D09.01 - Electrical Insulating Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is widely used within the paper industry, in conjunction with other tests of strength, as a predictor of end-use performance of a wide range of grades of papers.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the force perpendicular to the plane of the paper required to tear multiple sheets of paper through a specified distance after the tear has been started, using an Elmendorf-type tearing tester. The measured results can be used to calculate the approximate tearing resistance of a single sheet. In the case of tearing a single sheet of paper, the tearing resistance is measured directly.
Note 1: Similar procedures for making Elmendorf-type tear measurements are found in ISO 1974 and TAPPI T414.  
1.2 This test method is not suitable for determining the cross-directional tearing resistance of highly directional boards and papers.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
7.1 Accurate determination of thickness is important for identification purposes. Thickness is related to weight and must be known in order to calculate apparent density and the dielectric strength.  
7.2 Thickness variation affects the quality of roll winding and is useful in judging the uniformity of mica paper particularly with respect to dielectric breakdown voltage, impregnation time, and thickness of the end product.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and testing untreated mica paper to be used as an electrical insulator or as a constituent of a composite material used for electrical insulating purposes.  
1.2 The procedures2 appear in the following order:    
ASTM  
Method  
Procedures  
Sections  
References  
Apparent Density  
12  
...  
Aqueous Extract Conductivity  
32 and 33  
D202  
Conditioning  
4  
D685  
Dielectric Strength  
16 – 19  
D149  
Impregnation Time  
20 – 24  
D202  
Moisture Content  
26 – 28  
D644  
Roll Quality  
25  
...  
Sampling  
3  
...  
Tensile Strength  
13 – 15  
D828  
Thickness  
6 – 10  
D374/D374M  
Weight  
11  
D646  
Weight Variability  
29 – 31  
...  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Control—The following tests are useful for control purposes during the manufacture and use of varnishes, and for determining the uniformity of batches:  
4.1.1 Specific gravity,  
4.1.2 Viscosity,  
4.1.3 Flash point, and  
4.1.4 Nonvolatile matter by weight.  
4.2 Performance—The following tests are useful for determining the performance of varnishes during application and use:  
4.2.1 Drainage,  
4.2.2 Time of drying,  
4.2.3 Build,  
4.2.4 Dielectric strength,  
4.2.5 Thermal endurance,  
4.2.6 Varnish compatibility,  
4.2.7 Salt water proofness, and  
4.2.8 Oil resistance.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover tests for solvent containing varnishes primarily intended to provide electrical, mechanical, and chemical protection for electrical equipment. These test methods include tests for control and performance as follows:    
Procedure  
Section  
Build  
38 – 42  
Dielectric Strength  
43 – 48  
Drainage  
26 – 32  
Flash Point  
18 – 20  
Nonvolatile Matter  
21 – 25  
Oil Resistance  
54 – 56  
Preparation of Test Specimens  
7  
Specific Gravity  
9 – 12  
Temperature Index  
49 – 50  
Time of Drying  
33 – 37  
Varnish Compatibility  
51 – 53  
Viscosity  
13 – 17  
1.2 Where the entire test method is included in this standard, the precision and bias are not known unless given in the stated method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 5.
Note 1: There is no equivalent IEC standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Gel time is important in determining batch uniformity and some processing characteristics. It is indicative of pot life and shelf life.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the gel time of a solventless varnish mixed with a catalyst, if required, and exposed to elevated temperature.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: Although this test method and IEC 60455-2 differ in approach or detail, data obtained using either are technically equivalent.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precaution statement, see Section 8.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The dissipation factor of natural muscovite mica, as determined by this test method, is of practical importance as a measure of the electrical energy lost as heat in the mica serving as the dielectric substance of capacitors, or in other applications in which the electric field is applied perpendicular to the plane of cleavage. The dissipation factor is particularly important in applications using mica at radio frequencies and in some less extensive audio frequency applications. This test method is suitable for specification acceptance and dielectric-loss control tests (see the Significance and Use of Test Methods D150).  
4.2 Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)—The permittivity of natural muscovite mica is a measure of its relative ability to store electrostatic energy. Since the relative permittivity perpendicular to the cleavage plane is fairly uniform, regardless of origin, its practical significance is mainly for identification purposes, special uses, research, and design. If a loss index is desired, the value of the permittivity must be known (see the Significance and Use of Test Methods D150).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dissipation factor and the relative permittivity of natural block mica having thicknesses between 0.007 and 0.030 in. (0.18 and 0.77 mm) and mica films or capacitor splits between 0.0008 and 0.004 in. (0.02 and 0.10 mm) in thickness.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information purposes only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific warning statement is given in Section 7 and 6.1.1.  
Note 1: Procedures for the measurement of dissipation factor and permittivity are given in IEC Publication 60371-2, but the details of the procedure are somewhat different from those specified in this test method.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A major factor affecting the life of insulating materials is thermal degradation. Other factors, such as moisture and vibration, are able to cause failures after the material has been weakened by thermal degradation.  
5.2 Electrical insulation is effective in electrical equipment only as long as it retains its physical and electrical integrity. Thermal degradation is able to be characterized by weight change, porosity, crazing, and generally a reduction in flexibility, and is usually accompanied by an ultimate reduction in dielectric breakdown voltage.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a procedure for evaluating thermal endurance of flexible sheet materials by determining dielectric breakdown voltage at room temperature after aging in air at selected elevated temperatures. Thermal endurance is expressed in terms of a temperature index.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to such solid electrical insulating materials as coated fabrics, dielectric films, composite laminates, and other materials where retention of flexibility after heat aging is of major importance (see Note 4).  
1.3 This test method is not intended for the evaluation of rigid laminate materials nor for the determination of thermal endurance of those materials which are not expected or required to retain flexibility in actual service.  
1.4 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 10.1.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Gel time is important in determining batch uniformity and some processing characteristics. It is indicative of pot life and shelf life.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the gel time of a solventless varnish mixed with a catalyst, if required, and exposed to elevated temperature. There are two methods presented here. New equipment for Method A is no longer available.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precaution statement, see Section 6.
Note 1: Although this standard and IEC 60455–2 differ in approach or detail, data obtained using either are technically equivalent.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test determines the compressive creep under laboratory conditions or under conditions that are possibly encountered during manufacture of electrical equipment. It has special significance if the material to be tested is applied as commutator segment insulation. It serves as a measure under specified conditions of the ability of the material to resist deformation while under compressive load, during exposure to elevated temperature for a specified time. This test is suitable for acceptance tests and for manufacturing control.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of bonded mica splittings and bonded mica paper to be used for commutator insulation, hot molding, heater plates, and other similar insulating purposes.  
