 are similar if not equivalent in technical content.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 8.4.1 and 9.4.1 for specific caution statements.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the properties and requirements for electrical insulating tape consisting of a backing of vinyl chloride plastic, coated on one side with a pressure-sensitive adhesive, for use at low temperatures. Four types are included providing two thicknesses at two operating temperatures. Selected from standard widths and lengths, the tapes shall conform to specified values of the following requirements: break strength; break and static elongation; dielectric breakdown; adhesion to both steel and backing; roll unwind; high-humidity insulation resistance; flammability; and behavior during flagging test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers an electrical insulating tape for use at low temperature down to approximately -18 °C (0 °F). The tape consists of a backing of vinyl chloride plastic, coated on one side with a pressure-sensitive adhesive. Four types are included providing two thicknesses at two operating temperatures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Gel time is important in determining batch uniformity and some processing characteristics. It is indicative of pot life and shelf life.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the gel time of a solventless varnish mixed with a catalyst, if required, and exposed to elevated temperature. There are two methods presented here. New equipment for Method A is no longer available.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precaution statement, see Section 6.
Note 1: Although this standard and IEC 60455–2 differ in approach or detail, data obtained using either are technically equivalent.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some electrical properties, such as dielectric strength, vary with the thickness of the material. Determination of certain properties, such as relative permittivity (dielectric constant) and volume resistivity, usually require a knowledge of the thickness. Design and construction of electrical machinery require that the thickness of insulation be known.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the thickness of several types of solid electrical insulating materials employing recommended techniques. Use these test methods except as otherwise required by a material specification.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test determines the compressive creep under laboratory conditions or under conditions that are possibly encountered during manufacture of electrical equipment. It has special significance if the material to be tested is applied as commutator segment insulation. It serves as a measure under specified conditions of the ability of the material to resist deformation while under compressive load, during exposure to elevated temperature for a specified time. This test is suitable for acceptance tests and for manufacturing control.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of bonded mica splittings and bonded mica paper to be used for commutator insulation, hot molding, heater plates, and other similar insulating purposes.  
1.2 These test methods appear in the following sections:
Test  
Sections  
Compressive Creep  
4 – 10    
Dielectric Strength  
38 – 41    
Mica or Binder Content  
19    
Molding Test  
31 – 36    
Organic Binder  
20 – 24    
Resistivity  
42 – 46    
Silicone Binder  
25 – 30    
Stability Under Heat and Pressure  
11 – 18    
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 40.1 and 45.1 for specific hazard statements.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers thermoplastic fluoropolymer-based materials, intended for use as an encapsulation material for downhole cables used during well completion by the petroleum and natural gas industries.  
1.1.1 The fluoropolymer-based materials to be used for this purpose shall be virgin materials and shall be permitted to contain up to 25 %, by weight, of reprocessed material (regrind) of the same fluoropolymer generic material type. When reprocessed material is included, it shall be thoroughly mixed with virgin material.  
1.2 The fluoropolymers covered by this specification include but are not limited to the following: ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyethylene chlorotetrafluoroethylene (ECTFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), copolymers of PVDF, polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA).  
1.3 This specification establishes common temperature ratings for the encapsulation materials and also describes requirements for alternative temperature ratings.  
1.4 The applications for the encapsulation materials covered by this specification are all associated with downhole cables used during well completion. Such applications include, but are not limited to, the following: control lines (CL), tubing encased conductors (TEC), tubing encased fiber cables (TEF), and tubing encased power cables (TEPC). Other downhole cable products such as surface-controlled sub-surface safety valves (SCSSV or SSSV) and chemical injection lines/chemical injection tubes (CIL/CIT) are also covered by this specification.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers crosslinked polymer insulation material consisting substantially of polyethylene or a polyethylene copolymer for electrical wires and cables in conductor, suitable for continuous use on power cables in wet and dry locations, having specified sizes and operating at specified voltage ratings and conductor temperatures. Materials covered by this specification are not sunlight and weather resistant unless they are carbon black pigmented or contain an additive system designed for this protection. Since the insulation cannot be tested unless it has been formed around a conductor, tests shall then be done on insulated wire solely to determine the relevant property of the insulation and not to test the conductor or completed cable. Materials shall meet the physical properties as follows: unaged tensile strength and elongation at rupture; tensile strength and elongation at rupture after air oven aging; heat distortion; filled and unfilled percent hot creep; and filled and unfilled percent hot set. Insulations shall also perform satisfactorily during tests for AC and DC voltage, insulation resistance, and accelerated water absorption.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a crosslinked polyethylene insulation for electrical wires and cables in conductor sizes 14 AWG [2.08 mm2] and larger. The base polymer of this insulation consists substantially of polyethylene or a polyethylene copolymer.  
1.2 This type of insulation is suitable for continuous use on power cables in wet and dry locations, for voltage ratings not exceeding 2000 V and at conductor temperatures not exceeding 90 °C for normal operation. For copper conductors, the insulation can be applied over the uncoated metal.  
1.3 Materials covered by this specification are not sunlight and weather resistant unless they are carbon black pigmented or contain an additive system designed for this protection.  
1.4 In many instances the insulation cannot be tested unless it has been formed around a conductor. Therefore, tests are done on insulated wire in this standard solely to determine the relevant property of the insulation and not to test the conductor or completed cable.  
1.5 Whenever two sets of values are presented, in different units, the values in the first set are the standard, while those in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 Method—It is possible that electrical insulation in service will fail as a result of tracking, erosion, or a combination of both, if exposed to high relative humidity and contamination environments. This is particularly true of organic insulations in outdoor applications where the surface of the insulation becomes contaminated by deposits of moisture and dirt, for example, coal dust or salt spray. This test method is an accelerated test that simulates extremely severe outdoor contamination. It is believed that the most severe conditions likely to be encountered in outdoor service in the United States will be relatively mild compared to the conditions specified in this test method.  
6.2 Test Results—Materials can be classified by this test method as tracking-resistant, tracking-affected, or tracking-susceptible. The exact test values for these categories as they apply to specific uses will be specified in the appropriate material specifications, but guideline figures are suggested in Note 4. Tracking-resistant materials, unless erosion failure occurs first, have the potential to last many hundreds of hours (Note 5). Erosion, though it is possible that it will progress laterally, generally results in a failure perpendicular to the specimen surface. Therefore, compare only specimens of the same nominal thickness for resistance to tracking-induced erosion. Estimate the extent of erosion from measurements of the depth of penetration of the erosion. Place materials that are not tracking-susceptible in three broad categories—erosion-resistant, erosion-affected, and erosion-susceptible. When the standard thickness specimen is tested, the following times to failure typify the categories (Note 6):    
Erosion-susceptible  
5 h to 50 h  
Erosion-affected  
50 h to 200 h  
Erosion-resistant  
over 200 h
Note 4: Tracking-susceptible materials usually fail within 5 h. Tracking-affected materials usually fail before about 100 h.
Note 5: This information is derive...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to differentiate solid electrical insulating materials with respect to their resistance to the action of electric arcs produced by conduction through surface films of a specified contaminant containing moisture. Test Methods D2302, D2303, D3638, and D5288 are also useful to evaluate materials.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are the standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are for information only. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no equivalent ISO standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics associated with heat and smoke release and resulting from burning the materials insulating electrical or optical fiber cables, when made into cables and installed on a vertical cable tray. The specimens are allowed to burn freely under well ventilated conditions after ignition by means of a propane gas burner. The ignition source used in this test method is also described as a premixed flame flaming ignition source in Practice E3020, which contains an exhaustive compilation of ignition sources.  
