D15.22 - Non-Aqueous Coolants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method will generally distinguish between non-aqueous coolants that are definitely deleterious from the corrosion standpoint and those that are suitable for further evaluation. However, the results of this test method cannot stand alone as evidence of satisfactory corrosion inhibition. The actual service value of an engine coolant formulation can be determined only by more comprehensive bench, dynamometer, and field tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a simple beaker-type procedure for evaluating the effects of non-aqueous engine coolants on metal specimens under controlled laboratory conditions (see Appendix X1).
Note 1: For more information on aqueous and non-aqueous engine coolants, see (Refs 1-9).2  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in 10.1.7.2, 10.1.7.3, and 10.1.7.4.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method covers the measurement of thermal properties for engine coolants (aqueous or non-aqueous) and related fluids.  
5.2 With each single measurement, the thermal conductivity (λ) and thermal diffusivity (α) are measured directly, and volumetric heat capacity (VHC) is determined by the relationship:
5.3 The test method is transient and requires only a small amount of specimen and a short duration of time (0.8 s) to run a measurement. These attributes minimize heat convection in the liquid.  
5.4 The brief application of current to the sensor wire adds very little heat to the test specimen and ten repetitive tests may be applied at 30 s intervals without causing any significant convection or temperature drift.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of a transient hot wire liquid thermal conductivity method and associated equipment (the System) for the determination of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and volumetric heat capacity of aqueous engine coolants, non-aqueous engine coolants, and related fluids. The System is intended for use in a laboratory.  
1.2 The System directly measures thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity without the requirement to input any additional properties. Volumetric heat capacity is calculated by dividing the thermal conductivity by the thermal diffusivity of the sample measured.  
1.3 This test method can be applied to any aqueous or non-aqueous engine coolants or related fluid with thermal conductivity in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 W/m∙K.  
1.4 This test method excludes fluids that react with platinum.  
1.5 The range of temperatures applicable to this test method is –20 to 100 °C.  
1.6 This test method requires a sample of approximately 40 mL.  
1.7 The System may be used without external pressurization for any fluid having a vapor pressure of 33.8 kPa (4.9 psia) or less at the test temperature.  
1.8 For a fluid having a vapor pressure greater than 33.8 kPa (4.9 psia) at the test temperature, external pressurization is required (see Annex A2).  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method, by a closer approach to engine cooling system conditions, provides better evaluation and selective screening of engine coolants than is possible from glassware testing (Test Method D7935/D7935M). The improvement is achieved by controlled circulation of the coolant, by the use of automotive cooling system components, and by a greater ratio of metal surface area to coolant volume.  
4.2 Although this test method provides improved discrimination, it cannot conclusively predict satisfactory corrosion inhibition and service life. If greater assurance of satisfactory performance is desired, it should be obtained from full-scale engine tests and from field testing in actual service.  
4.3 Significance and interpretation of the test and its limitations are discussed further in Appendix X1.  
4.4 The substitution of components in the apparatus of Section 5 is permissible if agreed upon by the contracting parties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method evaluates the effect of a circulating engine coolant on metal test specimens and automotive cooling system components under controlled, essentially isothermal laboratory conditions.  
1.2 This test method specifies test material, cooling system components, type of coolant, and coolant flow conditions that are considered typical of current automotive use.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the test method, coolants generally will be distinguished that have a tendency to foam excessively from those that are suitable for further evaluation to determine performance in actual service.
Note 1: In use, the foaming tendency of a coolant solution may be increased by service aging or contamination. A properly functioning pressure cap will tend to suppress foaming in coolant solutions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a simple glassware test for evaluating the tendency of non-aqueous engine coolants to foam under laboratory controlled conditions of aeration and temperature.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2 and 7.3.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for nonaqueous engine coolants used in automobiles or other lightduty service cooling systems. Non-aqueous coolants that conform to the specification will function effectively to provide protection against freezing, boiling, and corrosion without any further dilution. This specification is based upon the knowledge of the performance of non-aqueous engine coolants prepared from new individual or mixtures of virgin industrial grade diols.
