iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM C326-82(1997)e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Shrinkages of Ceramic Whiteware Clays

Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Shrinkages of Ceramic Whiteware Clays

SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the determination of linear shrinkage of ceramic whiteware clays, both unfired and fired.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1996
ICS
81.060.10 - Raw materials
Technical Committee
C21 - Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
Drafting Committee
C21.04 - Raw Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM C326-03 - Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Shrinkages of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
Effective Date
01-Oct-2003

Buy Standard

ASTM C326-82(1997)e1 - Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Shrinkages of Ceramic Whiteware ClaysASTM C326-82(1997)e1 - Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Shrinkages of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM C326-82(1997)e1 - Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Shrinkages of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
English language
2 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
e1
Designation: C 326 – 82 (Reapproved 1997)
Standard Test Method for
Drying and Firing Shrinkages of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 326; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Section 7 was added editorially in October 1997.
1. Scope 3.3 The test specimens, cast or plastic-formed, shall be
suitably identified and marked with shrinkage reference lines
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear
100 mm apart on the long axis of the specimen.
shrinkage of ceramic whiteware clays, both unfired and fired.
3.4 The marked specimens shall then be placed on a lightly
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
oiled pallet and allowed to dry at 20 to 40°C for 24 h. During
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
this preliminary drying period, bars of square cross section
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
shall be turned 90 deg several times at 2-h intervals to
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
eliminate possible warping. After the initial drying period, the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
specimens shall be placed in a drying oven at 100 to 110°C and
2. Significance and Use further dried for 24 h.
3.5 The drying shrinkage of the test specimens should be
2.1 The purpose of this test is to obtain values of shrinkage
determined in accordance with Sections 4 and 5. The speci-
after drying and firing of clays or bodies or both, under various
mens can now be fired according to a suitable firing schedule
processing conditions to enable designers to determine the
to the desired temperature and the procedures of Sections 4 and
proper size of mold or die so as to produce a predetermined
5 applied to determine the total shrinkage.
size of fired ware.
4. Shrinkage Measurement
3. Test Specimens
4.1 Measure the distance between shrinkage reference
3.1 Test specimens shall be either round bars approximately
marks on dried or fired specimens to the closest 0.1 mm with
25 mm in diameter by 115 mm in length, or bars of square
vernier calipers. Record the average of at least five measure-
cross section approximately 25 by 25 by 115 mm in dimen-
ments (one measurement on each of five specimens).
sions.
3.2 Test specimens may be prepared either by casting or
5. Calculation
plastic forming, as circumstances require. At least five speci-
5.1 Calculate the linear drying shrinkage as a percentage of
mens shall be prepared. For cast specimens the molds may be
plastic length, as follows:
either one-piece, or two- or more-part molds; in either instance
sufficient space shall be provided to allow solid casting without L 2 L
p d
S 5 3 100 (1)
d
L
piping. Where plastic-forming is employed, the clay-water
p
mass shall be brought to a consistency that permits the making
where:
of specimens rigid enough to allow careful handling without
S 5 linear drying shrinkage, %,
d
distortion immediately after the test specimen is made. Plastic-
L 5 plastic length of test specimen, and
p
formed test specimen
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM C371-09(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Wire-Cloth Sieve Analysis of Nonplastic Ceramic Powders

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Sieve analyses are carried out to determine the particle size distribution of powders which, in turn, are used to qualify those materials as to their usefulness in the process under consideration. Since particle size analyses have only relative significance, the results should be considered only where they correlate with process characteristics. The parameter that is being measured in this test is the amount of material that will pass through a cloth having theoretically square openings. It must be remembered that all the holes are not square, nor uniform in size, and the question of whether a given particle will go through is a statistical one. Since each particle size analysis method measures a unique physical parameter, the results from one method may not agree with those from another. Particle size distributions play a role in such properties as bulk density, dustiness, and handling characteristics. Care should be taken, however, when interpretations are made from one or two points (sieves) on the distribution curve.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particle size distribution of nonplastic ceramic powders such as alumina, silica, feldspar, pyrophyllite, nepheline syenite, talc, titanates, and zircon using wire cloth sieves.  
1.2 Materials containing a large amount of fines, containing agglomerates, or that are nonfree-flowing, are wet-sieved to remove excessive fines or to disperse agglomerates before performing the test. This technique is not applicable to materials that are, to any degree, water soluble.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units, or are other customary units (in the case of sieve frame diameter and sieve number), that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C690-09(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Alumina or Quartz Powders by Electrical Sensing Zone Technique