5.2 The rate of heat release often serves as an indication of the intensity of the fire generated. General considerations of the importance of heat release rate are discussed in Appendix X1 and considerations for heat release calculations are in Appendix X2.  
5.3 Other fire-test-response characteristics that are measurable by this test method are useful to make decisions on fire safety. The test method is also used for measuring smoke obscuration. The apparatus described here is also useful to measure gaseous components of smoke; the most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides, present in all fires. The carbon oxides are major indicators of the completeness of combustion and are often used as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy of heat release measurements.  
5.4 Test Limitations:  
5.4.1 The fire-test-response characteristics measured in this test are a representation of the manner in which the specimens tested behave under certain specific conditions. Do not assume they are representative of a generic fire performance of the materials tested when made into cables of the construction under consideration.  
5.4.2 In particular, it is unlikely that this test is an adequate representation of the fire behavior of cables in confined spaces, without abundant circulation of air.  
5.4.3 This is an intermediate-scale test...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.2 This test method provides a means to measure the heat released and smoke obscuration by burning the electrical insulating materials contained in electrical or optical fiber cables when the cable specimens, excluding accessories, are subjected to a specified flaming ignition source and burn freely under well ventilated conditions. Flame propagation cable damage, by char length, and mass loss are also measured.  
1.3 This test method provides two different protocols for exposing the materials, when made into cable specimens, to an ignition source (approximately 20 kW), for a 20 min test duration. Use it to determine the heat release, smoke release, flame propagation and mass loss characteristics of the materials contained in single and multiconductor electrical or optical fiber cables.  
1.4 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of materials insulating electrical or optical fiber cables in fire conditions other than the ones specifically used in this test method nor does it measure the contribution of the materials in those cables to a developing fire condition.  
1.5 Data describing the burning behavior from ignition to the end of the test are obtained.  
1.6 This test equipment is suitable for measuring the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases (see Appendix X4).  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard (see IEEE/ASTM SI-10). The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions  
...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The electrical behavior of semiconducting extruded shielding materials is important for a variety of reasons, such as safety, static charges, and current transmission. This test method is useful in predicting the behavior of such semiconducting compounds. Also see Test Method D4496.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the volume resistivity, measured longitudinally, of extruded crosslinked and thermoplastic semiconducting, conductor and insulation shields for wire and cable.  
1.2 In common practice the conductor shield is often referred to as the strand shield.  
1.3 Technically, this test method is the measurement of a resistance between two electrodes on a single surface and modifying that value using dimensions of the specimen geometry to calculate a resistivity. However, the geometry of the specimen is such as to support the assumption of a current path primarily throughout the volume of the material between the electrodes, thus justifying the use of the term “longitudinal volume resistivity.” (See 3.1.2.1.)  
1.4 Whenever two sets of values are presented, in different units, the values in the first set are the standard, while those in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 7.1.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method applies to all papers made from unmodified cellulose, as used in transformer, cable, or capacitor manufacture. It applies to new or aged papers. For information, Appendix X1 shows an example of statistical distribution of  values for new papers intended for the insulation of transformers, together with information relative to cable and capacitor papers. Nevertheless, where evaluating the decomposition stage of aged papers, take care to use, as a reference, the  value of the new paper of the very same origin;  of new papers being a function, among other factors, of their specific gravity and of their manufacturing process.  
5.2 This test method can also be used for the determination of the intrinsic viscosity of solutions of chemically modified papers, provided that these dissolve completely in the selection solvent. Use this test method with caution when it is applied to papers with mineral fillers.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a standard procedure for determining the average viscometric degree of polymerization (abbreviated ) of new or aged electrical papers. The determination is made by measuring the intrinsic viscosity of a solution of the paper in an appropriate solvent.  
1.2 The degree of polymerization (or the degree of condensation) of a particular cellulose molecule is the number of anhydro-β-glucose monomers, C6H10O5, in the cellulose molecule. Within a sample of paper, not all the cellulose molecules have the same degree of polymerization so that the mean value measured by viscometric methods is not necessarily the same as that which are obtained by other methods.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics associated with smoke obscuration and resulting from burning the electrical insulating materials contained in electrical or optical fiber cables. The specimens are allowed to burn freely under well ventilated conditions after ignition by means of a propane gas burner.  
5.2 Smoke obscuration quantifies the visibility in fires.  
5.3 This test method is also suitable for measuring the rate of heat release as an optional measurement. The rate of heat release often serves as an indication of the intensity of the fire generated. Test Method D5537 provides means for measuring heat release with the equipment used in this test method.  
5.4 Other optional fire-test-response characteristics that are measurable by this test method are useful to make decisions on fire safety. The most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are major indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combustion, and are often used as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy of heat release measurements. Other toxic gases, which are specific to certain materials, are less crucial for determining combustion completeness.  
5.5 Test Limitations:  
5.5.1 The fire-test-response characteristics measured in this test method are a representation of the manner in which the specimens tested behave under certain specific conditions. Do not assume they are representative of a generic fire performance of the materials tested when made into cables of the construction under consideration.  
5.5.2 In particular, it is unlikely that this test method is an adequate representation of the fire behavior of cables in confined spaces, without abundant circulation of air.  
5.5.3 This is an intermediate-scale test, and the predictability of its results to large scale fires has not been determined. Some information ...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.2 This test method provides a means to measure the smoke obscuration resulting from burning electrical insulating materials contained in electrical or optical fiber cables when the cable specimens, excluding accessories, are subjected to a specified flaming ignition source and burn freely under well ventilated conditions.  
1.3 This test method provides two different protocols for exposing the materials, when made into cable specimens, to an ignition source (approximately 20 kW), for a 20 min test duration. Use it to determine the flame propagation and smoke release characteristics of the materials contained in single and multiconductor electrical or optical fiber cables designed for use in cable trays.  
1.4 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of electrical or optical fiber cables in fire conditions other than the ones specifically used in this test method, nor does it measure the contribution of the cables to a developing fire condition.  
1.5 Data describing the burning behavior from ignition to the end of the test are obtained.  
1.6 The production of light obscuring smoke is measured.  
1.7 The burning behavior is documented visually, by photographic or video recordings, or both.  
1.8 The test equipment is suitable for making other, optional, measurements, including the rate of heat release of the burning specimen, by an oxygen consumption technique and weight loss.  
1.9 Another set of optional measurements are the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases.  
1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. (See IEEE/ASTM SI 10.)  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety...

ABSTRACT
This specification covers semirigid, flame-retardant, crosslinked poly(vinylidene fluoride) heat-shrinkable tubing for electrical insulation purposes. It is supplied in an expanded form and will shrink to its extruded diameter when heated. The tubing shall be extruded, crosslinked, and then expanded to the required dimensions. The material shall conform to the chemical property requirements specified. Every lot of material manufactured shall be tested for restricted shrinkage, heat shock, tensile strength, and elongation to conform to the mechanical, thermal, electrical requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers semirigid, flame-retardant, crosslinked poly(vinylidene fluoride) heat-shrinkable tubing for electrical insulation purposes. It is supplied in an expanded form and will shrink to its extruded diameter when heated.
Note 1: This standard is similar but not identical to IEC 60684–3–228.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard, except temperature which shall be stated in degrees Celsius. Values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
8.1 In the buyer-seller relationship it is necessary that an understanding exists as to the expected nominal characteristics of the product, and the magnitude of permissible departure from the nominal values. Also, it is necessary that an agreement be reached as to how many units of a lot can fall outside of the specification limits without rejection of the lot. It is this latter subject that is addressed by this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and testing untreated paper to be used as an electrical insulator or as a constituent of a composite material used for electrical insulating purposes.  