1.2 These test methods appear in the following sections:
Test  
Sections  
Compressive Creep  
4 – 10    
Dielectric Strength  
38 – 41    
Mica or Binder Content  
19    
Molding Test  
31 – 36    
Organic Binder  
20 – 24    
Resistivity  
42 – 46    
Silicone Binder  
25 – 30    
Stability Under Heat and Pressure  
11 – 18    
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 40.1 and 45.1 for specific hazard statements.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
8.1 In the buyer-seller relationship it is necessary that an understanding exists as to the expected nominal characteristics of the product, and the magnitude of permissible departure from the nominal values. Also, it is necessary that an agreement be reached as to how many units of a lot can fall outside of the specification limits without rejection of the lot. It is this latter subject that is addressed by this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and testing untreated paper to be used as an electrical insulator or as a constituent of a composite material used for electrical insulating purposes.  
1.1.1 Untreated papers are thin, fibrous sheets normally laid down from a water suspension of pulped fibers (usually cellulosic) with or without various amounts of nonfibrous ingredients, and which are calendared, if required, to obtain desired thickness and density. Nevertheless, these test methods are applicable, generally although not invariably, to papers formed by other means, to papers modified (during or after formation) by additions, and to papers given subsequent mechanical treatments such as creping.  
1.1.2 As an electrical insulating and dielectric material, paper is considered “untreated” until it is subjected to a manufacturing process such as drying, impregnation, or varnish treatment.  
1.1.3 The test methods given herein were developed specifically for papers having a thickness of 0.75 mm (0.030 in.) or less. A number of these test methods are also suitable for use on other materials such as pulps or boards. Refer to Test Methods D3376 or D3394 to determine which tests are applicable to pulps or electrical insulating boards. In the paper industry, some products in thicknesses of less than 0.75 mm are termed “paperboard”. Such products are included within the scope of these methods.  
1.1.4 These test methods are applicable to flexible fibrous-mat materials formed from suspensions of fiber in fluids other than water. Thicknesses of these mats approach 2 mm, and the fibers contained are possibly natural, synthetic, organic, or inorganic; fillers that are natural, synthetic, organic, or inorganic; and flexible polymeric binder materials.  
1.2 The procedures appear in the following sections:    
Procedure  
Sections  
ASTM or TAPPI Reference
(Modified)  
Absorption (Rise of Water)  
78 to 83  
. . .  
Acidity-Alkalinity-pH  
45 to 54  
E70  
Air Resistance  
98 to 101  
D726  
Aqueous Extract Conductivity  
55 to 64  
. . .  
Ash Content  
40 to 44  
D586  
Bursting Strength  
102 to 107  
D774/D774M  
Chlorides (Water-Extractable)  
165 to 183  
. . .  
Conditioning  
15  
D6054  
Conducting Paths  
138 to 151  
. . .  
Density, Apparent  
29 to 33  
. . .  
Dielectric Strength  
152 to 157  
D149  
Dimensions of Sheet, Rolls and Cores  
16 to 24  
D374  
Dissipation Factor and Permittivity  
158 to 164  
D150  
Edge-Tearing Resistance  
126 to 130  
D827  
Fiber Analysis  
74 to 77  
D1030  
Folding Endurance  
108 to 110  
T 423 and D2176  
Grammage  
25 to 28  
D646  
Permittivity  
158 to 164  
D150  
Heat Stability in Air  
131 to 137  
D827  
Impregnation Time  
84 to 91  
. . .  
Internal-Tearing Resistance  
121 to 125  
D689 or T 414  
Moisture Content  
34 to 39  
D644 and D3277  
Particulate Copper  
193 to 202  
. . .  
Particulate Iron  
184 to 192  
. . .  
Reagents  
4  
D1193  
Reports  
14  
E29  
Sampling  
6 to 13  
D3636  
Silver Tarnishing by Paper and Paperboard  
203 to 206  
T 444  
Solvent-Soluble Matter  
65 to 73  
. . .  
Surface Friction  
92 to 97  
D528 and T 455  
Tensile Properties  
111 to 120  
D76, E4  
Thickness (see Dimensions)  
16 to 24  
D374  
1.3 The tests for Holes and Felt Hair Inclusions and the Stain Test for Fine Pores, have been removed from this compilation of t...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method applies to all papers made from unmodified cellulose, as used in transformer, cable, or capacitor manufacture. It applies to new or aged papers. For information, Appendix X1 shows an example of statistical distribution of  values for new papers intended for the insulation of transformers, together with information relative to cable and capacitor papers. Nevertheless, where evaluating the decomposition stage of aged papers, take care to use, as a reference, the  value of the new paper of the very same origin;  of new papers being a function, among other factors, of their specific gravity and of their manufacturing process.  
5.2 This test method can also be used for the determination of the intrinsic viscosity of solutions of chemically modified papers, provided that these dissolve completely in the selection solvent. Use this test method with caution when it is applied to papers with mineral fillers.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a standard procedure for determining the average viscometric degree of polymerization (abbreviated ) of new or aged electrical papers. The determination is made by measuring the intrinsic viscosity of a solution of the paper in an appropriate solvent.  
1.2 The degree of polymerization (or the degree of condensation) of a particular cellulose molecule is the number of anhydro-β-glucose monomers, C6H10O5, in the cellulose molecule. Within a sample of paper, not all the cellulose molecules have the same degree of polymerization so that the mean value measured by viscometric methods is not necessarily the same as that which are obtained by other methods.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers electrically insulating, unbleached sulfate paper and paperboard used as layer insulation in coils, transformers, and other similar apparatus. The materials may also be used as turn insulation, slot liners, wedges, phase insulation, and separator papers in stranded wire/cable constructions. This specification does not include tissue for manufacture of capacitors. Other commonly used terms for the materials include soft coil wrap, dense coil wrap, kraft coil insulation, dry-finished kraft, and water-finished kraft. The materials covered in this specification are classified into four types according to density range and nominal thickness and should conform to the required values of ash content, alcohol-soluble material content, aqueous extract conductivity, water-soluble chloride content, fiber composition, moisture content, hydrogen ion concentration, pH, tensile strength, dielectric breakdown voltage, and conducting paths.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers electrical grade unsized, unbleached sulfate paper and paperboard for use as layer insulation in coils, transformers, and similar apparatus. Other applications include, but are not limited to, turn insulation, slot liners, wedges, phase insulation, and separator papers in stranded wire/cable constructions. Tissue for the manufacture of capacitors is not included in this specification. Other commonly used designations include:  
1.1.1 Soft Coil Wrap,  
1.1.2 Dense Coil Wrap,  
1.1.3 Kraft Coil Insulation,  
1.1.4 Dry-Finished Kraft,  and  
1.1.5 Water-Finished Kraft.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the determination of muscovite mica splittings of standard commercial grades and specifies the maximum allowable physical defects for each grade. It is applicable to commercially available natural muscovite mica splittings regardless of the basic color of the mica or its source. This specification covers thirteen grades of mica splittings based on size and form classification. Mica splittings shall meet the specified physical property requirements such as size, thickness, defects, and absence of any foreign matter. Where specified, the visual quality shall conform to the description of the visual category specified such as V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, V-5.1, V-6, V-7, V-8, V-9, V-10, V-11, and V-12. The method of sampling of mica splittings in bookform and loose with powder form are specified and method of calculation of defect percentage is given.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers the determination of muscovite mica splittings of standard commercial grades and specifies the maximum allowable physical defects for each grade. It is applicable to commercially available natural muscovite mica splittings regardless of the basic color of the mica or its source.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard is very similar to ISO 6386. It is expected that materials would be classified identically using the criteria of either standard. The grades shown under “ASTM Grade No.” in Table 1 and Table 2 are shown under “Old Grade No.” in ISO 6386-1981.    