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is useful to both sellers and purchasers of alumina and quartz powders for determining particle size distributions for materials specifications, manufacturing control, and development and research.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, one of several found valuable for the measurement of particle size, covers the determination of the particle size distribution of alumina or quartz powders (0.6 μm to 56.0 μm) using electrical sensing zone particle size analyzers. These instruments use an electric current path of small dimensions which is modulated by individual particle passage through an aperture, and produces individual pulses of amplitude proportional to the particle volume.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C324-01(2022)e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Free Moisture in Ceramic Whiteware Clays

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of free moisture in ceramic whiteware clays. Whiteware clays may be shipped as a bulk shipment in lumps, a bulk shipment of shredded or coarsely ground clay, or in bagged lots of ground or airfloated clay. Directions are given in this test method for obtaining representative samples of the clay shipment to be used in subsequent tests for the properties of the clay in the shipment. Percentage of free moisture shall be calculated to the nearest 0.1%.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of free moisture in ceramic whiteware clays. Whiteware clays may be shipped as a bulk shipment in lumps, a bulk shipment of shredded or coarsely ground clay, or in bagged lots of ground or airfloated clay. Directions are given in this test method for obtaining representative samples of the clay shipment to be used in subsequent tests for the properties of the clay in the shipment.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C1069-09(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Specific Surface Area of Alumina or Quartz by Nitrogen Adsorption

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Both sellers and purchasers of alumina and quartz will find the test method useful to determine the specific surface area and indirectly as a measure of the particle size for material specifications, manufacturing control, and research and development.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the specific surface area of aluminas and silicas used in the manufacture of ceramics. The test method is a general one, permitting the use of any modern commercial nitrogen adsorption apparatus but strictly defining the outgassing procedure. Calculations are based on the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) equation.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C867-94(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Soluble Sulfate in Ceramic Whiteware Clays (Photometric Method)

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the procedures for determining soluble sulfate ions present in water or a filtrate using a photometer to measure the turbidity of precipitated barium sulfate. This test method also details a method for standardizing the photometer to be used. The soluble sulfate ions may be removed from clays or clay-water slurries by leaching with water during mixing and then filter pressing. An impractical number of washings would be needed to remove all sulfate ions, therefore, this test method should be considered only as a control test and not a quantitative analysis for sulfate ions. Test apparatus include a balance, high speed mixer, filter press, glass beakers, transfer pipets, spectrophotometer, measuring spoon, and other laboratory equipment. All reagents to be used should be of the required purity and concentration.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of soluble sulfate ions present in water or a filtrate by means of a photometer measuring the turbidity of precipitated barium sulfate. A method of standardizing the photometer for this test method is also given.  
1.2 Soluble sulfate ions may be removed from clays or clay-water slurries by leaching with water during mixing and subsequent filter pressing. To remove all the sulfate ions would require an impractical number of washings; therefore, this test method should be considered a control test and not a quantitative analysis for SO4 ions.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C958-92(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Alumina or Quartz by X-Ray Monitoring of Gravity Sedimentation

ABSTRACT
This test method details the standard procedures for the determination of the particle size distribution of alumina or quartz powders using X-ray monitoring of gravity sedimentation. This test procedure shall make use of an X-ray sedimentation apparatus, and ultrasonic probe or bath. An aqueous homogeneous dispersion of the specimen is permitted to settle in a cell. The decrease in particle concentration over a programmed settling distance is monitored by an X-ray beam passing through the sedimenting dispersion to a detector. The specimen concentration at any given sedimentation distance is inversely proportional to the X-ray flux and the equivalent diameter (spherical) is calculated from Stokes' law.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particle size distribution of alumina or quartz powders in the range from 0.5 μm to 50 μm and having a median particle diameter from 2.5 μm to 10 μm using a sedimentation method. This test method is one of several found valuable for the measurement of particle size. Instruments used for this test method employ a constant intensity X-ray beam that is passed through a sedimenting dispersion of particles.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C325-07(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Wet Sieve Analysis of Ceramic Whiteware Clays