1.1.1 Untreated papers are thin, fibrous sheets normally laid down from a water suspension of pulped fibers (usually cellulosic) with or without various amounts of nonfibrous ingredients, and which are calendared, if required, to obtain desired thickness and density. Nevertheless, these test methods are applicable, generally although not invariably, to papers formed by other means, to papers modified (during or after formation) by additions, and to papers given subsequent mechanical treatments such as creping.  
1.1.2 As an electrical insulating and dielectric material, paper is considered “untreated” until it is subjected to a manufacturing process such as drying, impregnation, or varnish treatment.  
1.1.3 The test methods given herein were developed specifically for papers having a thickness of 0.75 mm (0.030 in.) or less. A number of these test methods are also suitable for use on other materials such as pulps or boards. Refer to Test Methods D3376 or D3394 to determine which tests are applicable to pulps or electrical insulating boards. In the paper industry, some products in thicknesses of less than 0.75 mm are termed “paperboard”. Such products are included within the scope of these methods.  
1.1.4 These test methods are applicable to flexible fibrous-mat materials formed from suspensions of fiber in fluids other than water. Thicknesses of these mats approach 2 mm, and the fibers contained are possibly natural, synthetic, organic, or inorganic; fillers that are natural, synthetic, organic, or inorganic; and flexible polymeric binder materials.  
1.2 The procedures appear in the following sections:    
Procedure  
Sections  
ASTM or TAPPI Reference
(Modified)  
Absorption (Rise of Water)  
78 to 83  
. . .  
Acidity-Alkalinity-pH  
45 to 54  
E70  
Air Resistance  
98 to 101  
D726  
Aqueous Extract Conductivity  
55 to 64  
. . .  
Ash Content  
40 to 44  
D586  
Bursting Strength  
102 to 107  
D774/D774M  
Chlorides (Water-Extractable)  
165 to 183  
. . .  
Conditioning  
15  
D6054  
Conducting Paths  
138 to 151  
. . .  
Density, Apparent  
29 to 33  
. . .  
Dielectric Strength  
152 to 157  
D149  
Dimensions of Sheet, Rolls and Cores  
16 to 24  
D374  
Dissipation Factor and Permittivity  
158 to 164  
D150  
Edge-Tearing Resistance  
126 to 130  
D827  
Fiber Analysis  
74 to 77  
D1030  
Folding Endurance  
108 to 110  
T 423 and D2176  
Grammage  
25 to 28  
D646  
Permittivity  
158 to 164  
D150  
Heat Stability in Air  
131 to 137  
D827  
Impregnation Time  
84 to 91  
. . .  
Internal-Tearing Resistance  
121 to 125  
D689 or T 414  
Moisture Content  
34 to 39  
D644 and D3277  
Particulate Copper  
193 to 202  
. . .  
Particulate Iron  
184 to 192  
. . .  
Reagents  
4  
D1193  
Reports  
14  
E29  
Sampling  
6 to 13  
D3636  
Silver Tarnishing by Paper and Paperboard  
203 to 206  
T 444  
Solvent-Soluble Matter  
65 to 73  
. . .  
Surface Friction  
92 to 97  
D528 and T 455  
Tensile Properties  
111 to 120  
D76, E4  
Thickness (see Dimensions)  
16 to 24  
D374  
1.3 The tests for Holes and Felt Hair Inclusions and the Stain Test for Fine Pores, have been removed from this compilation of t...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 Thermal degradation is often a major factor affecting the life of insulating materials and the equipment in which they are used. The temperature index provides a means for comparing the thermal capability of different materials in respect to the degradation of a selected property (the aging criterion). This property needs to directly or indirectly represent functional needs in application. For example, it is possible that a change in dielectric strength will be of direct, functional importance. However, more often it is possible that a decrease in dielectric strength will indirectly indicate the development of undesirable cracking (embrittlement). A decrease in flexural strength has the potential to be of direct importance in some applications, but also has the potential to indirectly indicate a susceptibility to failure in vibration. Often, it is necessary that two or more criteria of failure be used; for example, dielectric strength and flexural strength.  
6.2 Other factors, such as vibration, moisture and contaminants, have the potential to cause failure after thermal degradation takes place. In this test method, water absorption provides one means to evaluate such considerations.  
6.3 For some applications, the aging criteria in this test method will not be the most suitable. Other criteria, such as elongation at tensile or flexural failure, or resistivity after exposure to high humidity or weight loss, have the potential to serve better. The procedures in this test method have the potential to be used with such aging criteria. It is important to consider both the nature of the material and its application. For example, it is possible that tensile strength will be a poor choice for glass-fiber reinforced laminates, because it is possible that the glass fiber will maintain the tensile strength even when the associated resin is badly deteriorated. In this case, flexural strength is a better criterion of thermal aging.  
6.4 When dictated by the needs of t...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 provides procedures for evaluating the thermal endurance of rigid electrical insulating materials. Dielectric strength, flexural strength, or water absorption are determined at room temperature after aging for increasing periods of time in air at selected-elevated temperatures. A thermal-endurance graph is plotted using a selected end point at each aging temperature. A means is described for determining a temperature index by extrapolation of the thermal endurance graph to a selected time.  
1.2 This test method is most applicable to rigid electrical insulation such as supports, spacers, voltage barriers, coil forms, terminal boards, circuit boards and enclosures for many types of application where retention of the selected property after heat aging is important.  
1.3 When dielectric strength is used as the aging criterion, it is also acceptable to use this test method for some thin sheet (flexible) materials, which become rigid with thermal aging, but is not intended to replace Test Method D1830 for those materials which must retain a degree of flexibility in use.  
1.4 This test method is not applicable to ceramics, glass, or similar inorganic materials.  
1.5 The values stated in metric units are to be regarded as standard. Other units (in parentheses) are provided for information.  
1.6 When determining the thermal endurance of rigid EIM, the basic concepts in this standard follow IEEE 1, IEEE 98, and IEEE 101.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific warning statement is given in 11.3.4.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization establis...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking the development of fire hazard assessment standards for electrotechnical products. Such standards are expected to be useful to manufacturers, architects, specification writers, and authorities having jurisdiction.  
4.2 As a guide, this document provides information on an approach to the development of a fire hazard assessment standard; fixed procedures are not established. Any limitations in the availability of data, of appropriate test procedures, of adequate fire models, or in the advancement of scientific knowledge will place significant constraints upon the procedure for the assessment of fire hazard.  
4.3 The focus of this guide is on fire assessment standards for electrotechnical products. However, insofar as the concepts in this guide are consistent with those of Guide E1546, the general concepts presented also may be applicable to processes, activities, occupancies, and buildings. Guide E2061 contains an example of how to use information on fire-test-response characteristics of electrotechnical products (electric cables) in a fire hazard assessment for a specific occupancy (rail transportation vehicle).  
4.4 A standard developed following this guide should not attempt to set a safety threshold or other pass/fail criteria. Such a standard should specify all steps required to determine fire hazard measures for which safety thresholds or pass/fail criteria can be meaningfully set by authorities having jurisdiction.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidance on the development of fire hazard assessment standards for electrotechnical products. For the purposes of this guide, products include materials, components, and end-use products.  
1.2 This guide is directed toward development of standards that will provide procedures for assessing fire hazards harmful to people, animals, or property.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.5 This standard is used to predict or provide a quantitative measure of the fire hazard from a specified set of fire conditions involving specific materials, products, or assemblies. This assessment does not necessarily predict the hazard of actual fires which involve conditions other than those assumed in the analysis.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 During operation of electrical equipment, including wires, resistors, and other conductors, it is possible for overheating to occur under certain conditions of operation, or when malfunctions occur. When this happens, a possible result is ignition of the adjacent insulation material.  
