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ASTM D6839-02(2007)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types, Oxygenated Compounds and Benzene in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by Gas Chromatography

Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types, Oxygenated Compounds and Benzene in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A knowledge of spark-ignition engine fuel composition is useful for regulatory compliance, process control, and quality assurance.
The quantitative determination of olefins and other hydrocarbon types in spark-ignition engine fuels is required to comply with government regulations.
This test method is not applicable to M85 and E85 fuels, which contain 85 % methanol and ethanol, respectively.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of saturates, olefins, aromatics and oxygenates in spark-ignition engine fuels by multidimensional gas chromatography. Each hydrocarbon type can be reported either by carbon number (see Note 1) or as a total.
Note 1—There can be an overlap between the C9 and C10 aromatics; however, the total is accurate. Isopropyl benzene is resolved from the C8 aromatics and is included with the other C9 aromatics.
1.2 This test method is applicable to spark-ignition engine fuel with total aromatic content up to 50 % (V/V), total olefinic content up to 30 % (V/V) and oxygen compounds up to 15 % (V/V).
1.3 This test method is not intended to determine individual hydrocarbon components except benzene.
1.4 Oxygenates as specified in Test Method D 4815 have been verified not to interfere with hydrocarbons. Within the round robin sample set, the following oxygenates have been tested: MTBE, ethanol, ETBE, and TAME. Other oxygenates can be determined and quantified using Test Method D 4815 or D 5599.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2007
ICS
71.040.40 - Chemical analysis
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.04.0L - Gas Chromatography Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6839-02 - Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types, Oxygenated Compounds and Benzene in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by Gas Chromatography
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D6839-13 - Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types, Oxygenated Compounds, and Benzene in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by Gas Chromatography
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM D5134-21 - Standard Test Method for Detailed Analysis of Petroleum Naphthas through n-Nonane by Capillary Gas Chromatography
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7753-12(2020) - Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types and Benzene in Light Petroleum Distillates by Gas Chromatography
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM D5443-23 - Standard Test Method for Paraffin, Naphthene, and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Type Analysis in Petroleum Distillates Through 200 °C by Multi-Dimensional Gas Chromatography
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6729-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Individual Components in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by 100 Metre Capillary High Resolution Gas Chromatography
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6550-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Olefin Content of Gasolines by Supercritical-Fluid Chromatography
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007

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ASTM D6839-02(2007) - Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types, Oxygenated Compounds and Benzene in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by Gas ChromatographyASTM D6839-02(2007) - Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types, Oxygenated Compounds and Benzene in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by Gas Chromatography
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ASTM D6839-02(2007) - Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types, Oxygenated Compounds and Benzene in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by Gas Chromatography
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D6839 −02(Reapproved 2007)
Standard Test Method for
Hydrocarbon Types, Oxygenated Compounds and Benzene
1
in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by Gas Chromatography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6839; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4307 Practice for Preparation of Liquid Blends for Use as
Analytical Standards
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination
D4815 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE,
of saturates, olefins, aromatics and oxygenates in spark-
TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C to C Alco-
1 4
ignitionenginefuelsbymultidimensionalgaschromatography.
hols in Gasoline by Gas Chromatography
Each hydrocarbon type can be reported either by carbon
D5599 Test Method for Determination of Oxygenates in
number (see Note 1) or as a total.
Gasoline by Gas Chromatography and Oxygen Selective
NOTE 1—There can be an overlap between the C and C aromatics;
9 10
Flame Ionization Detection
however, the total is accurate. Isopropyl benzene is resolved from the C
8
aromatics and is included with the other C aromatics.
9
3. Terminology
1.2 This test method is applicable to spark-ignition engine
3.1 Definitions:
fuelwithtotalaromaticcontentupto50 %(V/V),totalolefinic
3.1.1 oxygenate, n—an oxygen-containing organic
content up to 30 % (V/V) and oxygen compounds up to 15 %
compound,whichmaybeusedasafuelorfuelsupplement,for
(V/V).
example, various alcohols and ethers.
1.3 This test method is not intended to determine individual
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
hydrocarbon components except benzene.
3.2.1 hydrogenation, n—the process of adding hydrogen to
1.4 Oxygenates as specified in Test Method D4815 have
olefin molecules as a result of a catalytic reaction.
been verified not to interfere with hydrocarbons. Within the
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Hydrogenation is accomplished when
round robin sample set, the following oxygenates have been
olefins in the sample contact platinum at a temperature of
tested: MTBE, ethanol, ETBE, and TAME. Other oxygenates
180°C in the presence of hydrogen. The olefins are converted
can be determined and quantified using Test Method D4815 or
intohydrogensaturatedcompoundsofthesamecarbonnumber
D5599.
and structure. Monoolefins and diolefins convert to paraffins
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
while cycloolefins and cyclodienes convert to cycloparaffins.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.2.2 trap, n—a device utilized to selectively retain specific
standard.
portions (individual or groups of hydrocarbons or oxygenates)
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of the test sample and to release the retained components by
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
changing the trap temperature.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.3 Acronyms:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.3.1 ETBE—ethyl-tert-butylether
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.3.2 MTBE—methyl-tert-butylether
2. Referenced Documents
3.3.3 TAME—tert-amyl-methylether
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A representative sample is introduced into a computer
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
3
controlled gas chromatographic system consisting of switch-
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.04.0L on Gas Chromatography Methods.
ing valves, columns, and an olefin hydrogenation catalyst, all
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D6839–02. DOI:
3
10.1520/D6839-02R07. The sole source of supply of theAC Reformulyzer known to the committee at
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or this time is AC Analytical Controls, Inc., 3494 Progress Dr., Bensalem, PA 19020.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
1
the ASTM website. meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6839−02 (2007)
FIG. 1Typical Instrument Configurati
...

