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ASTM D7579-09(2019)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Pyrolysis Solids Content in Pyrolysis Liquids by Filtration of Solids in Methanol

Standard Test Method for Pyrolysis Solids Content in Pyrolysis Liquids by Filtration of Solids in Methanol

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Pyrolysis liquid can be produced to various char concentrations. Increasing pyrolysis solids content can affect the pyrolysis liquid biofuel handling, atomization and storage stability in a negative manner.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a filtration procedure for determining the pyrolysis solids content of pyrolysis liquid. It is intended for the analysis of pyrolysis liquid with all ranges of pyrolysis solids concentrations.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage. For specific warning statements, see 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2019
ICS
71.040.40 - Chemical analysis
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.06 - Analysis of Liquid Fuels and Lubricants
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7579-09(2013) - Standard Test Method for Pyrolysis Solids Content in Pyrolysis Liquids by Filtration of Solids in Methanol
Effective Date
01-May-2019
Refers
ASTM D4175-23a - Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Effective Date
15-Dec-2023
Refers
ASTM D4175-23e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Effective Date
01-Jul-2023
Refers
ASTM D4057-06(2011) - Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Refers
ASTM D4057-95(2000) - Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D7544-23 - Standard Specification for Pyrolysis Liquid Biofuel
Effective Date
01-May-2019

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ASTM D7579-09(2019) - Standard Test Method for Pyrolysis Solids Content in Pyrolysis Liquids by Filtration of Solids in MethanolASTM D7579-09(2019) - Standard Test Method for Pyrolysis Solids Content in Pyrolysis Liquids by Filtration of Solids in Methanol
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ASTM D7579-09(2019) - Standard Test Method for Pyrolysis Solids Content in Pyrolysis Liquids by Filtration of Solids in Methanol
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Standards Content (Sample)


This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7579 − 09 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Method for
Pyrolysis Solids Content in Pyrolysis Liquids by Filtration
of Solids in Methanol
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7579; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 Other Standards:
ESPOO 2001 A guide to physical property characterisation
1.1 This test method describes a filtration procedure for
of biomass-derived fast pyrolysis liquids
determining the pyrolysis solids content of pyrolysis liquid. It
is intended for the analysis of pyrolysis liquid with all ranges
3. Terminology
of pyrolysis solids concentrations.
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.1 See also Terminology D4175.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1.2 char, n—fine carbonaceous powder that is separated
standard.
from the vapors of biomass during pyrolysis.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1.2.1 Discussion—Pyrolysis liquid biofuel contains uni-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the formly suspended char at varying concentrations.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.3 pyrolysis, n—chemical decomposition of organic ma-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
terials by heating in the absence of oxygen.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.4 pyrolysis liquid biofuel, n—liquid product from the
Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents and
pyrolysis of biomass.
materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage. For specific
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Pyrolysisliquidbiofueliscomprisedof
warning statements, see 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4.
a complex mixture of the decomposition products of ligno-
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
cellulosic biomass including highly oxygenated organic com-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
pounds. It is produced from the pyrolysis of biomass, followed
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
by the rapid condensation of its vapors.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.5 pyrolysis solids, n—solid particles contained within
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
the pyrolysis liquid biofuel.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—Pyrolysis solids consists of ash and
char.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: 4. Summary of Test Method
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
4.1 Apyrolysis liquid sample is dissolved in a methanol and
Petroleum Products
dichloromethane solution (1:1), which is then filtered through
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
a vacuum filter system. After filtering, the filtrand is washed
Fuels, and Lubricants
with the solvent until the filtrate is clear. The filter is removed,
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
dried and weighed. The pyrolysis solids content is calculated
Petroleum Products
based on the original pyrolysis liquid sample.
5. Significance and Use
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
5.1 Pyrolysis liquid can be produced to various char con-
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
centrations. Increasing pyrolysis solids content can affect the
Subcommittee D02.06 on Analysis of Liquid Fuels and Lubricants.
pyrolysis liquid biofuel handling, atomization and storage
CurrenteditionapprovedMay1,2019.PublishedJuly2019.Originallyapproved
in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7579 – 09 (2013). DOI: stability in a negative manner.
10.1520/D7579-09R19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM AvailablefromVTTEnergy,NewEnergyTechnologies,Biologinkuja3–5,P.O.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Box 1601, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland. http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/2001/
the ASTM website. P450.pdf
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7579 − 09 (2019)
6. Apparatus (see Fig. 1) 9.2 Place a 400 mL beaker on the balance, and tare it.
9.3 Vigorously shake the sample by hand for a minimum of
6.1 Smooth-tip Forceps.
15 s.
6.2 Beaker, 400 mL.
9.4 Using a disposable pipette, weigh approximately 15 g of
6.3 Glass Stirring Rod.
pyrolysis liquid sample into the beaker. Record the weight to
6.4 Oven, explosion-proof, capable of maintaining a tem-
the nearest 0.1 mg.
perature of 105 °C 6 3 °C.
9.5 Add approximately 100 mL to 200 mL MeOH-DCM
6.5 Filtering Flask,1L.
solution (1:1) into the beaker and stir the mixture vigorously to
dissolve the pyrolysis liquid in the solvent.
6.6 Filter Holders, borosilicate glass.
9.6 Mount the filter on a dry holder and apply a vacuum.
6.7 Filter Membrane, binder free glass microfiber, 1 µm.
Mount and securely clamp the filter funnel to the filter holder.
6.8 Weighing Dish, aluminum.
9.7 Use methanol to wash the filter paper to properly seal
6.9 Balance, capable of weighing to the nearest 0.0001 g
the latter to the bottom of the funnel.
(0.1 mg) with a range of 300 g.
9.8 Filter the solution through the vacuum filter sy
...