5.2 This test method assesses the susceptibility of electrical insulating materials to ignition as a result of exposure to a glowing wire.  
5.3 This test method determines the minimum temperature required to ignite a material by the effect of a glowing heat source, under the specified conditions of test.  
5.4 This method is suitable, subject to the appropriate limitations of an expected precision of ±15 %, to categorize materials.  
5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the minimum temperature required to ignite insulating materials using a glowing heat source. In a preliminary fashion, this test method differentiates between the susceptibilities of different materials with respect to their resistance to ignition due to an electrically-heated source.  
1.2 This test method applies to molded or sheet materials available in thicknesses ranging from 0.25 mm to 6.4 mm.  
1.3 This test method is not valid for determining the ignition behavior of complete electrotechnical equipment, since the design of the electrotechnical product influences the heat transfer between adjacent parts.  
1.4 This test method measures and describes the response or materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. (See IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.)For specific precautionary statements, see Section 9.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 9.  
1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
Note 1: Although this test method and IEC 60695-2-12 differ in approach and in detail, data obtained to determine the glow-wire flammability index (GWFI) using either test method are technically similar. Although this test method and IEC 60695-2-13 differ in approach and in detail, data obtained to determine the glow-wire ignition temperature (GWIT) using either test method are technically similar.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers forced-convection ventilated electrically-heated ovens and used for thermal endurance evaluation of electrical insulating materials. The ovens shall be classified according to ventilations: Type I and Type II. Rate of ventilation, set temperature, temperature variation, and thermal log time properties shall be determined using specified test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers forced-convection ventilated electrically-heated ovens, operating over all or part of the temperature range from 20 °C above the ambient temperature to 500 °C, and used for thermal endurance evaluation of electrical insulating materials.  
1.2 The specification requirements for Type I ovens are based on IEC Publication 60216-4-1, and are technically identical to it. The requirements for Type II ovens are essentially identical to the requirements of Specification D2436. This specification and an associated test method, D5374, have replaced Specification D2436.  
1.3 While the ovens covered by this specification are intended primarily for thermal endurance evaluation, their characteristics make them suitable for other applications as applicable.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers three grades of nonrigid tubing of vinyl chloride polymer or its copolymers with other materials for use in electrical insulation. Clear transparent, black, white, yellow, green, blue, and red shall be considered standard colors. Colors other than these shall be considered special. Dimensional requirements to which tubing shall adhere are inside diameter, wall thickness, and commercial lengths. The tubing shall also conform to physical and electrical requirements, as follows: flammability; tensile strength; effect of elevated temperatures; ultimate elongation after immersion in oil; brittleness temperature; penetration resistance; volume resistivity; dielectric breakdown at high humidity; strain relief; and corrosive effect.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nonrigid tubing of vinyl chloride polymer or its copolymers with other materials for use in electrical insulation in three grades, as follows:  
1.1.1 Grade A—General-purpose.  
1.1.2 Grade B—Low-temperature.  
1.1.3 Grade C—High-temperature.  
1.2 This standard and IEC-60684-3-100 to -105 address the same subject matter but differ in technical content.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Self-adhesion is a primary initial property since it affects layer-to-layer bonding. The integrity of the bond can significantly affect the electrical and physical performance of the insulation system. Therefore, the degree of self-adhesion is directly related to apparatus performance.  
5.2 A high degree of self-adhesion is desirable for most electrical applications. In this test, a short unwinding length indicates a high degree of self-adhesion.  
5.3 This test method has been found useful as a quality control test for lot acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover tests for bondable silicone rubber tapes which form a sealed structure either with the application of heat (and pressure if needed) or by the process of auto-adhesion (self-fusing).  
1.2 These test methods appear in the following sections:    
Test Method  
Section  
Adhesion  
3 – 10  
Bond Strength  
11 – 18  
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage  
19 – 26  
Hardness  
41  
Length  
33 and 34  
Thickness  
27 – 32  
Width  
36 – 40  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are the standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are for information only. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For a specific hazard statement see 23.1.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Ovens used for thermal evaluation of insulating materials are to be capable of maintaining uniform conditions of temperature and air circulation over the extended periods of time that are required for conducting these tests. Specification D5423 specifies the permissible variations from absolute uniformity that have been accepted internationally for these ovens. These test methods include procedures for measuring these variations and other specified characteristics of the ovens.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for evaluating the characteristics of forced-convection ventilated electrically-heated ovens, operating over all or part of the temperature range from 20 °C above the ambient temperature to 500 °C and used for thermal endurance evaluation of electrical insulating materials.  
1.2 These test methods are based on IEC Publication 60216-4-1, and are technically identical to it. This compilation of test methods and an associated specification, D5423, have replaced Specification D2436.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Design calculations for radio frequency (RF), microwave, and millimetre-wave components require the knowledge of values of complex permittivity and permeability at operating frequencies. This test method is useful for evaluating small experimental batch or continuous production materials used in electromagnetic applications. Use this method to determine complex permittivity only (in non-magnetic materials), or both complex permittivity and permeability simultaneously.  
5.2 Relative complex permittivity (relative complex dielectric constant), εr*, is the proportionality factor that relates the electric field to the electric flux density, and which depends on intrinsic material properties such as molecular polarizability, charge mobility, and so forth:
   where:
  ε0  =  the permittivity of free space,   D→  =  the electric flux density vector, and   E→  =  the electric field vector.  
Note 1: In common usage the word “relative” is frequently dropped. The real part of complex relative permittivity (εr′) is often referred to as simply relative permittivity, permittivity, or dielectric constant. The imaginary part of complex relative permittivity (εr′′) is often referred to as the loss factor. In anisotropic media, permittivity is described by a three dimensional tensor.
Note 2: For the purposes of this test method, the media is considered to be isotropic and, therefore, permittivity is a single complex number at each frequency.  
5.3 Relative complex permeability, μr*, is the proportionality factor that relates the magnetic flux density to the magnetic field, and which depends on intrinsic material properties such as magnetic moment, domain magnetization, and so forth:
   where:
  μ0  =  the permeability of free space,   B→  =  the magnetic flux density vector, and   H→  =  the magnetic field vector.  
Note 3: In common usage the word “relative” is frequently dropped. The real part of complex relative permeability (μr′) is often referre...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining relative complex permittivity (relative dielectric constant and loss) and relative magnetic permeability of isotropic, reciprocal (non-gyromagnetic) solid materials. If the material is nonmagnetic, it is acceptable to use this procedure to measure permittivity only.  
1.2 This measurement method is valid over a frequency range of approximately 100 MHz to over 40 GHz. These limits are not exact and depend on the size of the specimen, the size of rectangular waveguide transmission line used as a specimen holder, and on the applicable frequency range of the network analyzer used to make measurements. The size of specimen dimension is limited by test frequency, intrinsic specimen electromagnetism properties, and the request of algorithm. Being a non-resonant method, the selection of any number of discrete measurement frequencies in a measurement band would be suitable. Use of multiple rectangular waveguide transmission line sizes are required to cover this entire frequency range (100 MHz to 40 GHz). This test method can also be generally applied to circular waveguide test fixtures. The rectangular waveguide fixture is preferred over coaxial fixtures when samples have in-plane anisotropy or are difficult to manufacture precisely.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are in inch-pound units and are included for information only. The equations shown here assume an e+jωt harmonic time convention.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on sta...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Design calculations for radio frequency (RF), microwave, and millimetre-wave components require the knowledge of values of complex permittivity and permeability at operating frequencies. This test method is useful for evaluating small experimental batch or continuous production materials used in electromagnetic applications. Use this method to determine complex permittivity only (in non-magnetic materials), or both complex permittivity and permeability simultaneously.  