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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of basic constituents in petroleum products and new and used lubricants. This test method resolves these constituents into groups having weak-base and strong-base ionization properties, provided the dissociation constants of the more strongly basic compounds are at least 1000 times than that of the next weaker groups. This test method covers base numbers up to 250.  
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5.1 New and used petroleum products can contain basic constituents that are present as additives or as degradation products formed during service. The amount of these additives in an oil can be determined by titrating against an acid. The base number is a measure of the amount of basic substance in the oil, always under the conditions of the test. A decrease in base number is often used as a measure of lubricant degradation, but any condemning limits must be empirically established.  
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Standard Practice for Sampling, Storage, and Handling of Hydrocarbons for Mercury Analysis

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1.3 The presence of suspended droplets of metallic mercury (often called “colloidal” mercury, since the droplet size can be very small) can make obtaining a representative sample very difficult for a variety of reasons (for example, non-isokinetic sampling of the liquid can result in over- or under-collection of suspended droplets and collection of mercury that has accumulated in dense larger drops and pools on the bottom of piping and in sample taps). Pay strict attention to the detailed procedure (Section 7) to ensure representative samples are collected.  
1.4 When representative test portions are collected and analyzed in accordance with acceptable procedures, the total mercury is representative of concentrations in the sample.  
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1.6 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.  
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Property  
Units  
Applicable range  
Total aromatics  
Volume %  
19.32 to 46.29  
Total saturates  
Volume %  
26.85 to 79.31  
Total olefins  
Volume %  
0.40 to 26.85  
Oxygenates  
Volume %  
0.61 to 9.85  
Oxygen Content  
Mass %  
2.01 to 12.32  
Benzene  
Volume %  
0.38 to 1.98  
Toluene  
Volume %  
5.85 to 31.65  
Methanol  
Volume %  
1.05 to 16.96  
Ethanol  
Volume %  
0.50 to 17.86  
MTBE  
Volume %  
0.99 to 15.70  
ETBE  
Volume %  
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TAME  
Volume %  
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TAEE  
Volume %  
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1.3.2 Part B describes the procedure for the analysis of oxygenated groups (ethanol, methanol, ethers, C3 to C5 alcohols) in ethanol fuels containing an ethanol volume fraction between 50 % and 85 % (17 % to 29 % oxygen). The gasoline is diluted with an oxygenate-free component to lower the ethanol content to a value below 20 % before the analysis by GC. The diluting solvent should not be considered in the integration, this makes it possible to report the results of the undiluted sample after normalization to 100 %.  
1.4 Oxygenates as specified in Test Method D4815 have been verified not to interfere with hydrocarbons. Within the round robin sample set, the following oxygenates have been tested: MTBE, ethanol, ETBE, TAME, iso-propanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol and methanol. Applicability of this test method has also been verified for the determination of n-propanol, acetone, and di-isopropyl ether (DIPE). However, no precision data have been determined for these compounds.  
1.4.1 Other oxygenates can be determined and quantified using Test Method D4815 or D5599.  
1.5 The method is harmonized with ISO 22854.  