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this test method is to determine the amount of organic nitrogen present within a sample of electrical insulation paper or paperboard. Nitrogen content is used to determine if the paper or paperboard has been chemically treated to withstand higher than normal operating temperatures. Such a paper or paperboard is referred to in the industry as “thermally upgraded.” A paper or paperboard that is thermally upgraded can withstand higher operating temperatures and allow the electrical equipment to have a longer useful life span.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of nitrogenous organic materials in paper and paperboard, which typically are used to reduce the thermal degradation of the cellulose in the paper and paperboard.  
1.2 The nitrogen determination by this method does not include the nitrogen in nitro compounds, nitrates, nitrites, azo, hydrazine, cyanide, or pyridine ring-type compounds, none of which are normally found in paper and paperboard. There is no known modification of the method that is applicable to all nitrogenous compounds.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Dissipation Factor and Relative Permittivity—Knowledge of these properties is important in the design of electrical equipment such as cables, transformers, insulators, and so forth. The numerical product of these two properties of a dielectric system is proportional to the energy loss converted to heat, and is called its loss index (see Terminology D1711). The energy loss reduces the efficiency of electrical equipment. The heat produced tends to chemically degrade the dielectric material and may even lead to thermal runaway. Test results of impregnated specimens can disclose significant differences between combinations of papers and oils that appear similar when the papers and the oils are tested separately. Dissipation factor, particularly at elevated temperatures, is often changed significantly by the presence of a small quantity of impurities in either the liquid or the paper. This practice is useful in the comparison of materials and in evaluating the effects of different papers on a given liquid. Judicious analysis of results with respect to time, temperature, and field strength are useful in predicting the performance and capabilities of systems using the paper and the liquid. For additional information on the significance of dissipation factor and relative permittivity, see Test Methods D150.  
5.2 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Commercial Power Frequencies:  
5.2.1 A comprehensive discussion of the significance of the dielectric strength test as applied to solid, semi-solid, and liquid materials is given in Appendix X1 of Test Method D149. Other factors peculiar to high-quality composite insulations, such as oil-impregnated papers, are considered in the following:  
5.2.2 In tests involving high electrical stresses, immersion of critical parts of a test circuit in oil is a widely used technique for inhibiting corona. However, it has limitations that must be recognized w...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation of insulating paper and board impregnated with a liquid dielectric. Where this practice states only “paper,” the same procedure shall apply to board.  
1.2 This practice has been found practicable for papers having nominal thickness of 0.05 mm (2 mil) and above. It has been used successfully for insulating board as thick as 6 mm (1/4 in.) when care is taken to ensure the specimen geometry necessary for valid measurement of dielectric properties. Suitable geometry depends on the electrode system used. Rigid solid opposing electrodes require flat specimens that have essentially parallel surfaces.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This characteristic is useful for specification purposes and has utility as a quality control parameter.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of the characteristics of glass-bonded, natural, or synthetic mica materials intended for use as electrical insulation.  
1.2 Glass bonded mica materials are commercially available in both injection molded and compression molded types. These test methods are applicable to both types except for tensile strength methods. (See Section 41.)  
1.3 The test methods appear in the following sections:    
Test Method  
Section  
ASTM Test Method  
Arc Resistance  
57 – 59  
D495  
Compressive Strength  
33 – 35  
D695  
Conditioning  
5  
D618  
Dielectric Strength  
48 – 51  
D149  
Dissipation Factor  
43 – 47  
D150 and D2149  
Heat Distortion Temperature  
24 – 29  
D648  
Impact Resistance  
36 – 39  
D256  
Modulus of Rupture  
30 – 32  
D790 and C674  
Permittivity  
43 – 47  
D150 and D2149  
Porosity  
13 – 16  
D116  
Resistivity, Volume and Surface  
52 – 56  
D257  
Rockwell Hardness  
10 – 12  
D785  
Specific Gravity  
6 – 9  
D792  
Specimens  
4  
Tensile Strength  
40 – 42  
D638 and D651  
Terminology  
3  
D1711  
Thermal Conductivity  
17 – 19  
C177 and E1225  
Thermal Expansion  
20 – 23  
E228 and E289  
Thickness  
49 and 54  
D374  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See also Sections 45, 49, 54, and 58.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers pressboard for electrical insulating purposes as well as for dielectrical or structural purposes in transformers and other electrical apparatus. Pressboards under this specification are of three types: Type 1 consists of high-purity (Grade 1.1) calendered pressboards, while Type 2 consists of normal-purity (Grades 2.1.1, 2.2.1, 2.3.1, and 2.3.2) calendered pressboards. Precompressed pressboards (Grades 3.1.1, 3.2.1, and 3.3) fall under Type 3. Not included in this specification, however, are pressboards comprised of two or more sheets laminated together using an adhesive. Pressboards shall be manufactured from unbleached kraft pulp, cotton pulp, or a combination of both, and shall conform to the thickness, density, surface texture (smooth calendered surface for Types1 and 2, and fine-textured finish for Type 3), and color (from tan to blue-gray, depending on the pressboard's grade) requirements specified. The pressboard must also be free of dirt, metal particles, and other foreign material. Tests for apparent density, thickness, moisture and ash content, aqueous extract conductivity, chloride content, tensile strength, pH of aqueous extract, dielectric strength in air and in oil, shrinkage, and compressibility shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers pressboard for electrical insulating purposes, manufactured from kraft, cotton, or kraft and cotton pulps. This board is intended for dielectrical or structural purposes in transformers and other electrical apparatus.  
1.2 Electrical insulating boards are most commonly referred to (and will be referred to herein) as pressboard. Other terms used for pressboard include transformer board, fuller board, and presspan.  
1.3 This specification covers pressboard having a nominal thickness of 0.030 to 0.315 in. (0.8 to 8.0 mm). For thinner material refer to Specification D1305.  
1.4 The maximum thickness available will differ with the type and the manufacturer. The maximum sheet size will differ with the thickness, type, and manufacturer.  
