ASTM D4211-82(2012)
(Classification)Classification for Fish Sampling (Withdrawn 2021)
Classification for Fish Sampling (Withdrawn 2021)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The significance of using chemical fish toxicants is that more complete population analyses or total eradication, or both, can be accomplished. Target species can be selectively eradicated by varying concentrations. This provides a very effective tool in fisheries investigations and management programs. Water conditions (that is, pH, temperature, alkalinity, and so forth) and morphology can be limiting factors.
3.2 Rotenone—Rotenone used as a fish toxicant is highly versatile and can be used effectively to collect fish samples; to eradicate fish; and to selectively remove certain fish species.
3.2.1 Its effectiveness is reduced in cold
3.3 Antimycin—Antimycin is versatile in the selective removal of scalefish or even more selectively against certain centrarchids (sunfish) and minnows.
3.3.1 Its effectiveness is reduced in water with pH above 8.5.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers rotenone and antimycin which are used to collect or eradicate fish; numerous chemicals have been used but presently only rotenone and antimycin are EPA approved for this use.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D4211 −82 (Reapproved 2012)
Classification for
Fish Sampling
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4211; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2.1 Its effectiveness is reduced in cold <20°C, and dosage
required increases with alkalinities. It may also eliminate food
1.1 This classification covers rotenone and antimycin which
web organisms. Fish may be repulsed from treated areas.
are used to collect or eradicate fish; numerous chemicals have
been used but presently only rotenone and antimycin are EPA
3.3 Antimycin—Antimycin is versatile in the selective re-
approved for this use.
moval of scalefish or even more selectively against certain
centrarchids (sunfish) and minnows.
2. Referenced Documents
3.3.1 Its effectiveness is reduced in water with pH above
2.1 ASTM Standards:
8.5.
D4131 Practice for Sampling Fish with Rotenone
3. Significance and Use
4. Basis of Classification
3.1 The significance of using chemical fish toxicants is that
4.1 EPA-Approved Fish Toxicants.
more complete population analyses or total eradication, or
4.1.1 Rotenone—This fish toxicant is also known as derris
both, can be accomplished. Target species can be selectively
orcubeandisderivedfromrootsofseveralplantsofthefamily
eradicated by varying concentrations. This provides a very
Leguminosae. Its action mode as a powerful respiratory inhibi-
effective tool in fisheries investigations and management
torinfishstartswithentranceintothebloodstreamviathegills
programs. Water conditions (that is, pH, temperature,
and then by translocation to vital organs. Formulations are in
alkalinity, and so forth) and morphology can be limiting
the following general forms: a liquid containing 5 % rotenone,
factors.
liquid with 2.5 % rotenone and synergists, and wettable pow-
3.2 Rotenone—Rotenone used as a fish toxicant is highly
der. Persistence in the environment is seldom more than two
versatile and can be used effectively to collect fish samples; to
weeks although it may remain longer in very cold, soft water.
eradicate fish; and to selectively remove certain fish species.
4.1.2 Antimycin—This fish-toxicant is an antibiotic pro-
duced by Streptomyces and is known as Fintrol 5®, Fintrol
This classification is under the juri
...
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This practice covers determination of the quantitative and qualitative species composition of fish in a specified area. The successful use of this technique is dependent on: (1) preventing fish from escaping the sample area and (2) retrieving all affected fish, which may take up to three days. This practice is useful in both short- and long-term studies for management and impact assessment purposes. The sample area is blocked off with a small mesh net(s) and the volume of water to be treated is calculated. The required quantity of rotenone is diluted and distributed throughout the water column in the sample area. All fish should be affected and they should be collected for processing.
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1.1 This practice covers determination of the quantitative and qualitative species composition of fish in a specified area. The successful use of this technique is dependent on: (1) preventing fish from escaping the sample area and (2) retrieving all affected fish, which may take up to three days.