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5.1 A knowledge of the composition of refinery gases is useful in diagnosing the source of plant upsets, in determining the suitability of certain gas streams for use as fuel, or as feedstocks for polymerization and alkylation, and for monitoring the quality of commercial gases.
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1.1 This test method covers the quantitative analysis of gases containing specific combinations of the following components: hydrogen; hydrocarbons with up to six carbon atoms per molecule; carbon monoxide; carbon dioxide; mercaptans with one or two carbon atoms per molecule; hydrogen sulfide; and air (nitrogen, oxygen, and argon). This test method cannot be used for the determination of constituents present in amounts less than 0.1 mole %. Dimethylbutanes are assumed absent unless specifically sought.
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Serial No. . . . . . . . . . .  
7  
8  
9  
10  
11  
12  
13  
Name or Application  
Commercial
Propane  
Commercial
Butane  
BB Stream
(Cracked
Butanes)  
Dry Gas
Cracked
Fuel Gas  
Mixed Iso
and Normal
Butanes  
Reformer
Make-Up
Gas  
Unstabi-
lized Fuel
Gas  
Component  
O  
P  
M  
O  
P  
M  
OC  
PC  
M  
O  
P  
M  
O  
P  
M  
O  
P  
M  
OC  
PC  
M  
Hydrogen  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
15  
2  
M  
...  
...  
...  
10  
2  
M  
16  
2  
M  
Methane  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
14  
16  
M  
...  
...  
...  
9  
16  
M  
15  
16  
M  
EthyleneE  
7  
26  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
12  
26  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
13  
26  
M  
Ethane  
6  
30  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
11  
30  
M  
...  
...  
...  
7  
30  
M  
12  
30  
M  
Propene  
5  
42  
M  
7  
42  
M  
6  
42  
M  
10  
42  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
8  
42  
M  
Propane  
3  
44  
M  
4  
44  
M  
4  
44  
M  
7  
44  
M  
3  
44  
M  
5  
44  
M  
6  
44  
M  
Butadiene  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
1  
54  
M  
3  
54  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
2  
54  
M  
Butene-1  
1  
56  
M  
1  
56  
M  
7  
41  
M  
1  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
9  
41  
M  
Butene-2  
1  
56  
M  
1  
56  
M  
8  
56  
M  
1  
56  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
10  
56  
M  
Isobutene  
1F  
F  
M  
1  
F  
F  
9  
39  
M  
1  
F  
...  
4  
43  
M  
...  
...  
...  
11  
39  
M  
Isobutane  
4  
43  
M  
5  
43  
M  
5  
43  
M  
8  
43  
M  
1  
58  
M  
6  
43  
M  
7  
43  
M  
n-Butane  
2  
58  
M  
2  
58  
M  
2  
58  
M  
4  
58  
M  
...  
...  
...  
2  
58  
M  
3  
58  
M  
Pentenes  
...  
...  
...  
6  
70  
M  
G  
70  
U  
9  
70  
M  
...  
...  
...  
3  
57  
M  
...  
70  
U  
Isopentane  
...  
...  
...  
3  
57  
M  
3  
57  
M  
5  
57  
M  
2  
57  
M  
4  
72  
M  
4  
57  
M  
n-Pentane  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
6  
72  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
5  
72  
M  
Benzene  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  ...

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ASTM
ASTM D7579-09(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pyrolysis Solids Content in Pyrolysis Liquids by Filtration of Solids in Methanol

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Pyrolysis liquid can be produced to various char concentrations. Increasing pyrolysis solids content can affect the pyrolysis liquid biofuel handling, atomization and storage stability in a negative manner.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a filtration procedure for determining the pyrolysis solids content of pyrolysis liquid. It is intended for the analysis of pyrolysis liquid with all ranges of pyrolysis solids concentrations.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage. For specific warning statements, see 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7959-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Chloride Content Determination of Aviation Turbine Fuels using Chloride Test Strip