1.5 Pressboard shall normally be plied wet without pasting. Unless specified by the purchaser, this specification does not include pressboard comprised of two or more sheets that have been laminated together using an adhesive.
Note 1: The materials described in this specification are similar to corresponding types of pressboard described in IEC Specification 641-3, Sheet 1, Types B.0.1, B.2.1, B.2.3, B.3.1, and B.3.3.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The tensile properties measured in this test method are fundamental properties associated with the manufacture, or end use, or both, of paper and paper products. It is possible for products to be influenced by, or indicative of: the type fibers used or the treatment of the fibers, or both, in a particular paper: or of specific manufacturing procedures used in producing a specific paper or paper product. Likewise, it is possible for paper converting operations to significantly impact properties measured using this test method, and this test method is a possible tool to measure and understand such effects.  
4.2 Tensile strength is indicative of the serviceability of many papers, such as wrapping, bag, gummed tape, and cable wrapping, that are subjected to direct tensile stress. The tensile strength of printing papers is indicative of the potential resistance to web breaking during printing and other converting operations and during travel of the web from the roll through the equipment.  
4.3 Stretch, and sometimes tensile stiffness are indicative of the ability of the paper to conform to a desired contour. These are important properties of creped papers, towels, napkins, decorative papers, industrially used paper tapes (both creped and pleated), bags, and liners for cans, barrels, and cartons.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining tensile properties of paper and paperboard.  
1.2 The procedures given in this test method are for use with constant-rate-of-elongation tensile testing equipment and as such, are able to be used with instruments designed for either vertical or horizontal operation, and whether manually operated or computer controlled.  
1.3 These procedures are applicable for all types of paper, paperboard, paper products, and related materials within the measurement limitations of the equipment used. They are not for use with combined corrugated board.  
1.4 Properties able to be determined using this test method include tensile strength, stretch, tensile energy absorption, tensile stiffness, breaking length, and tensile index.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
19.1 Apparent density affects the dielectric and physical characteristics of insulating board and is a factor in the economics of its use in apparatus. This test is useful for specification, design, and quality control purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing of electrical insulating boards. These boards are porous, usually fibrous sheets used for dielectric and structural purposes in electrical apparatus.  
1.2 These test methods are not intended for testing vulcanized fibre or molded laminated sheets.  
1.3 These test methods are applicable to board materials having a nominal thickness of at least 0.030 in. (0.76 mm).  
Note 1: For materials thinner than 0.030 in. (0.76 mm) see Test Methods D202.  
1.4 The test methods appear in the following sections:    
Sections  
ASTM Method
Reference  
Apparent Density  
18 – 23  
Aqueous Extract Characteristics  
36 – 42  
D202  
Ash Content  
43 – 46  
T 413  
Compatibility with Dielectric
Liquids  
47 – 52  
D664, D877, D924,
D971, D974, D1169,
D1500, D1816,
D3455, D3487  
Compressibility  
79 – 85  
Conditioning  
11  
D685  
Degree of Polymerization  
86 – 89  
D4243  
Dielectric Strength in Air  
53 – 59  
D149  
Dielectric Strength in Oil  
60 – 65  
D149, D2413, D3426  
Dimensions of Sheets  
12 – 17  
Moisture Content  
31 – 35  
D644  
Oil Absorption  
72 – 78  
Reports  
10  
Sampling  
6 – 9  
D3636  
Shrinkage  
24 – 30  
D644  
Tensile Properties  
66 – 71  
D202  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the tests and values for electrical insulating varnishes, as supplied, which are suitable for the impregnation and treatment of electrical coils and windings applied by dip process. The varnishes are classified according to grades: Grade DA; Grade DO; Grade DM; Grade DS; Grade DW; and Grade DT. This specification covers both flexible and rigid, solvent and solventless insulating varnishes. The insulating varnishes are classified according to thermal classes: Class 130; Class 155; Class 180; Class 200; and Class 220. Quality conformance tests shall be performed to conform to the specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the tests and values for electrical insulating varnishes, as supplied, which are suitable for the impregnation and treatment of electrical coils and windings applied by dip process.  
1.2 Varnishes, flexible or rigid, included in this specification are:
Grade DA—Air-dry
Grade DO—Organic solvent containing, baking,
Grade DM—Reactive diluent containing,  
Grade DS—Silicone,
Grade DW—Water containing, and
Grade DT—Thixotropic.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
Note 1: This specification resembles IEC 60455 in title only. The content is significantly different.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the effect of exposure to elevated temperatures on the bond strength of combinations of magnet wire insulations and electrical insulating varnishes. The results are used as a guide for the comparison and selection of varnishes and combinations of varnishes and magnet wire insulation for specific applications. Test Methods D1932 and D3251 describe additional tests for determining the thermal endurance of insulating varnishes. A comprehensive evaluation of thermal characteristics includes a comparison of the thermal endurance determined in these different ways.  
5.2 This test method is useful for research and product qualifications purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thermal endurance of electrical insulating varnishes alone or in combinations with magnet wire insulation. Changes in the helical coil bond strength are used as the test criteria. The coils are made from bare aluminum or copper wire, or from film- or fiber-insulated magnet wire.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
Note 1: There is no similar or equivalent IEC standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Values obtained by flexural tests can provide information with regard to the bond strength of the particular varnish, in combination with a particular wire, when measured under conditions described in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the bond strength of an electrical insulating varnish when applied to a helical coil. The helical coil can be made from bare aluminum or copper wire or from film or fiber-insulated magnet wire. Helical coils made from bare aluminum or bare copper wire will yield values of bond strength for the varnish when applied to bare metal conductors. The use of film or fiber-insulated magnet wire will show values for that particular combination of insulation and varnish.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  See Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A major factor affecting the long term performance of insulating materials is thermal degradation. It is possible that factors, such as moisture and vibration, will cause failures after the material has been weakened by thermal degradation.  
5.2 An electrical insulating varnish is effective in protecting electrical equipment only as long as it retains its physical and electrical integrity.  
5.3 The thermal degradation of the varnish results in weight loss, porosity, crazing, and generally a reduction in flexibility. Degradation of the varnish can be detected by a decrease in dielectric strength, which is therefore used as the failure criterion for this test method.  
5.4 Electrical insulating varnishes undergo flexing in service due to vibration and thermal expansion. For this reason, this functional test includes flexing and elongation of the insulation. The electrodes used in this test method are designed to elongate the outer surface of the specimen 2 % with respect to the neutral axis of the base fiber while being tested for dielectric breakdown.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative thermal endurance of flexible electrical insulating varnishes by determining the time necessary at elevated temperatures to decrease the dielectric breakdown of the varnish to an arbitrarily selected value when applied to a standard glass fiber fabric.  