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Units  
Applicable range  
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Volume %  
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Volume %  
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Total olefins  
Volume %  
0.40 to 26.85  
Oxygenates  
Volume %  
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Mass %  
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Benzene  
Volume %  
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Volume %  
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Volume %  
0.50 to 17.86  
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TAME  
Volume %  
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TAEE  
Volume %  
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5.1 A knowledge of the composition of refinery gases is useful in diagnosing the source of plant upsets, in determining the suitability of certain gas streams for use as fuel, or as feedstocks for polymerization and alkylation, and for monitoring the quality of commercial gases.
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Because of these influences, a tabulation of calculation procedures recommended for stated applications is presented in Section 12 (Table 1).    
Serial No. . . . . . . . . . .  
7  
8  
9  
10  
11  
12  
13  
Name or Application  
Commercial
Propane  
Commercial
Butane  
BB Stream
(Cracked
Butanes)  
Dry Gas
Cracked
Fuel Gas  
Mixed Iso
and Normal
Butanes  
Reformer
Make-Up
Gas  
Unstabi-
lized Fuel
Gas  
Component  
O  
P  
M  
O  
P  
M  
OC  
PC  
M  
O  
P  
M  
O  
P  
M  
O  
P  
M  
OC  
PC  
M  
Hydrogen  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
15  
2  
M  
...  
...  
...  
10  
2  
M  
16  
2  
M  
Methane  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
14  
16  
M  
...  
...  
...  
9  
16  
M  
15  
16  
M  
EthyleneE  
7  
26  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
12  
26  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
13  
26  
M  
Ethane  
6  
30  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
11  
30  
M  
...  
...  
...  
7  
30  
M  
12  
30  
M  
Propene  
5  
42  
M  
7  
42  
M  
6  
42  
M  
10  
42  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
8  
42  
M  
Propane  
3  
44  
M  
4  
44  
M  
4  
44  
M  
7  
44  
M  
3  
44  
M  
5  
44  
M  
6  
44  
M  
Butadiene  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
1  
54  
M  
3  
54  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
2  
54  
M  
Butene-1  
1  
56  
M  
1  
56  
M  
7  
41  
M  
1  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
9  
41  
M  
Butene-2  
1  
56  
M  
1  
56  
M  
8  
56  
M  
1  
56  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
10  
56  
M  
Isobutene  
1F  
F  
M  
1  
F  
F  
9  
39  
M  
1  
F  
...  
4  
43  
M  
...  
...  
...  
11  
39  
M  
Isobutane  
4  
43  
M  
5  
43  
M  
5  
43  
M  
8  
43  
M  
1  
58  
M  
6  
43  
M  
7  
43  
M  
n-Butane  
2  
58  
M  
2  
58  
M  
2  
58  
M  
4  
58  
M  
...  
...  
...  
2  
58  
M  
3  
58  
M  
Pentenes  
...  
...  
...  
6  
70  
M  
G  
70  
U  
9  
70  
M  
...  
...  
...  
3  
57  
M  
...  
70  
U  
Isopentane  
...  
...  
...  
3  
57  
M  
3  
57  
M  
5  
57  
M  
2  
57  
M  
4  
72  
M  
4  
57  
M  
n-Pentane  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
6  
72  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
5  
72  
M  
Benzene  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  ...

