ASTM D1474/D1474M-13

Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Indentation hardness measurements have proven to be useful in rating coatings on rigid substrates for their resistance to mechanical abuse, such as that produced by blows, gouging, and scratching. These measurements do not necessarily characterize the resistance to mechanical abuse of coatings that are required to remain intact when deformed.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the indentation hardness of organic materials such as dried paint, varnish, and lacquer coatings, when applied to an acceptable plane rigid surface, for example, metal or glass.  
1.2 Two methods are covered as follows:    
Sections  
Method A—Knoop Indentation Hardness  
6 – 12  
Method B—Pfund Indentation Hardness  
13 – 19
1.3 Method A, which has the greater precision, provides hardness values in terms of Knoop Hardness Number (KHN). Method B provides hardness in terms of Pfund Hardness Number (PHN). Although the hardness value scales of these methods differ, the methods agree in the ranking of coating hardness.  
1.4 Test Method A of these test methods is similar in content (but not technically equivalent) to ISO 6441-1and ISO 6441-2.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2008
• ICS: 25.220.60 - Organic coatings
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.23 - Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D1474-98(2008) - Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2008

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1474/D1474M − 13
Standard Test Methods for
1
Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1474/D1474M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D823Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness
of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
D1005Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-
indentation hardness of organic materials such as dried paint,
ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
varnish, and lacquer coatings, when applied to an acceptable
D7091Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry
plane rigid surface, for example, metal or glass.
Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to
1.2 Two methods are covered as follows:
Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat-
Sections
ings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals
Method A—Knoop Indentation Hardness 6–12
E384Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness of
Method B—Pfund Indentation Hardness 13–19
Materials
1.3 Method A, which has the greater precision, provides
2.2 Other Standards:
hardness values in terms of Knoop Hardness Number (KHN).
ISO 6441-1Paints and Varnishes—Determination of micro-
Method B provides hardness in terms of Pfund Hardness
indentation hardness—Part 1: Knoop hardness by mea-
Number (PHN). Although the hardness value scales of these
3
surement of the indentation length
methods differ, the methods agree in the ranking of coating
ISO 6441-2Paints and Varnishes—Determination of micro-
hardness.
indentation hardness—Part 2: Knoop hardness by mea-
3
1.4 TestMethodAofthesetestmethodsissimilarincontent
surement of the indentation depth under load
(butnottechnicallyequivalent)toISO6441-1andISO6441-2.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units 3. Terminology
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.1 Definitions:
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3.1.1 indentation hardness, n—the resistance to penetration
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
by an indenter.
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
3.1.2 Knoop indenter, n—a pyramidal diamond of pre-
with the standard.
scribed dimensions.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety
3.1.3 Pfund indenter, n—hemispherical quartz or sapphire
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
indenter of prescribed dimensions.
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
3.1.4 Knoop hardness number, KHN, n—the indentation
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
hardness determined with a Knoop indenter, and calculated as
limitations prior to use.
follows:
2. Referenced Documents
2
KHN 5 L/A 5 L/l C (1)
p p
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
where:
L = load applied to the indenter, kg,
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
l = measured length of long diagonal of the indentation,
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct
mm,
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint
2
C = indenter constant relating l to A , and
p p
Films.
2
A = projected area of indentation, mm .
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originally p
approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D1474–98(2008).
DOI: 10.1520/D1474_D1474M-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1474/D1474M − 13
3.1.5 Pfund hardness number, PHN, n—the indentation 7.2 Knoop Indenter—The Knoop indenter is a pyramidal
hardness determined with a Pfund indenter, and calculated as diamond with included longitudinal angles of 172° 30' and
follows: included transverse angle of 130° 0'.
2 2
PHN 5 L/A 54L/πd 51.27 L/d (2)
~ !
NOTE 1—The ratio of the long to the short diagonal of the impression
is approximately 7:1; the ratio of the long
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1474 − 98 (Reapproved 2008) D1474/D1474M − 13
Standard Test Methods for
1
Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1474;D1474/D1474M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the indentation hardness of organic materials such as dried paint, varnish,
and lacquer coatings, when applied to an acceptable plane rigid surface, for example, metal or glass.
1.2 Two methods are covered as follows:
Sections
Method A—Knoop Indentation Hardness 6 – 12
Method B—Pfund Indentation Hardness 13 – 19
1.3 Method A, which has the greater precision, provides hardness values in terms of Knoop Hardness Number (KHN). Method
B provides hardness in terms of Pfund Hardness Number (PHN). Although the hardness value scales of these methods differ, the
methods agree in the ranking of coating hardness.
1.4 Test Method A of these test methods is similar in content (but not technically equivalent) to ISO 6441-1and ISO 6441-2.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values given in
parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the
user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels
D1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thickness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
D1186D7091 Test Methods Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied
to a Ferrous BaseFerrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coatings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals (Withdrawn
2006)
D1400 Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonconductive Coatings Applied to a
3
Nonferrous Metal Base (Withdrawn 2006)
E384 Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness of Materials
2.2 Other Standards:
ISO 6441-1 Hardness testing—Part 1: Determination of Paints and Varnishes—Determination of micro-indentation hardness—
3
Part 1: Knoop hardness by measurement of the indentation length using a microscope
ISO 6441-2 Hardness testing—Part 2: Determination of Paints and Varnishes—Determination of micro-indentation hardness—
3
Part 2: Knoop hardness by measurement of the indentation depth under load
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008Nov. 1, 2013. Published July 2008December 2013. Originally approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 20022008 as
D1474 – 98 (2002).(2008). DOI: 10.1520/D1474-98R08.10.1520/D1474_D1474M-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1474/D1474M − 13
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 indentation hardness, n—the resistance to penetration by an indenter.
3.1.2 Knoop indenter, n—a pyramidal diamond of prescribed dimensions.
3.1.3 Pfund indenter, n—hemispherical quartz
...