ABSTRACT
This guide covers the wet sieve analysis of ceramic whiteware clays. This guide is intended for use in testing shipments of clay as well as for plant control tests. The apparatus to be used include stirring device and sieves. The following procedure shall be followed in the analysis of the ceramic whiteware clays: transferring of duplicate portions of the dried clay sample; agitating of the slurry by means of a mechanical stirrer to ensure complete separation of clay from nonplastic impurities; transferring of the slaked and stirred sample, without loss, to the finest sieve to be employed in the test; washing of the residue remaining on the finest sieve into the pan; nesting the top sieve on the pan, which shall contain a certain amount of clear water; refilling of the pan with the proper amount of water, then nesting the top sieve and its residue on the pan; carefully blotting each sieve on its underside with a soft, damp sponge, and placing the sieve either in a drying oven or under infrared lamps until thoroughly dry; nesting the dried residues and sieves in the proper order, with due care to prevent dusting of the residues; and separating the nested sieves and carefully brushing the residue from each onto a weighing paper.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the wet sieve analysis of ceramic whiteware clays. This guide is intended for use in testing shipments of clay as well as for plant control tests.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C866-11(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Filtration Rate of Ceramic Whiteware Clays

ABSTRACT
This standard test method covers the rate determination of clay-water paste layer formation from a clay-water slip under pressure filtration. Filter pressing of clay shall be in accordance to the procedure indicated in this specification. Calculation of filtration rate and void fraction shall depend on thickness of wet filter cake and filtration time. Void fraction in the filter cake shall depend on filter cake weight, filter press cross-sectional area, and wet filter cake thickness.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the rate at which a layer of clay-water paste is formed from a clay-water slip under pressure filtration. The filtration rate is directly related to such whiteware operations as filter pressing, slip casting, and drying of ware in which water permeability through a clay-water paste is the controlling mechanism.  
1.2 A straight-line relationship exists between the time of filter pressing and the square of the thickness of the paste layer. The filtration rate is directly related to the filter press pressure and the void fraction of the paste layer, and is inversely related to the square of the clay surface area, the ratio of solids to liquid in the slip, and the viscosity of water at the testing temperature.  
1.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C721-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Estimating Average Particle Size of Alumina and Silica Powders by Air Permeability

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The estimation of average particle size has two chief functions: (1) as a guide to the degree of fineness or coarseness of a powder as this, in turn, is related to the flow and packing properties, and (1) as a control test on the uniformity of a product.  
4.2 These test methods provide procedures for determining the envelope-specific surface area of powders, from which is calculated an “average” particle diameter, assuming the particles are monosize, smooth surface, nonporous, spherical particles. For this reason, values obtained by these test methods will be reported as an average particle size or Fisher Number. The degree of correlation between the results of these test methods and the quality of powders in use will vary with each particular application and has not been fully determined.  
4.3 These test methods are generally applicable to alumina and silica powders, for particles having diameters between 0.2 and 75 μm (MIC SAS) or between 0.5 and 50 μm (FSSS). They may be used for other similar ceramic powders, with caution as to their applicability. They should not be used for powders composed of particles whose shape is too far from equiaxed—that is, flakes or fibers. In these cases, it is permissible to use the test methods described only by agreement between the parties concerned. These test methods shall not be used for mixtures of different powders, nor for powders containing binders or lubricants. When the powder contains agglomerates, the measured surface area may be affected by the degree of agglomeration. Methods of de-agglomeration may be used if agreed upon between the parties concerned.  
4.4 When an “average” particle size of powders is determined using either the MIC SAS or the FSSS, it should be clearly kept in mind that this average size is derived from the determination of the specific surface area of the powder using a relationship that is true only for powders of uniform size and spherical shape. Thus, the results of these methods are ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the estimation of the average particle size in micrometres of alumina and silica powders using an air permeability method. The test methods are intended to apply to the testing of alumina and silica powders in the particle size range from 0.2 to 75 μm.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard, with the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice; and the units for pressure, cm H2O—also long-standing practice.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C1182-09(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Particle Size Distribution of Alumina by Centrifugal Photosedimentation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Manufacturers and users of alumina powders will find this test method useful to determine the particle size distribution of these materials for product specification, quality control, and research and development testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particle size distribution of alumina in the range from 0.1 to 20 μm having a median particle diameter from 0.5 to 5.0 μm.  
1.2 The procedure described in this test method may be successfully applied to other ceramic powders in this general size range. It is the responsibility of the user to determine the applicability of this test method to other material.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off