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ASTM
ASTM D7318-19e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Existent Inorganic Sulfate in Ethanol by Potentiometric Titration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Ethanol is used as a blending agent added to gasoline. Sulfates are indicated in filter plugging deposits and fuel injector deposits. When fuel ethanol is burned, sulfates may contribute to sulfuric acid emissions. Ethanol acceptability for use depends on the sulfate content. Sulfate content, as measured by this test method, can be used as one measure of determination of the acceptability of ethanol for automotive spark-ignition engine fuel use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a potentiometric titration procedure for determining the existent inorganic sulfate content of hydrous, anhydrous ethanol, and anhydrous denatured ethanol, which is added as a blending agent with spark ignition fuels. It is intended for the analysis of denatured ethanol samples containing between 1.0 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg existent inorganic sulfate.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5788-95(2024)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Spiking Organics into Aqueous Samples

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Matrix spiking of samples is commonly used to determine the bias under specific analytical conditions, or the applicability of a test method to a particular sample matrix, by determining the extent to which the added spike is recovered from the sample matrix under these conditions. Reactions or interactions of the analyte or component of interest with the sample matrix may cause a significant positive or negative effect on recovery and may render the chosen analytical, or monitoring, process ineffectual for that sample matrix.  
5.2 Matrix spiking of samples can also be used to monitor the performance of a laboratory, individual instrument, or analyst as part of a regular quality assurance program. Changes in spike recoveries from the same or similar matrices over time may indicate variations in the quality of analyses and analytical results.  
5.3 Spiking of samples may be performed in the field or in the laboratory, depending on what part of the analytical process is to be tested. Field spiking tests the recovery of the overall process, including preservation and shipping of the sample and may be considered a measure of the stability of the analytes in the matrix. Laboratory spiking tests the laboratory process only. Spiking of sample extracts, concentrates, or dilutions will be reflective of only that portion of the process subsequent to the addition of the spike.  
5.4 Special precautions shall be observed when nonlaboratory personnel perform spiking in the field. It is recommended that all spike preparation work be performed in a laboratory by experienced analysts so that the field operation consists solely of adding a prepared spiking solution to the sample matrix. Training of field personnel and validation of their spiking techniques are necessary to ensure that spikes are added accurately and reproducibly. Consistent and acceptable recoveries from duplicate field spikes can be used to document the reproducibility of sampling and the spiking technique....
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the general technique of “spiking” aqueous samples with organic analytes or components. It is intended to be applicable to a broad range of organic materials in aqueous media. Although the specific details and handling procedures required for all types of compounds are not described, this general approach is given to serve as a guideline to the analyst in accurately preparing spiked samples for subsequent analysis or comparison. Guidance is also provided to aid the analyst in calculating recoveries and interpreting results. It is the responsibility of the analyst to determine whether the methods and materials cited here are compatible with the analytes of interest.  
1.2 The procedures in this guide are focused on “matrix spike” preparation, analysis, results, and interpretation. The applicability of these procedures to the preparation of calibration standards, calibration check standards, laboratory control standards, reference materials, and other quality control materials by spiking is incidental. A sample (the matrix) is fortified (spiked) with the analyte of interest for a variety of analytical and quality control purposes. While the spiking of multiple sample test portions is discussed, the method of standard additions is not covered.  
1.3 This guide is intended for use in conjunction with the individual analytical test method that provides procedures for analysis of the analyte or component of interest. The test method is used to determine an analyte or component's background level and, again after spiking, its now elevated level. Each test method typically provides procedures not only for samples, but also for calibration standards or analytical control solutions, or both. These procedures include preparation, handling, storage, preservation, and analysis techniques. These procedures are applicable by extension, using the analyst's judgement on a case-by-case basis, to spiking solutions, ...