1.2 Advantages:
1.2.1 Easily detoxified.
1.2.2 All native freshwater fish are susceptible, but it has low toxicity to mammals and birds.
1.2.3 At low concentrations fish toxicity depends on species, age, and size.
1.2.4 The suffocating action is reversible.
1.3 Limitations:
1.3.1 It is less effective in cold (below 20 °C) and highly alkaline water.
1.3.2 Smaller fish and those without air bladders usually do not float.
1.3.3 Completely random selection of sample areas is not possible.
1.3.4 Overkill beyond sample area can sometimes occur.
1.3.5 Food web organisms may be eliminated.
1.4 Applications—This practice is useful in both short- and long-term studies for management and impact assessment purposes. It is adaptable to both lotic and lentic situations in littoral and limnetic areas.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards, see Section 7.
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This practice covers determination of the quantitative and qualitative species composition of fish in a specified area. The successful use of this technique is dependent on: (1) preventing fish from escaping the sample area and (2) retrieving all affected fish, which may take up to three days. This practice is useful in both short- and long-term studies for management and impact assessment purposes. The sample area is blocked off with a small mesh net(s) and the volume of water to be treated is calculated. The required quantity of rotenone is diluted and distributed throughout the water column in the sample area. All fish should be affected and they should be collected for processing.
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1.1 This practice covers determination of the quantitative and qualitative species composition of fish in a specified area. The successful use of this technique is dependent on: (1) preventing fish from escaping the sample area and (2) retrieving all affected fish, which may take up to three days.
1.2 Advantages:
1.2.1 Easily detoxified.
1.2.2 All native freshwater fish are susceptible, but it has low toxicity to mammals and birds.
1.2.3 At low concentrations fish toxicity depends on species, age, and size.
1.2.4 The suffocating action is reversible.
1.3 Limitations:
1.3.1 It is less effective in cold (below 20 °C) and highly alkaline water.
1.3.2 Smaller fish and those without air bladders usually do not float.
1.3.3 Completely random selection of sample areas is not possible.
1.3.4 Overkill beyond sample area can sometimes occur.
1.3.5 Food web organisms may be eliminated.
1.4 Applications—This practice is useful in both short- and long-term studies for management and impact assessment purposes. It is adaptable to both lotic and lentic situations in littoral and limnetic areas.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards, see Section 7.
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1.2 Freshwater mussels (order Unionida) are one of the most imperiled groups of animals in the world, and environmental contamination has been linked as a contributing factor to the decline of mussel populations (Lydeard et al. 2004 (1); Strayer et al. 2004 (2); Haag 2012 (3); Lopes-Lima et al. 2017 (4)).2 Three critical life stages (glochidia, juvenile mussels, and adults) have been used in toxicity assessments and the toxicity studies are separated according to the medium of exposure (water, sediment, and host fish (Ingersoll et al. 2007 (5)). Recent studies on early life stages of mussels have demonstrated that the mussels are among the most sensitive freshwater species to a variety of contaminants, including ammonia, some metals (for example, aluminum, copper, nickel, and zinc), and major ions (for example, chloride, nitrate, potassium, and sulfate) (Bringolf et al. 2007 (6); Newton et al. 2007 (7); Wang et al. 2007ab, 2010, 2011ab, 2016, 2017ab, 2018abc, 2020ab (8-20); Cope et al. 2008 (21); Gillis et al. 2008, 2010, 2011, 2021 (22-25); Miao et al. 2010 (26); Salerno et al. 2020 (27)). These studies indicate that environmental guideline values for individual chemicals established for the protection of aquatic organisms may not be adequately protective of sensitive stages of freshwater mussels. For example, when freshwater mussel toxicity data were included in an update to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) ambient water quality criteria (WQC) for ammonia, the acute criterion decreased by about a 1.4 fold and the chronic crite...
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4.1 Absorbed doses of or below 1 kGy can inactivate some parasites, such as the broad fish tapeworm (Dibothrocephalus latus) (2).
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4.3 Absorbed doses below 10 kGy can reduce or eliminate the vegetative cells of sporeforming and non-sporeforming microorganisms, such as Bacillus or Pseudomonas species, that cause spoilage of fresh product, thus extending refrigerated shelf life in many cases (4).
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1.2.1 This guide covers gamma, electron beam, and X-radiation treatment.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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1.1 This guide covers procedures for determination of the effects of water-related contaminants on the odor and taste of live fish or fishery products after alleged exposure where flavor impairment is a suspected issue.
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ABSTRACT
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