This specification covers general requirements (color, effect on nonmetals), physical and chemical requirements (relative density, dynamic viscosity, boiling point, thermal conductivity, flash point, ash content, pH, chloride, water, reserve alkalinity, effect on automotive finish [use clear coat thermoset urethane or acrylic urethane finish]), and performance requirements (corrosion in glassware, simulated service test, corrosion of cast aluminum alloys at heat-rejecting surfaces [mg/cm2/week], foaming).
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for non-aqueous engine coolants used in automobiles or other light-duty service cooling systems. Non-aqueous coolants that conform to the specification will function effectively to provide protection against freezing, boiling, and corrosion without any further dilution. This specification is based upon the knowledge of the performance of non-aqueous engine coolants prepared from new individual or mixtures of virgin industrial grade diols.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See X1.4 for a specific warning statement.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method, by a closer approach to engine cooling system conditions, provides better evaluation and selective screening of engine coolants than is possible from glassware testing (Test Method D7935/D7935M). The improvement is achieved by controlled circulation of the coolant, by the use of automotive cooling system components, and by a greater ratio of metal surface area to coolant volume.  
4.2 Although this test method provides improved discrimination, it cannot conclusively predict satisfactory corrosion inhibition and service life. If greater assurance of satisfactory performance is desired, it should be obtained from full-scale engine tests and from field testing in actual service.  
4.3 Significance and interpretation of the test and its limitations are discussed further in Appendix X1.  
4.4 The substitution of components in the apparatus of Section 5 is permissible if agreed upon by the contracting parties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method evaluates the effect of a circulating engine coolant on metal test specimens and automotive cooling system components under controlled, essentially isothermal laboratory conditions.  
1.2 This test method specifies test material, cooling system components, type of coolant, and coolant flow conditions that are considered typical of current automotive use.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method will generally distinguish between non-aqueous coolants that are definitely deleterious from the corrosion standpoint and those that are suitable for further evaluation. However, the results of this test method cannot stand alone as evidence of satisfactory corrosion inhibition. The actual service value of an engine coolant formulation can be determined only by more comprehensive bench, dynamometer, and field tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a simple beaker-type procedure for evaluating the effects of non-aqueous engine coolants on metal specimens under controlled laboratory conditions (see Appendix X1).
Note 1: For more information on aqueous and non-aqueous engine coolants, see (Refs 1-9).2  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in 10.1.7.2, 10.1.7.3, and 10.1.7.4.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method covers the measurement of thermal properties for engine coolants (aqueous or non-aqueous) and related fluids.  
5.2 With each single measurement, the thermal conductivity (λ) and thermal diffusivity (α) are measured directly, and volumetric heat capacity (VHC) is determined by the relationship:
5.3 The test method is transient and requires only a small amount of specimen and a short duration of time (0.8 s) to run a measurement. These attributes minimize heat convection in the liquid.  
5.4 The brief application of current to the sensor wire adds very little heat to the test specimen and ten repetitive tests may be applied at 30-s intervals without causing any significant convection or temperature drift.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of a transient hot wire liquid thermal conductivity method and associated equipment (the System) for the determination of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and volumetric heat capacity of aqueous engine coolants, non-aqueous engine coolants, and related fluids. The System is intended for use in a laboratory.  
1.2 The System directly measures thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity without the requirement to input any additional properties. Volumetric heat capacity is calculated by dividing the thermal conductivity by the thermal diffusivity of the sample measured.  
1.3 This test method can be applied to any aqueous or non-aqueous engine coolants or related fluid with thermal conductivity in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 W/m∙K.  
1.4 This test method excludes fluids that react with platinum.  
1.5 The range of temperatures applicable to this test method is –20 to 100°C.  
1.6 This test method requires a sample of approximately 40 mL.  
1.7 The System may be used without external pressurization for any fluid having a vapor pressure of 33.8 kPa (4.9 psia) or less at the test temperature.  