5.2 Relative complex permittivity (relative complex dielectric constant), , is the proportionality factor that relates the electric field to the electric flux density, and which depends on intrinsic material properties such as molecular polarizability, charge mobility, and so forth:
   where:
  ε0  =  permittivity of free space           =  electric flux density vector, and           =  electric field vector.  
Note 1: In common usage the word “relative” is frequently dropped. The real part of complex relative permittivity ( ) is often referred to as simply relative permittivity, permittivity, or dielectric constant. The imaginary part of complex relative permittivity ( ) is often referred to as the loss factor. In anisotropic media, permittivity is described by a three dimensional tensor.
Note 2: For the purposes of this test method, the media is considered to be isotropic and, therefore, permittivity is a single complex number at each frequency.  
5.3 Relative complex permeability, , is the proportionality factor that relates the magnetic flux density to the magnetic field, and which depends on intrinsic material properties such as magnetic moment, domain magnetization, and so forth:
   where:
  μ0  =  permeability of free space,           =  magnetic flux density vector, and           =  magnetic field vector.  
Note 3: In common usage the word “relative” is frequently dropped. The real part of complex relative permeability ( ) is often referred to as relative perme...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining relative complex permittivity (relative dielectric constant and loss) and relative magnetic permeability of isotropic, reciprocal (non-gyromagnetic) solid materials. If the material is nonmagnetic, it is acceptable to use this procedure to measure permittivity only.  
1.2 This measurement method is valid over a frequency range of approximately 1 GHz to over 20 GHz. These limits are not exact and depend on the size of the specimen, the size of coaxial air line used as a specimen holder, and on the applicable frequency range of the network analyzer used to make measurements. The size of specimen dimension is limited by test frequency, intrinsic specimen electromagnetism properties, and the request of algorithm. For a given air line size, the upper frequency is also limited by the onset of higher order modes that invalidate the dominant-mode transmission line model and the lower frequency is limited by the smallest measurable phase shift through a specimen. Being a non-resonant method, the selection of any number of discrete measurement frequencies in a measurement band would be suitable. The coaxial fixture is preferred over rectangular waveguide fixtures when broadband data are desired with a single sample or when only small sample volumes are available, particularly for lower frequency measurements.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units of in inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems is likely to result in non conformance with the standard. The equations shown here assume an e+jωt harmonic time convention.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Permittivity—Insulating materials are used in general in two distinct ways, (1) to support and insulate components of an electrical network from each other and from ground, and (2) to function as the dielectric of a capacitor. For the first use, it is generally desirable to have the capacitance of the support as small as possible, consistent with acceptable mechanical, chemical, and heat-resisting properties. A low value of permittivity is thus desirable. For the second use, it is desirable to have a high value of permittivity, so that the capacitor is able to be physically as small as possible. Intermediate values of permittivity are sometimes used for grading stresses at the edge or end of a conductor to minimize ac corona. Factors affecting permittivity are discussed in Appendix X3.  
5.2 AC Loss—For both cases (as electrical insulation and as capacitor dielectric) the ac loss generally needs to be small, both in order to reduce the heating of the material and to minimize its effect on the rest of the network. In high frequency applications, a low value of loss index is particularly desirable, since for a given value of loss index, the dielectric loss increases directly with frequency. In certain dielectric configurations such as are used in terminating bushings and cables for test, an increased loss, usually obtained from increased conductivity, is sometimes introduced to control the voltage gradient. In comparisons of materials having approximately the same permittivity or in the use of any material under such conditions that its permittivity remains essentially constant, it is potentially useful to consider also dissipation factor, power factor, phase angle, or loss angle. Factors affecting ac loss are discussed in Appendix X3.  
5.3 Correlation—When adequate correlating data are available, dissipation factor or power factor are useful to indicate the characteristics of a material in other respects such as dielectric breakdown, moisture content, degree o...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of relative permittivity, dissipation factor, loss index, power factor, phase angle, and loss angle of specimens of solid electrical insulating materials when the standards used are lumped impedances. The frequency range addressed extends from less than 1 Hz to several hundred megahertz.  
Note 1: In common usage, the word relative is frequently dropped.  
1.2 These test methods provide general information on a variety of electrodes, apparatus, and measurement techniques. A reader interested in issues associated with a specific material needs to consult ASTM standards or other documents directly applicable to the material to be tested.2,3  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 10.2.1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The tensile properties measured in this test method are fundamental properties associated with the manufacture, or end use, or both, of paper and paper products. It is possible for products to be influenced by, or indicative of: the type fibers used or the treatment of the fibers, or both, in a particular paper: or of specific manufacturing procedures used in producing a specific paper or paper product. Likewise, it is possible for paper converting operations to significantly impact properties measured using this test method, and this test method is a possible tool to measure and understand such effects.  
4.2 Tensile strength is indicative of the serviceability of many papers, such as wrapping, bag, gummed tape, and cable wrapping, that are subjected to direct tensile stress. The tensile strength of printing papers is indicative of the potential resistance to web breaking during printing and other converting operations and during travel of the web from the roll through the equipment.  
4.3 Stretch, and sometimes tensile stiffness are indicative of the ability of the paper to conform to a desired contour. These are important properties of creped papers, towels, napkins, decorative papers, industrially used paper tapes (both creped and pleated), bags, and liners for cans, barrels, and cartons.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining tensile properties of paper and paperboard.  
1.2 The procedures given in this test method are for use with constant-rate-of-elongation tensile testing equipment and as such, are able to be used with instruments designed for either vertical or horizontal operation, and whether manually operated or computer controlled.  
1.3 These procedures are applicable for all types of paper, paperboard, paper products, and related materials within the measurement limitations of the equipment used. They are not for use with combined corrugated board.  
1.4 Properties able to be determined using this test method include tensile strength, stretch, tensile energy absorption, tensile stiffness, breaking length, and tensile index.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Dissipation Factor and Relative Permittivity—Knowledge of these properties is important in the design of electrical equipment such as cables, transformers, insulators, and so forth. The numerical product of these two properties of a dielectric system is proportional to the energy loss converted to heat, and is called its loss index (see Terminology D1711). The energy loss reduces the efficiency of electrical equipment. The heat produced tends to chemically degrade the dielectric material and may even lead to thermal runaway. Test results of impregnated specimens can disclose significant differences between combinations of papers and oils that appear similar when the papers and the oils are tested separately. Dissipation factor, particularly at elevated temperatures, is often changed significantly by the presence of a small quantity of impurities in either the liquid or the paper. This practice is useful in the comparison of materials and in evaluating the effects of different papers on a given liquid. Judicious analysis of results with respect to time, temperature, and field strength are useful in predicting the performance and capabilities of systems using the paper and the liquid. For additional information on the significance of dissipation factor and relative permittivity, see Test Methods D150.  
5.2 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Commercial Power Frequencies:  
5.2.1 A comprehensive discussion of the significance of the dielectric strength test as applied to solid, semi-solid, and liquid materials is given in Appendix X1 of Test Method D149. Other factors peculiar to high-quality composite insulations, such as oil-impregnated papers, are considered in the following:  
5.2.2 In tests involving high electrical stresses, immersion of critical parts of a test circuit in oil is a widely used technique for inhibiting corona. However, it has limitations that must be recognized w...
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1.1 This practice covers the preparation of insulating paper and board impregnated with a liquid dielectric. Where this practice states only “paper,” the same procedure shall apply to board.  