1.2 This test method does not apply to varnishes that lose a high percentage of their dielectric breakdown voltage when flexed before elevated temperature exposure as prescribed in the screening test (Section 9). Examples of such varnishes are those used for high speed armatures and laminated structures. Also, this test method is not applicable to varnishes which distort sufficiently during thermal elevated temperature exposure so that they cannot be tested using the curved electrode assembly.  
1.3 Thermal endurance is expressed in terms of a temperature index.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: There is no equivalent IEC or ISO standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The ER of a battery separator is a standard measurement used by separator and battery manufacturers for quality control purposes and separator selection.  
5.2 Separator ER and the separator's interaction with the electrolyte, that is resistance to wetting or flow, will contribute to the internal resistance of the battery and this has the potential to limit the electrical output of a battery. The ER determination is a tool for battery manufacturers to use in design, material selection, and performance specifications.  
5.3 The change in the bath electrical resistance imparted by a separator is affected by the porosity, thickness, and tortuousity of the pore structure of the separator, the wettability of the separator to the electrolyte, and the temperature and concentration of the electrolyte.  
5.4 Incomplete wetting or saturation of the pore structure limits the lowest ER value obtainable from a separator structure. Separators are pretreated to assure that the specimen being tested has been adequately wetted out. A separator that is not fully wetted out (saturated) will give a higher ER.  
5.5 This test method is intended to give a rapid and repeatable measurement that approximates the change in ER that could happen when the separator is used in a battery.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the pretreatment, test conditions, apparatus, and procedure to determine the ionic resistivity, commonly referred to in the battery industry as electrical resistance (ER) of an alkaline battery separator immersed in an electrolyte of 40 % potassium hydroxide (KOH).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A major factor affecting the life of insulating materials is thermal degradation. It is possible that other factors, such as moisture and vibration, will cause failures after the material has been weakened by thermal degradation.  
5.2 Electrical insulation is effective in electrical equipment only as long as it retains its physical and electrical integrity. The following are potential indicators of thermal degradation: weight change, porosity, crazing, and generally a reduction in flexibility. Thermal degradation is usually accompanied by an ultimate reduction in dielectric breakdown.  
5.3 This test method is useful in determining the thermal endurance of coating powders applied over a steel substrate material.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a procedure for evaluating thermal endurance of coating powders by determining the length of aging time at selected elevated temperatures required to achieve dielectric breakdown at room temperature at a pre-determined proof voltage. Thermal endurance is expressed in terms of a temperature index.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to insulating powders used over a substrate material of steel.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems is likely to result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A major factor affecting the life of insulating materials is thermal degradation. It is possible that other factors, such as moisture and vibration, will cause failures after the material has been weakened by thermal degradation.  
5.2 Electrical insulation is effective in electrical equipment only as long as it retains its physical and electrical integrity. The following are potential indicators of thermal degradation: weight change, porosity, crazing, and generally a reduction in flexibility. Thermal degradation is usually accompanied by an ultimate reduction in dielectric breakdown.  
5.3 This test method is useful in determining the thermal endurance of coating powders applied over a copper or aluminum substrate material.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a procedure for evaluating thermal endurance of coating powders by determining the length of aging time at selected elevated temperatures required to achieve dielectric breakdown at room temperature at a pre-determined proof voltage. Thermal endurance is expressed in terms of a temperature index.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to insulating powders used over a substrate material of copper or aluminum.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems is likely to result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Different combinations of varnishes and film-insulated magnet wire behave differently when exposed to elevated temperatures. This includes different varnishes tested with the same film-insulated magnet wire and a single varnish tested with different film-insulated magnet wire.  
5.2 This test method is used to determine the effect on the electrical properties of a varnish applied to film-insulated magnet wire when the combination is exposed to prescribed elevated temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thermal endurance characteristics of electrical insulating varnishes and film-insulated magnet wire in combination.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method is equivalent to IEC 60172.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The properties included in this standard are those required to control the visual quality, usable area, thickness, hardness, and stiffness.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers the determination of commercially available natural muscovite block mica and is intended to be independent of the basic color of the mica or its source.  
1.2 Muscovite mica is characterized by having an optical axial angle between 50 and 75° (see Appendix X1); and has a weight loss when heated for 5 min at 600°C not exceeding 0.2 % (based on the weight after drying at 120°C).  
1.3 The visual system of classifying the quality of natural muscovite mica covered by this specification is based upon relative amounts of visible foreign inclusions such as air bubbles, stains, and spots in combination with relative amounts and types of waviness, as well as other physical properties. In this system, a perfectly clear, transparent, flat specimen of mica is the visual standard of perfection. Increasing amounts of visual defects lower the visual quality, and a total of 13 levels of visual quality are covered by this standard. This method of classification, generally known as the Bengal India System, is purely qualitative and is entirely dependent on personal opinion and judgment.  
1.4 The standards for visual quality classification that are covered in this classification are the best commercially available concept of the various qualities and their relative positions. Variations in the methods of using and applying these standards from those herein defined are specified by the purchaser, or defined by agreement between the supplier and the purchaser.  
1.5 Standard size classifications are defined, based upon available usable rectangular areas and the minimum dimensions of the rectangles that the pieces will yield. Precautions to be taken in making thickness measurements are also described.  
1.6 This standard covers the following two definite forms of commercial preparation:  
1.6.1 Form 1—Full-trimmed natural block mica, 0.007 in. (0.178 mm) minimum thickness.  
1.6.2 Form 2—Partially-trimmed natural block mica, 0.007 in. minimum thickness.  
1.7 The basic color of mica, such as white, ruby, light green, dark green, brownish green, and rum, as well as other colors, and the method of controlling the color and other problems associated with the basic color, are not a part of this classification.  
1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.9 Section 5 is technically identical to procedures specified in ISO 67-1981.  
1.10 Section 6 differs somewhat in procedure from ISO 5972-1978, but data obtained by either is expected to be identical.  
1.11 Section 7 is technically identical to procedures specified in ISO 2185-1972.  
1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The percent of reactive monomer in solventless varnishes will affect the viscosity, the handling, and the processing properties of the uncured resin. The percent of reactive monomer will possibly affect the degree of hardness and shrinkage which in turn will affect the physical and electrical properties of the cured resin.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the percent of volatile reactive monomer having a vapor pressure exceeding 13.3 Pa (0.1 Torr) at 25°C in an uncatalyzed solventless varnish. Experience has shown this method does not accurately determine percent reactive monomer when the vapor pressure is less than 13.3 Pa (0.1 Torr).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precaution, see Section 5.
Note 1: There is no similar or equivalent ISO/IEC standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful in determining the performance of varnishes over enamelled magnet wire when subjected to the specified sodium chloride solution. It is useful in evaluating the resistance of varnished magnet wire to a diluted sodium chloride solution under applied voltage.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the electrical performance in a specified water solution of an insulating varnish applied over enamelled magnet wire.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.