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Chloride present in aviation turbine fuel can originate from refinery salt drier carryover or possibly from seawater contamination (for example, product transferred by barge). Elevated chloride levels have caused corrosive and abrasive wear of aircraft fuel control systems leading to engine failure.4
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a rapid means of determining chloride content of aviation turbine fuel. This methodology is applicable for chloride concentrations between 0 mg/L to 0.5 mg/L. This methodology will not detect chlorine originating from chlorinated organic compounds (that is, covalent bond).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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    8 pages
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ASTM
ASTM D7318-19e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Existent Inorganic Sulfate in Ethanol by Potentiometric Titration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Ethanol is used as a blending agent added to gasoline. Sulfates are indicated in filter plugging deposits and fuel injector deposits. When fuel ethanol is burned, sulfates may contribute to sulfuric acid emissions. Ethanol acceptability for use depends on the sulfate content. Sulfate content, as measured by this test method, can be used as one measure of determination of the acceptability of ethanol for automotive spark-ignition engine fuel use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a potentiometric titration procedure for determining the existent inorganic sulfate content of hydrous, anhydrous ethanol, and anhydrous denatured ethanol, which is added as a blending agent with spark ignition fuels. It is intended for the analysis of denatured ethanol samples containing between 1.0 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg existent inorganic sulfate.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2160-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Heat of Reaction of Thermally Reactive Materials by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful in determining the extrapolated onset temperature, the peak heat flow temperature and the heat of reaction of a material. Any onset temperature determined by this test method is not valid for use as the sole information used for determination of storage or processing conditions.  
5.2 This test method is useful in determining the fraction of a reaction that has been completed in a sample prior to testing. This fraction of reaction that has been completed can be a measure of the degree of cure of a thermally reactive polymer or can be a measure of decomposition of a thermally reactive material upon aging.  
5.3 The heat of reaction values may be used in Practice E1231 to determine hazard potential figures-of-merit Explosion Potential and Shock Sensitivity.  
5.4 This test method may be used in research, process control, quality assurance, and specification acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the exothermic heat of reaction of thermally reactive chemicals or chemical mixtures, using milligram specimen sizes, by differential scanning calorimetry. Such reactive materials may include thermally unstable or thermoset materials.  
1.2 This test method also determines the extrapolated onset temperature and peak heat flow temperature for the exothermic reaction.  
1.3 This test method may be performed on solids, liquids or slurries.  
1.4 The applicable temperature range of this test method is 25 °C to 600 °C.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard is related to Test Method E537, but provides additional information.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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    6 pages
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ASTM
ASTM D5544-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for On-Line Measurement of Residue After Evaporation of High-Purity Water

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Even so-called high-purity water will contain contaminants. While not always present, these contaminants may contribute one or more of the following: dissolved active ionic substances such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, manganese, ammonium, bicarbonates, sulfates, nitrates, chloride and fluoride ions, ferric and ferrous ions, and silicates; dissolved organic substances such as pesticides, herbicides, plasticizers, styrene monomers, deionization resin material; and colloidal suspensions such as silica. While this test method facilitates the monitoring of these contaminants in high-purity water, in real time, with one instrument, this test method is not capable of identifying the various sources of residue contamination or detecting dissolved gases or suspended particles.  
5.2 This test method is calibrated using weighed amounts of an artificial contaminant (potassium chloride). The density of potassium chloride is reasonably typical of contaminants found in high-purity water; however, the response of this test method is clearly based on a response to potassium chloride. The response to actual contaminants found in high-purity water may differ from the test method's calibration. This test method is not different from many other analytical test methods in this respect.  
5.3 Together with other monitoring methods, this test method is useful for diagnosing sources of RAE in ultra-pure water systems. In particular, this test method can be used to detect leakages such as colloidal silica breakthrough from the effluent of a primary anion or mixed-bed deionizer. In addition, this test method has been used to measure the rinse-up time for new liquid filters and has been adapted for batch-type sampling (this adaptation is not described in this test method).  
5.4 Obtaining an immediate indication of contamination in high-purity water has significance to those industries using high-purity water for manufacturing components; production can be halted immediate...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of dissolved organic and inorganic matter and colloidal material found in high-purity water used in the semiconductor, and related industries. This material is referred to as residue after evaporation (RAE). The range of the test method is from 0.001 μg/L (ppb) to 60 μg/L (ppb).  
1.2 This test method uses a continuous, real time monitoring technique to measure the concentration of RAE. A pressurized sample of high-purity water is supplied to the test method's apparatus continuously through ultra-clean fittings and tubing. Contaminants from the atmosphere are therefore prevented from entering the sample. General information on the test method and a literature review on the continuous measurement of RAE has been published.2  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 8.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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