1.2 This practice has been found practicable for papers having nominal thickness of 0.05 mm (2 mil) and above. It has been used successfully for insulating board as thick as 6 mm (1/4 in.) when care is taken to ensure the specimen geometry necessary for valid measurement of dielectric properties. Suitable geometry depends on the electrode system used. Rigid solid opposing electrodes require flat specimens that have essentially parallel surfaces.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for evaluating a combination of materials for potential use in an electrical insulation system.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for evaluating the interaction of electrical insulation components used, or intended to be used, in electrical insulation systems.  
1.2 This test method is useful for determining compatibility but additional testing will potentially be required for some applications.  
1.3 This test method also provides useful information about the behavior of selected insulating materials when compared to a reference value as opposed to a reference system.  
1.4 This test method does not cover systems which operate in liquids or gases other than air.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See also 8.2.4, 8.3.1, and 8.3.2.1.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers crosslinked chlorinated polyethylene compounds intended for use as jacket materials (outer coverings) on electrical wires and cables for general-purpose, heavy-duty, and extra-heavy-duty service. The materials under this specification, however, are not recommended for applications with very low temperature service requirement. Physical tests shall be performed and shall conform to the physical property requirements specified such as tensile strength, tensile stress at elongation, elongation at rupture, and tension set. Per service requirement, additional tests for sunlight and weather resistance shall be performed as well, and shall conform to the tensile strength and elongation requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers crosslinked chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) compounds suitable for use as outer coverings or jackets on electrical cables for general-purpose, heavy-duty, and extra-heavy-duty service.  
1.2 These jacket materials are not recommended for use on cables which are to be installed at a temperature less than –25 °C.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this test method is to determine the amount of organic nitrogen present within a sample of electrical insulation paper or paperboard. Nitrogen content is used to determine if the paper or paperboard has been chemically treated to withstand higher than normal operating temperatures. Such a paper or paperboard is referred to in the industry as “thermally upgraded.” A paper or paperboard that is thermally upgraded can withstand higher operating temperatures and allow the electrical equipment to have a longer useful life span.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of nitrogenous organic materials in paper and paperboard, which typically are used to reduce the thermal degradation of the cellulose in the paper and paperboard.  
1.2 The nitrogen determination by this method does not include the nitrogen in nitro compounds, nitrates, nitrites, azo, hydrazine, cyanide, or pyridine ring-type compounds, none of which are normally found in paper and paperboard. There is no known modification of the method that is applicable to all nitrogenous compounds.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
19.1 Apparent density affects the dielectric and physical characteristics of insulating board and is a factor in the economics of its use in apparatus. This test is useful for specification, design, and quality control purposes.
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1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing of electrical insulating boards. These boards are porous, usually fibrous sheets used for dielectric and structural purposes in electrical apparatus.  
1.2 These test methods are not intended for testing vulcanized fibre or molded laminated sheets.  
1.3 These test methods are applicable to board materials having a nominal thickness of at least 0.030 in. (0.76 mm).  
Note 1: For materials thinner than 0.030 in. (0.76 mm) see Test Methods D202.  
1.4 The test methods appear in the following sections:    
Sections  
ASTM Method
Reference  
Apparent Density  
18 – 23  
Aqueous Extract Characteristics  
36 – 42  
D202  
Ash Content  
43 – 46  
T 413  
Compatibility with Dielectric
Liquids  
47 – 52  
D664, D877, D924,
D971, D974, D1169,
D1500, D1816,
D3455, D3487  
Compressibility  
79 – 85  
Conditioning  
11  
D685  
Degree of Polymerization  
86 – 89  
D4243  
Dielectric Strength in Air  
53 – 59  
D149  
Dielectric Strength in Oil  
60 – 65  
D149, D2413, D3426  
Dimensions of Sheets  
12 – 17  
Moisture Content  
31 – 35  
D644  
Oil Absorption  
72 – 78  
Reports  
10  
Sampling  
6 – 9  
D3636  
Shrinkage  
24 – 30  
D644  
Tensile Properties  
66 – 71  
D202  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers electrically insulating, unbleached sulfate paper and paperboard used as layer insulation in coils, transformers, and other similar apparatus. The materials may also be used as turn insulation, slot liners, wedges, phase insulation, and separator papers in stranded wire/cable constructions. This specification does not include tissue for manufacture of capacitors. Other commonly used terms for the materials include soft coil wrap, dense coil wrap, kraft coil insulation, dry-finished kraft, and water-finished kraft. The materials covered in this specification are classified into four types according to density range and nominal thickness and should conform to the required values of ash content, alcohol-soluble material content, aqueous extract conductivity, water-soluble chloride content, fiber composition, moisture content, hydrogen ion concentration, pH, tensile strength, dielectric breakdown voltage, and conducting paths.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers electrical grade unsized, unbleached sulfate paper and paperboard for use as layer insulation in coils, transformers, and similar apparatus. Other applications include, but are not limited to, turn insulation, slot liners, wedges, phase insulation, and separator papers in stranded wire/cable constructions. Tissue for the manufacture of capacitors is not included in this specification. Other commonly used designations include:  
1.1.1 Soft Coil Wrap,  
1.1.2 Dense Coil Wrap,  
1.1.3 Kraft Coil Insulation,  
1.1.4 Dry-Finished Kraft,  and  
1.1.5 Water-Finished Kraft.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the determination of muscovite mica splittings of standard commercial grades and specifies the maximum allowable physical defects for each grade. It is applicable to commercially available natural muscovite mica splittings regardless of the basic color of the mica or its source. This specification covers thirteen grades of mica splittings based on size and form classification. Mica splittings shall meet the specified physical property requirements such as size, thickness, defects, and absence of any foreign matter. Where specified, the visual quality shall conform to the description of the visual category specified such as V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, V-5.1, V-6, V-7, V-8, V-9, V-10, V-11, and V-12. The method of sampling of mica splittings in bookform and loose with powder form are specified and method of calculation of defect percentage is given.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers the determination of muscovite mica splittings of standard commercial grades and specifies the maximum allowable physical defects for each grade. It is applicable to commercially available natural muscovite mica splittings regardless of the basic color of the mica or its source.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard is very similar to ISO 6386. It is expected that materials would be classified identically using the criteria of either standard. The grades shown under “ASTM Grade No.” in Table 1 and Table 2 are shown under “Old Grade No.” in ISO 6386-1981.    
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This characteristic is useful for specification purposes and has utility as a quality control parameter.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of the characteristics of glass-bonded, natural, or synthetic mica materials intended for use as electrical insulation.  
1.2 Glass bonded mica materials are commercially available in both injection molded and compression molded types. These test methods are applicable to both types except for tensile strength methods. (See Section 41.)  