Note 1: There is no IEC method equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method determines the volatile organic content of an electrical insulating varnish. It utilizes a procedure where dishes containing a known amount of varnish are baked and the amount of volatile organic compound is measured. Calculations are performed to express this in g/L or lb/gal. This test method is applicable to all types of varnishes. However, waterborne varnishes while baked under the same conditions need to have water content determined and calculations performed in accordance with Practice D3960.  
4.1.1 During the cure of electrical insulating varnishes some organic material is volatilized. A determination of the amount that is volatilized is useful for estimating the amount of cured varnish on electrical units and volatile organic emissions from a manufacturing facility.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of volatile organic compounds emitted during cure of electrical insulating varnishes.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 for specific precautions.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The amount and composition of by-products produced by exposure of insulating varnishes to elevated temperatures can possibly:  
4.1.1 Deteriorate other insulations in the system,  
4.1.2 Cause cracking of insulation due to pressure, buildup in thick cross sections, or  
4.1.3 Corrode other parts in the assembly.  
4.2 Amount and rate of weight loss will possibly affect the thermal rating of a varnish.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the percent weight loss of cured solventless electrical varnishes when exposed to elevated temperatures for prescribed periods of time.  
1.2 Results of this test method are based on 6-mm (1/4-in.) thick specimens and will not be applicable to specimens appreciably thinner or thicker than 6 mm.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard resembles IEC 60216–2 “Guide for the determination of thermal endurance properties of electrical insulating materials. Part 2: Choice of test criteria” in a number of ways, but is not consistently similar throughout. The data obtained using either standard will possibly be technically equivalent.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are useful to determine compliance of thermally conductive sheet electrical insulation with specification requirements established jointly by a producer and a user.  
4.2 These test methods have been found useful for quality assessment. Results of the test methods can be useful in apparatus design.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard is a compilation of test methods for evaluating properties of thermally conductive electrical insulation sheet materials to be used for dielectric applications.  
1.2 Such materials are thin, compliant sheets, typically produced by mixing thermally conductive particulate fillers with organic or silicone binders. For added physical strength these materials are often reinforced with a woven or nonwoven fabric or a dielectric film.  
1.3 These test methods apply to thermally conductive sheet material ranging from about 0.02 to 6-mm thickness.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
Note 1: There is no IEC publication or ISO standard equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  See also 18.1.2 and 19.1.2.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
8.1 The conductivity of the water extract of electrical grade pulp results from electrolytic impurities in the pulp potentially present as ionizable acids, bases, salts, or a combination of these. The presence of electrolytic impurities in electrical insulation is undesirable as they tend to lower insulation resistance and have corrosion-producing tendencies under conditions of applied potential. When comparing test data, note that the extract conductivity of pulps, especially those of high purity, changes with time after manufacturing in some instances. This test is useful for routine acceptance testing, the comparison of different pulps, and research work.6
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing of cellulosic pulps for use in the manufacture of electrical insulating papers and boards or in the direct application of pulp fibers as insulation to electrical conductors.  
Note 1: Consider the significance of any one pulp property test method, as set forth herein, with discretion depending on the product made from the pulp.  
1.2 Sections on Reagents, Sampling, and Report are integral parts of each of the individual test methods that follow.  
1.3 Each test method is described as being a measure of either a bulk property of the pulp or a property of a handsheet formed from the pulp.  
1.3.1 Bulk characteristics determinable by these procedures appear in the following sections:    
Procedure  
Sections  
ASTM
Method
Reference  
TAPPI
Method
Reference  
Aqueous Extract Conductivity  
8 & 9  
D202  
. . .  
Aqueous Extract pH  
10 & 11  
D202  
. . .  
Aqueous Extractable Acidity-
Alkalinity  
12 & 13  
D202  
. . .  
Analysis of Ash for Cations by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry  
70 – 78  
D1193 & D2576  
. . .  
Ash Content  
79 – 82  
D202  
T 413  
Dirt in Pulp  
40 & 41  
. . .  
T 213  
Fiber Analysis  
23 & 24  
D202 & D1030  
. . .  
Fiber Length of Pulp  
42 & 43  
. . .  
T 232, T 233  
Freeness (Canadian Standard
Freeness)  
53 & 54  
. . .  
T 227  
Kappa Number/Permanganate
Number (Substances Oxidizable
by Permanganate)  
27 & 28  
. . .  
T 236, UM 251  
Laboratory Processing of Pulp
(Beater Method)  
51 & 52  
. . .  
T 200  
Moisture in Pulp  
31 – 33  
. . .  
T 210  
Neutral Aqueous Extractable Hard-
ness in Pulp  
16 – 22  
D202, D1126, & D2576  
. . .  
Pentosan Content of Pulp  
29 & 30  
. . .  
T 223  
Resistance of Pulp to Disintegration
(Standard RPG)  
44 – 50  
. . .  
T 239, UM 252  
Shive Count  
34 – 39  
. . .  
. . .  
Solvent-Soluble Matter in Pulp  
25 & 26  
D202  
. . .  
Tensile Properties  
65 – 69  
D202  
. . .  
Water-Extractable Chlorides  
14 & 15  
D202  
. . .  
1.3.2 Handsheet characteristics determinable by these procedures appear in the following sections:    
Procedure  
Sections  
ASTM
Method
Reference  
TAPPI
Method
Reference  
Air Resistance (Porosity)  
57 & 58  
D202  
T 205  
Apparent Density  
63 & 64  
D202  
T 205  
Bursting Strength  
59 & 60  
D202 & D774/D774M  
T 205  
Folding Endurance (M.I.T.)  
51 & 52  
D202 & D2176  
T 205  
Forming Handsheets for Physical
Tests of Pulp  
55 & 56  
. . .  
T 205  
Tensile Strength  
65 & 66  
D202 & D828  
T 205  
Note 2: Methods for Ash, Silica, selected cations from Ash, Heat Stability, α, β, and γ Cellulose, Viscosity, Total Chlorine, Tear, and Dissipation Factor and Relative Permittivity, will be considered for addition as methods are developed.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environm...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for the evaluation of insulating varnish performance in chemical exposure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the mechanical performance of insulating varnishes after exposure to various chemicals.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 7.1.
Note 1: There is no IEC/ISO equivalent.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the electrical, visual, and physical properties of natural blocks and films made from mica that are suitable for use in fixed mica-dielectric capacitors. The materials under this specification are of three forms and four classes. Samples should be taken and tested according to the test methods prescribed here. All samples should adhere to the specified values of conducting path, Q value, dielectric constant, weight loss on heating, thickness uniformity, temperature coefficient of capacitance and retrace, and amount of air inclusions, waves, cracks, tears, pin holes, stones, buckles, and ridges.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The properties included in this specification are those required to identify the types of natural block mica and mica films (cut and uncut) suitable for use in the manufacture of fixed mica-dielectric capacitors. It is possible that other requirements will be necessary to identify particular characteristics. These will be added to the specification as their inclusion becomes generally desirable, and the necessary test data and methods become available. It is possible that natural block mica and mica films that do not conform to the requirements of this specification for capacitor use are capable of meeting the requirements for other critical electrical insulation purposes.  