1.8 For a fluid having a vapor pressure greater than 33.8 kPa (4.9 psia) at the test temperature, external pressurization is required (see Annex A2).  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9.1 Exception—Inch-pound units are provided in 1.7, 1.8, 4.1, 7.8, and A2.1 for information.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the test method, coolants generally will be distinguished that have a tendency to foam excessively from those that are suitable for further evaluation to determine performance in actual service.Note 1—In use, the foaming tendency of a coolant solution may be increased by service aging or contamination. A properly functioning pressure cap will tend to suppress foaming in coolant solutions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a simple glassware test for evaluating the tendency of non-aqueous engine coolants to foam under laboratory controlled conditions of aeration and temperature.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2 and 7.3.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 It is essential that engine coolants prevent heat-transfer corrosion of aluminum cylinder heads during engine operation. Any corrosion products formed may deposit on interior radiator surfaces, reducing heat-transfer efficiency of the radiator. Overheating and boil-over of the cooling system may then occur.  
4.2 This test method provides a means for selectively screening unused non-aqueous engine coolants and will readily distinguish those coolants that are unsuitable for use with aluminum cylinder head engines. However, satisfactory performance of a coolant in this test method does not ensure adequate long-term service performance. Additional, more comprehensive evaluations with simulated service, dynamometer, and vehicle tests should be used to establish the long-term effectiveness of the coolant.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory screening procedure for evaluating the effectiveness of non-aqueous engine coolants in combating corrosion of aluminum casting alloys under heat-transfer conditions that may be present in aluminum cylinder head engines.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in Sections 11 and 12.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers a laboratory screening procedure for evaluating the effectiveness of non-aqueous engine coolants in combating corrosion of aluminum casting alloys under heat-transfer conditions that may be present in aluminum cylinder head engines.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D15 on Engine Coolants and Related Fluids, this test method was withdrawn in January 2023 in accordance with Section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SCOPE
1.1 A non-aqueous engine coolant is a glycol, diol, triol, or mixtures thereof, based heat transfer fluid containing less than 1.0 % water when formulated and intended for final use without dilution with water. (Definition from Terminology D4725.)  
1.2 This specification covers the requirements for fully formulated non-aqueous glycol base coolants for cooling systems of heavy-duty engines. These coolants will function effectively during both winter and summer to provide protection against corrosion, cavitation, freezing, boiling, and excessive viscosity.  
1.3 This specification is intended to cover the requirements for non-aqueous engine coolants prepared from virgin glycols, diols, or triols, or mixtures thereof.  
1.4 Coolants meeting this specification exhibit very low vapor pressures under all operating conditions, thereby avoiding the creation and collapse of coolant vapor, the primary cause of pump and cylinder liner cavitation erosion. They may additionally contain additives that provide traditional anti-cavitation erosion coatings but there is no requirement that they must. Non-aqueous engine coolants usually contain one or more carboxylates and do not normally contain nitrites. It is suggested that coolant testing be undertaken at normal manufacturer’s recommended intervals to monitor degradation products. The low vapor pressures inherent in coolants that meet this specification also provide protection from hot surface scaling, as liquid coolant is in contact with all hot metal surfaces of the engine cooling system at all times.  
1.5 Water is a contaminant to non-aqueous engine coolants and it is suggested that water content be tested periodically with test strips to ideally keep water content of the coolant at 3 % or less. Increases in water cause an undesirable drop in the boiling point. It is instructive that the glassware corrosion testing per this specification is conducted at 6 % corrosive water.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
A non-aqueous engine coolant is a glycol, diol, triol, or mixtures thereof, based heat transfer fluid containing less than 1.0 % water when formulated and intended for final use without dilution with water. (Definition from Terminology D4725.) This specification covers the requirements for fully-formulated non-aqueous glycol base coolants for cooling systems of heavy-duty engines. These coolants will function effectively during both winter and summer to provide protection against corrosion, cavitation, freezing, boiling, and excessive viscosity.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D15 on Engine Coolants and Related Fluids, this specification was withdrawn in October 2019. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement on the basis that there is insufficient fleet test data to support satisfactory performance in on-road heavy-duty diesel engines. It is being withdrawn until long-term field test data has been developed on non-aqueous coolants in on-road heavy-duty diesel engines to demonstrate satisfactory performance.