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ASTM
ASTM D7959-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Chloride Content Determination of Aviation Turbine Fuels using Chloride Test Strip

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Chloride present in aviation turbine fuel can originate from refinery salt drier carryover or possibly from seawater contamination (for example, product transferred by barge). Elevated chloride levels have caused corrosive and abrasive wear of aircraft fuel control systems leading to engine failure.4
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a rapid means of determining chloride content of aviation turbine fuel. This methodology is applicable for chloride concentrations between 0 mg/L to 0.5 mg/L. This methodology will not detect chlorine originating from chlorinated organic compounds (that is, covalent bond).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E203-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Titration techniques using KF reagent are one of the most widely used for the determination of water.  
4.2 Although the volumetric KF titration can determine low levels of water, it is generally accepted that coulometric KF titrations (see Test Method E1064) are more accurate for routine determination of very low levels of water. As a general rule, if samples routinely contain water concentrations of 500 mg/kg or less, the coulometric technique should be considered.  
4.3 Applications can be subdivided into two sections: (1) organic and inorganic compounds, in which water may be determined directly, and (2) compounds, in which water cannot be determined directly, but in which interferences may be eliminated by suitable chemical reactions or modifications of the procedure. Further discussion of interferences is included in Section 5 and Appendix X2.  
4.4 Water can be determined directly in the presence of the following types of compounds:    
Organic Compounds  
Acetals  
Ethers  
Acids (Note 1)  
Halides  
Acyl halides  
Hydrocarbons (saturated and unsaturated)  
Alcohols  
Ketones, stable (Note 4)  
Aldehydes, stable (Note 2)  
Nitriles  
Amides  
Orthoesters  
Amines, weak (Note 3)  
Peroxides (hydro, dialkyl)  
Anhydrides  
Sulfides  
Disulfides  
Thiocyanates  
Esters  
Thioesters  
Inorganic Compounds  
Acids (Note 5)  
Cupric oxide  
Acid oxides (Note 6)  
Desiccants  
Aluminum oxides  
Hydrazine sulfate  
Anhydrides  
Salts of organic and inorganic acids (Note 6)  
Barium dioxide  
Calcium carbonate  
Note 1: Some acids, such as formic, acetic, and adipic acid, are slowly esterified. When using pyridine-free reagents, commercially available buffer solutions can be added to the sample prior to titration. With formic acid, it may be necessary to use methanol-free solvents and titrants (1).4
Note 2: Examples of stable aldehydes are formaldehyde, sugars, chloral, etc. Formaldehyde polymers cont...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended as a general guide for the application of the volumetric Karl Fischer (KF) titration for determining free water and water of hydration in most solid or liquid organic and inorganic compounds. This test method is designed for use with automatic titration systems capable of determining the KF titration end point potentiometrically; however, a manual titration method for determining the end point visually is included as Appendix X1. Samples that are gaseous at room temperature are not covered (see Appendix X4). This test method covers the use of pyridine-free KF reagents for determining water by the volumetric titration. Determination of water using KF coulometric titration is not discussed. By proper choice of the sample size, KF reagent concentration and apparatus, this test method is suitable for measurement of water over a wide concentration range, that is, parts per million to pure water.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warnings are given in 3.1.  
1.4 Review the current Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first aid procedures, and safety precautions for chemicals used in this test procedure.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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