4.2 The system of classifying electrical quality of natural block and mica films (cut and uncut) covered by this specification is based on a combination of electrical and physical properties, and visual qualities specified herein, which the mica must possess. This system differs radically from past practices and previous concepts of mica quality for capacitor use. The electrical classification system does not discriminate against the presence of spots and stains in even first quality electrically selected mica, provided the mica conforms to specific and physical requirements. Appreciable amounts of air inclusions and waviness also are permitted in all electrical quality classes, provided the mica meets specific electrical and physical requirements. Mica meeting these requirements is acceptable without regard to color or origin. However, mica meeting these electrical and physical requirements but having lower visual quality than that meeting the requirements for the visual quality classification is not considered generally as desirable.  
4.3 In capacitor fabrication, one or more pieces of cut film or block mica having lower than required electrical and physical properties will possibly prevent meeting the end requirements of the capacitor. It is therefore required that each piece of block ...
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers natural block mica2 and mica films (cut and uncut) suitable for use in the manufacture of fixed mica-dielectric capacitors, based on electrical, visual, and physical properties as determined by tests specified herein.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard measures the steady state thermal impedance of electrical insulating materials used to enhance heat transfer in electrical and electronic applications. This standard is especially useful for measuring thermal transmission properties of specimens that are either too thin or have insufficient mechanical stability to allow placement of temperature sensors in the specimen as in Test Method E1225.  
5.2 This standard imposes an idealized heat flow pattern and specifies an average specimen test temperature. The thermal impedances thus measured cannot be directly applied to most practical applications where these required uniform, parallel heat conduction conditions do not exist.  
5.3 This standard is useful for measuring the thermal impedance of the following material types.  
5.3.1 Type I—Viscous liquids that exhibit unlimited deformation when a stress is applied. These include liquid compounds such as greases, pastes, and phase change materials. These materials exhibit no evidence of elastic behavior or the tendency to return to initial shape after deflection stresses are removed.  
5.3.2 Type II—Viscoelastic solids where stresses of deformation are ultimately balanced by internal material stresses thus limiting further deformation. Examples include gels, soft, and hard rubbers. These materials exhibit linear elastic properties with significant deflection relative to material thickness.  
5.3.3 Type III—Elastic solids which exhibit negligible deflection. Examples include ceramics, metals, and some types of plastics.  
5.4 The apparent thermal conductivity of a specimen is able to be calculated from the measured thermal impedance and measured specimen thickness if the interfacial thermal resistance is insignificantly small (nominally less than 1 %) compared to the thermal resistance of the specimen.  
5.4.1 The apparent thermal conductivity of a sample material is able to be accurately determined by excluding the interfacial thermal resistance. ...
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers a test method for measurement of thermal impedance and calculation of an apparent thermal conductivity for thermally conductive electrical insulation materials ranging from liquid compounds to hard solid materials.  
1.2 The term “thermal conductivity” applies only to homogeneous materials. Thermally conductive electrical insulating materials are usually heterogeneous and to avoid confusion this test method uses “apparent thermal conductivity” for determining thermal transmission properties of both homogeneous and heterogeneous materials.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The test methods referenced in these test methods are useful for control purposes during the manufacture and use of solventless varnishes.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover solventless varnishes used primarily as electrical, mechanical, and environmental protection for electrical equipment.  
1.2 These test methods are used on solventless varnishes that are applied by dipping (at atmospheric pressure conditions or under vacuum or other certain pressure), spraying, or brushing for the purpose of impregnating or sealing electrical equipment. The following test methods are included:    
Property Tests (Uncured):  
Section  
Density  
7  
Flash Point  
8  
Gel Time  
9  
Monomer Content  
10  
Rheological Properties (Non-Newtonian)  
11  
Rotational Viscosity  
12  
Performance Property Tests (cured):  
Bond Strength  
13  
Coating Thickness  
14  
Dielectric Strength  
15  
Dielectric Strength-Using Metal Panels  
16  
Permittivity and Dissipation Factor  
17  
Build  
18  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in 8.3, 15.5.1, and 15.5.2.
Note 1: This test method is related to IEC 60455. Since both methods contain multiple test procedures, many procedures are technically equivalent while others differ significantly.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Weight loss is useful for indicating:  
5.1.1 A form of degradation at elevated temperatures in air, and  
5.1.2 Evolution of volatiles that have the potential to affect other components.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the loss in weight of cured electrical insulating varnishes on exposure to elevated temperature in air.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precaution statements, see Section 7.
Note 1: IEC 60216 Part 2 is technically equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Values obtained by flexural test provides information with regard to the bond strength of the particular varnish in combination with a particular type of magnet wire, when measured under conditions described in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bond strength of an electrical insulating varnish when applied to a twisted coil of film-insulated magnet wire. The use of a particular type of film-insulated wire will show the values for that combination of film coating and varnish.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
Note 1: Although this standard and Method C of IEC 61033 differ in approach or detail, data obtained using either are technically equivalent.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for the evaluation of insulating varnish performance in high humidity exposure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the mechanical performance of electrical insulating varnishes subjected to high humidity conditions.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 7.1.
Note 1: There is not ISO or IEC equivalent.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Individual varnishes behave differently when applied to the same fibrous- or film-wrapped magnet wire when exposed to elevated temperatures. Likewise, a varnish does not always behave the same when applied to different types of fibrous or film-wrapped magnet wires and when exposed to elevated temperatures.
FIG. 1 Jig for Forming Wire
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of thermal endurance of rectangular and square fibrous- or film-wrapped magnet wire coated with an insulating varnish.  
1.2 The values given in SI units are the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in Section 5.  
Note 1: There is no similar or equivalent IEC Standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Values obtained by flexural tests can provide information with regard to the bond strength of the particular varnish, in combination with a particular wire, when measured under conditions described in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the bond strength of an electrical insulating varnish when applied to a helical coil. The helical coil can be made from bare aluminum or copper wire or from film or fiber-insulated magnet wire. Helical coils made from bare aluminum or bare copper wire will yield values of bond strength for the varnish when applied to bare metal conductors. The use of film or fiber-insulated magnet wire will show values for that particular combination of insulation and varnish.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  See Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The ER of a battery separator is a standard measurement used by separator and battery manufacturers for quality control purposes and separator selection.  