1.3 The test methods appear in the following sections:    
Test Method  
Section  
ASTM Test Method  
Arc Resistance  
57 – 59  
D495  
Compressive Strength  
33 – 35  
D695  
Conditioning  
5  
D618  
Dielectric Strength  
48 – 51  
D149  
Dissipation Factor  
43 – 47  
D150 and D2149  
Heat Distortion Temperature  
24 – 29  
D648  
Impact Resistance  
36 – 39  
D256  
Modulus of Rupture  
30 – 32  
D790 and C674  
Permittivity  
43 – 47  
D150 and D2149  
Porosity  
13 – 16  
D116  
Resistivity, Volume and Surface  
52 – 56  
D257  
Rockwell Hardness  
10 – 12  
D785  
Specific Gravity  
6 – 9  
D792  
Specimens  
4  
Tensile Strength  
40 – 42  
D638 and D651  
Terminology  
3  
D1711  
Thermal Conductivity  
17 – 19  
C177 and E1225  
Thermal Expansion  
20 – 23  
E228 and E289  
Thickness  
49 and 54  
D374  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See also Sections 45, 49, 54, and 58.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers pressboard for electrical insulating purposes as well as for dielectrical or structural purposes in transformers and other electrical apparatus. Pressboards under this specification are of three types: Type 1 consists of high-purity (Grade 1.1) calendered pressboards, while Type 2 consists of normal-purity (Grades 2.1.1, 2.2.1, 2.3.1, and 2.3.2) calendered pressboards. Precompressed pressboards (Grades 3.1.1, 3.2.1, and 3.3) fall under Type 3. Not included in this specification, however, are pressboards comprised of two or more sheets laminated together using an adhesive. Pressboards shall be manufactured from unbleached kraft pulp, cotton pulp, or a combination of both, and shall conform to the thickness, density, surface texture (smooth calendered surface for Types1 and 2, and fine-textured finish for Type 3), and color (from tan to blue-gray, depending on the pressboard's grade) requirements specified. The pressboard must also be free of dirt, metal particles, and other foreign material. Tests for apparent density, thickness, moisture and ash content, aqueous extract conductivity, chloride content, tensile strength, pH of aqueous extract, dielectric strength in air and in oil, shrinkage, and compressibility shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers pressboard for electrical insulating purposes, manufactured from kraft, cotton, or kraft and cotton pulps. This board is intended for dielectrical or structural purposes in transformers and other electrical apparatus.  
1.2 Electrical insulating boards are most commonly referred to (and will be referred to herein) as pressboard. Other terms used for pressboard include transformer board, fuller board, and presspan.  
1.3 This specification covers pressboard having a nominal thickness of 0.030 to 0.315 in. (0.8 to 8.0 mm). For thinner material refer to Specification D1305.  
1.4 The maximum thickness available will differ with the type and the manufacturer. The maximum sheet size will differ with the thickness, type, and manufacturer.  
1.5 Pressboard shall normally be plied wet without pasting. Unless specified by the purchaser, this specification does not include pressboard comprised of two or more sheets that have been laminated together using an adhesive.
Note 1: The materials described in this specification are similar to corresponding types of pressboard described in IEC Specification 641-3, Sheet 1, Types B.0.1, B.2.1, B.2.3, B.3.1, and B.3.3.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers thermoplastic chlorinated polyethylene (CM) compounds suitable for use as an outer covering or jacket on electrical cables. Thermoplastic jackets shall conform to the requirements for physical properties specified. The sunlight and weather resistance of the jackets shall be tested to meet the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers thermoplastic chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) compounds suitable for use as an outer covering or jacket on electrical cables.  
1.2 These jacket materials are suitable for use on cables which will be installed at temperatures above –35 °C.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Permittivity and dissipation factor are fundamental design parameters for design of microwave circuitry. Permittivity plays a principal role in determining the wavelength and the impedance of transmission lines. Dissipation factor (along with copper losses) influence attenuation and power losses.  
5.2 This test method is suitable for polymeric materials having permittivity in the order of two to eleven. Such materials are popular in applications of stripline and microstrip configurations used in the 1 GHz to 18 GHz range.  
5.3 This test method is suitable for design, development, acceptance specifications, and manufacturing quality control.
Note 2: See Appendix X1 for additional information regarding significance of this test method and the application of the results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method permits the rapid measurement of apparent relative permittivity and loss tangent (dissipation factor) of metal-clad polymer-based circuit substrates in the X-band (8 GHz to 12.4 GHz).  
1.2 This test method is suitable for testing PTFE (polytetrafluorethylene) impregnated glass cloth or random-oriented fiber mats, glass fiber-reinforced polystyrene, polyphenyleneoxide, irradiated polyethylene, and similar materials having a nominal specimen thickness of 1/16 in. (1.6 mm). The materials listed in the preceding sentence have been used in commercial applications at nominal frequency of 9.6 GHz.  
Note 1: See Appendix X1 for additional information about range of permittivity, thickness other than 1/16 in. (1.6 mm), and tests at frequencies other than 9.6 GHz.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful in research and quality control for evaluating insulating materials and systems since they provide for the measurement of the endurance used to compare different materials to the action of corona on the external surfaces. A poor result on this test does not indicate that the material is a poor selection for use at high voltage or at high voltage stress in the absence of surface corona; surface corona is not the same as corona that occurs in internal cavities. (See Test Methods D3382.)  
5.2 This test method is also useful for comparison between materials of the same relative thickness. When agreed upon between the buyer and the seller, it is acceptable to express any differences in terms of relative time to failure or the magnitude of voltage stress (kV/mm or kV/in.) required to produce failure in a specified number of hours.  
5.3 It is possible for this test method to also be used to examine the effects of different processing parameters on the same insulating material, such as residual strains produced by quenching, high levels of crystallinity or molding processes that control the concentration and sizes of gas-filled cavities.  
5.4 The data are generated in the form of a set of values of lifetimes at a voltage. The dispersion of failure times is analyzed using one of the methods below:  
5.4.1 Weibull Probability Plot.  
5.4.2 Statistically (see IEEE/IEC 62539-2007 for additional information), to yield an estimate of the central value of the distribution and its standard deviation.  
5.4.3 Truncating a test at the time of the fifth failure of a set of nine and using that time as the measure of the central tendency. Two such techniques are described in 10.2.  
5.5 This test method intensifies some of the more commonly met conditions of corona attack so that materials are able to be evaluated in a time that is relatively short compared to the life of the equipment. As with most accelerated life tests, caution is necessary in...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the voltage endurance of solid electrical insulating materials for use at commercial power frequencies under the action of corona (see Note 1). This test method is more meaningful for rating materials with respect to their resistance to prolonged ac stress under corona conditions for comparative evaluation between materials.
Note 1: The term “corona” is used almost exclusively in this test method instead of “partial discharge,” because it is a visible glow at the edge of the electrode interface that is the result of partial discharge. Corona, as defined in Terminology D1711, is “visible partial discharges in gases adjacent to a conductor.”  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The high-voltage, low-current type of arc resistance test is intended to simulate only approximately such service
conditions as exist in alternating current circuits operating at high voltage, but at currents limited to units and tens of milliamperes.  
4.2 In order to distinguish more easily among materials that have low arc resistance, the early stages of this test method are mild, and the later stages are successively more severe. The arc occurs intermittently between two electrodes resting on the surface of the specimen, in normal or inverted orientation. The severity is increased in the early stages by successively decreasing to zero the interval between flashes of uniform duration, and in later stages by increasing the current.  
4.3 Four general types of failure have been observed:  
4.3.1 Many inorganic dielectrics become incandescent, whereupon they are capable of conducting the current. Upon cooling, however, they return to their earlier insulating condition.  
4.3.2 Some organic compounds burst into flame without the formation of a visible conducting path in the substance.  
4.3.3 Others are seen to fail by “tracking,” that is, a thin wiry line is formed between the electrodes.  
4.3.4 The fourth type occurs by carbonization of the surface until sufficient carbon is present to carry the current.  
4.4 Materials often fail within the first few seconds after a change in the severity stage. When comparing the arc resistance of materials, much more weight shall be given to a few seconds that overlap two stages than to the same elapsed time within a stage. Thus, there is a much greater difference in arc resistance between 178 and 182 s than between 174 and 178 s.
Note 4: Some investigators have reported attempts to characterize the remaining insulating value of the damaged area after failure by allowing the specimen to cool to room temperature, without disturbance of the original position of the electrodes, and then either (1) measuring the insu...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers, in a preliminary fashion, the differentiation of similar materials’ resistance to the action of a high-voltage, low-current arc close to the surface of insulation, when a conducting path is formed causing the material to become conducting due to the localized thermal and chemical decomposition and erosion.  