5.2 Separator ER and the separator's interaction with the electrolyte, that is resistance to wetting or flow, will contribute to the internal resistance of the battery and this has the potential to limit the electrical output of a battery. The ER determination is a tool for battery manufacturers to use in design, material selection, and performance specifications.  
5.3 The change in the bath electrical resistance imparted by a separator is affected by the porosity, thickness, and tortuousity of the pore structure of the separator, the wettability of the separator to the electrolyte, and the temperature and concentration of the electrolyte.  
5.4 Incomplete wetting or saturation of the pore structure limits the lowest ER value obtainable from a separator structure. Separators are pretreated to assure that the specimen being tested has been adequately wetted out. A separator that is not fully wetted out (saturated) will give a higher ER.  
5.5 This test method is intended to give a rapid and repeatable measurement that approximates the change in ER that could happen when the separator is used in a battery.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the pretreatment, test conditions, apparatus, and procedure to determine the ionic resistivity, commonly referred to in the battery industry as electrical resistance (ER) of an alkaline battery separator immersed in an electrolyte of 40 % potassium hydroxide (KOH).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the effect of exposure to elevated temperatures on the bond strength of combinations of magnet wire insulations and electrical insulating varnishes. The results are used as a guide for the comparison and selection of varnishes and combinations of varnishes and magnet wire insulation for specific applications. Test Methods D1932 and D3251describe additional tests for determining the thermal endurance of insulating varnishes. A comprehensive evaluation of thermal characteristics includes a comparison of the thermal endurance determined in these different ways.  
5.2 This test method is useful for research and product qualifications purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thermal endurance of electrical insulating varnishes alone or in combinations with magnet wire insulation. Changes in the helical coil bond strength are used as the test criteria. The coils are made from bare aluminum or copper wire, or from film- or fiber-insulated magnet wire.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
Note 1: There is no similar or equivalent IEC standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A major factor affecting the long term performance of insulating materials is thermal degradation. It is possible that factors, such as moisture and vibration, will cause failures after the material has been weakened by thermal degradation.  
5.2 An electrical insulating varnish is effective in protecting electrical equipment only as long as it retains its physical and electrical integrity.  
5.3 The thermal degradation of the varnish results in weight loss, porosity, crazing, and generally a reduction in flexibility. Degradation of the varnish can be detected by a decrease in dielectric strength, which is therefore used as the failure criterion for this test method.  
5.4 Electrical insulating varnishes undergo flexing in service due to vibration and thermal expansion. For this reason, this functional test includes flexing and elongation of the insulation. The electrodes used in this test method are designed to elongate the outer surface of the specimen 2 % with respect to the neutral axis of the base fiber while being tested for dielectric breakdown.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative thermal endurance of flexible electrical insulating varnishes by determining the time necessary at elevated temperatures to decrease the dielectric breakdown of the varnish to an arbitrarily selected value when applied to a standard glass fiber fabric.  
1.2 This test method does not apply to varnishes that lose a high percentage of their dielectric breakdown voltage when flexed before elevated temperature exposure as prescribed in the screening test (Section 9). Examples of such varnishes are those used for high speed armatures and laminated structures. Also, this test method is not applicable to varnishes which distort sufficiently during thermal elevated temperature exposure so that they cannot be tested using the curved electrode assembly.  
1.3 Thermal endurance is expressed in terms of a temperature index.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: There is no equivalent IEC or ISO standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Values obtained by flexural tests can provide information with regard to the bond strength of the particular varnish, in combination with a particular wire, when measured under conditions described in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the bond strength of an electrical insulating varnish when applied to a helical coil. The helical coil can be made from bare aluminum or copper wire or from film or fiber-insulated magnet wire. Helical coils made from bare aluminum or bare copper wire will yield values of bond strength for the varnish when applied to bare metal conductors. The use of film or fiber-insulated magnet wire will show values for that particular combination of insulation and varnish.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  See Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A major factor affecting the life of insulating materials is thermal degradation. It is possible that other factors, such as moisture and vibration, will cause failures after the material has been weakened by thermal degradation.  
5.2 Electrical insulation is effective in electrical equipment only as long as it retains its physical and electrical integrity. The following are potential indicators of thermal degradation: weight change, porosity, crazing, and generally a reduction in flexibility. Thermal degradation is usually accompanied by an ultimate reduction in dielectric breakdown.  
5.3 This test method is useful in determining the thermal endurance of coating powders applied over a steel substrate material.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a procedure for evaluating thermal endurance of coating powders by determining the length of aging time at selected elevated temperatures required to achieve dielectric breakdown at room temperature at a pre-determined proof voltage. Thermal endurance is expressed in terms of a temperature index.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to insulating powders used over a substrate material of steel.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems is likely to result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A major factor affecting the life of insulating materials is thermal degradation. It is possible that other factors, such as moisture and vibration, will cause failures after the material has been weakened by thermal degradation.  
5.2 Electrical insulation is effective in electrical equipment only as long as it retains its physical and electrical integrity. The following are potential indicators of thermal degradation: weight change, porosity, crazing, and generally a reduction in flexibility. Thermal degradation is usually accompanied by an ultimate reduction in dielectric breakdown.  
5.3 This test method is useful in determining the thermal endurance of coating powders applied over a copper or aluminum substrate material.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a procedure for evaluating thermal endurance of coating powders by determining the length of aging time at selected elevated temperatures required to achieve dielectric breakdown at room temperature at a pre-determined proof voltage. Thermal endurance is expressed in terms of a temperature index.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to insulating powders used over a substrate material of copper or aluminum.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems is likely to result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Gel time is important in determining batch uniformity and some processing characteristics. It is indicative of pot life and shelf life.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the gel time of a solventless varnish mixed with a catalyst, if required, and exposed to elevated temperature.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precaution statement, see Section 6.
Note 1: Although this standard and IEC 60455–2 differ in approach or detail, data obtained using either are technically equivalent.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A major factor affecting the life of insulating materials is thermal degradation. Other factors, such as moisture and vibration, are able to cause failures after the material has been weakened by thermal degradation.  
5.2 Electrical insulation is effective in electrical equipment only as long as it retains its physical and electrical integrity. Thermal degradation is able to be characterized by weight change, porosity, crazing, and generally a reduction in flexibility, and is usually accompanied by an ultimate reduction in dielectric breakdown voltage.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a procedure for evaluating thermal endurance of flexible sheet materials by determining dielectric breakdown voltage at room temperature after aging in air at selected elevated temperatures. Thermal endurance is expressed in terms of a temperature index.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to such solid electrical insulating materials as coated fabrics, dielectric films, composite laminates, and other materials where retention of flexibility after heat aging is of major importance (see Note 4).  
1.3 This test method is not intended for the evaluation of rigid laminate materials nor for the determination of thermal endurance of those materials which are not expected or required to retain flexibility in actual service.  
1.4 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 10.1.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.