1.2 The usefulness of this test method is very severely limited by many restrictions and qualifications, some of which are described in the following paragraphs and in Section 5. Generally, this test method shall not be used in material specifications. Whenever possible, alternative test methods shall be used, and their development is encouraged.  
1.3 This test method will not, in general, permit conclusions to be drawn concerning the relative arc resistance rankings of materials that are potentially subjected to other types of arcs: for example, high voltage at high currents, and low voltage at low or high currents (promoted by surges or by conducting contaminants).  
1.4 The test method is intended, because of its convenience and the short time required for testing, for preliminary screening of material, for detecting the effects of changes in formulation, and for quality control testing after correlation has been established with other types of simulated service arc tests and field experience. Because this test method is usually conducted under clean and dry laboratory conditions rarely encountered in practice, it is possible that the prediction of a material's relative performance in typical applications and in varying “clean to dirty” environments will be substantially altered (Note 1). Caution is urged against drawing strong conclusions without corroborating support of simulated service tests and field testing. Rather, this test method is useful for preliminary evaluation of changes in structure and composition without the complicating influence of environmental conditions, espe...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are useful in research and quality control for evaluating insulating materials and systems since they provide for the measurement of charge transfer and energy loss due to partial discharges(4) (5) (6).  
5.2 Pulse measurements of partial discharges indicate the magnitude of individual discharges. However, if there are numerous discharges per cycle it is occasionally important to know their charge sum, since this sum is related to the total volume of internal gas spaces that are discharging, if it is assumed that the gas cavities are simple capacitances in series with the capacitances of the solid dielectrics (7) (8).  
5.3 Internal (cavity-type) discharges are mainly of the pulse (spark-type) with rapid rise times or the pseudoglow-type with long rise times, depending upon the discharge governing parameters existing within the cavity. If the rise times of the pseudoglow discharges are too long , they will evade detection by pulse detectors as covered in Test Method D1868. However, both the pseudoglow discharges irrespective of the length of their rise time as well as pulseless glow are readily measured either by Method A or B of Test Methods D3382.  
5.4 Pseudoglow discharges have been observed to occur in air, particularly when a partially conducting surface is involved. It is possible that such partially conducting surfaces will develop with polymers that are exposed to partial discharges for sufficiently long periods to accumulate acidic degradation products. Also in some applications, like turbogenerators, where a low molecular weight gas such as hydrogen is used as a coolant, it is possible that pseudoglow discharges will develop.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover two bridge techniques for measuring the energy and integrated charge of pulse and pseudoglow partial discharges:  
1.2 Test Method A makes use of capacitance and loss characteristics such as measured by the transformer ratio-arm bridge or the high-voltage Schering bridge (Test Methods D150). Test Method A has been found useful to obtain the integrated charge transfer and energy loss due to partial discharges in a dielectric from the measured increase in capacitance and tan δ with voltage. (See also IEEE 286 and IEEE 1434)  
1.3 Test Method B makes use of a somewhat different bridge circuit, identified as a charge-voltage-trace (parallelogram) technique, which indicates directly on an oscilloscope the integrated charge transfer and the magnitude of the energy loss due to partial discharges.  
1.4 Both test methods are intended to supplement the measurement and detection of pulse-type partial discharges as covered by Test Method D1868, by measuring the sum of both pulse and pseudoglow discharges per cycle in terms of their charge and energy.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precaution statements are given in Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Electrical equipment has the potential to fail as a result of electrical tracking of insulating material that is exposed to various contaminating environments and surface conditions. A number of ASTM and other tests have been designed to quantify behavior of materials, especially at relatively high voltages. This method is an accelerated test which, at relatively low test voltages, provides a comparison of the performance of insulating materials under wet and contaminated conditions. The Tracking Index-Copper Electrodes test is not related directly to the suitable operating voltage in service.  
5.2 When organic electrical insulating materials are subjected to conduction currents between electrodes on their surfaces, many minute tree-like carbonaceous paths or tracks are developed near the electrodes. These tracks are oriented randomly, but generally propagate between the electrodes under the influence of the applied potential difference. Eventually a series of tracks spans the electrode gap, and failure occurs by shorting of the electrodes.  
5.3 As in other tracking test methods, for example, IEC 60112 and Test Method D3638, this test method specifies test procedures that are intended to promote the formation of surface discharges which will produce carbon tracks in a reproducible manner. Since these conditions rarely reproduce the actual conditions encountered in service, the results of tracking tests cannot be used to infer either direct or relative service behavior of a material in a specific design application. Tracking tests can be used for screening purposes only. Suitability is verified through testing of the material in actual end use or under conditions that closely simulate actual end use.  
5.4 The use of copper electrodes in this type of test was developed at the University of Cincinnati, NEMA laboratory. It is felt by the members of the Industrial Laminates Section of NEMA that using copper electrodes gives a more realistic value for a tracking...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method was developed using copper electrodes to evaluate the low-voltage (up to 600 V) tracking resistance of materials in the presence of aqueous contaminants.2  
Note 1: At this time, only industrial laminates have been examined using this method, which was developed at the National Manufacturers Electrical Association (NEMA) laboratory located at the University of Cincinnati. It was found that a closer end point (less scatter) was obtained than with platinum electrodes, and materials tested tended to be ranked by resin system.  
1.1.1 It is acceptable to consider other electrode materials for use with this test method depending upon the application of the insulating material.  
1.2 This test method is similar to Test Method D3638, which determines the comparative tracking index of materials using platinum electrodes to produce the tracking on the specimen surface.  
1.3 The values stated in metric (SI) units are the standard. The inch-pound equivalents of the metric units are approximate.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test, when applied to laminated plastics, is a measure of the interlaminar or intralaminar strength, whichever is smaller, in a direction normal to the plane of the laminate. When applied to nonlaminated plastics, the test is a measure of the cohesive strength of the material. The property determined is fundamental and has not yet been correlated with the results of any other method for bond strength.  
4.2 The test is potentially useful as (1) a research test when studying the effects of changes in independent variables, (2) a specification test, or (3) a referee test.  
4.3 Before proceeding with this test method, make reference to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions or testing parameters or combination thereof covered in the relevant ASTM materials specification shall take precedence over those in this test method. If there are no relevant ASTM material specifications then the default conditions apply. Table 1 of Classification System D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist. (A) νr  is the within-laboratories standard deviation of the mean, expressed as a percentage of the listed average.(B) νR  is the between-laboratories standard deviation of the mean, expressed as a percentage of the listed average.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bond strength or ply adhesion strength of sheet plastic and electrical insulating materials. It is applicable to both laminated and nonlaminated thermoplastic and thermosetting materials.  
1.2 Test data obtained by this test method is relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The absorption coefficient of polyolefin polymer pigmented with carbon black is useful to judge the degree and uniformity of dispersion of the pigment, and the adequacy of the quantitative level of pigment addition. These factors are used to predict the performance of the polymer material in response to prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light as evidenced by minimal changes in specific properties.
Note 1: This test method was developed to evaluate ethylene polymer materials pigmented with small particle size carbon blacks suitable for UV protection. It is not known how accurate and reproducible the test would be with larger (35 nm or greater) particle size blacks. However, for larger particle sizes of carbon black, such as furnace black at 275 nm, when there is at least 5 or higher percent of carbon black, the material pigmented as such has suitable UV protection.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the amount of light transmitted through a film of carbon black pigmented ethylene polymer.  
1.2 After calculation of the amount of light and film thickness, an absorption coefficient is calculated.  
1.3 Whenever two sets of values are presented, in different units, the values in the first set are the standard, while those in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.