ASTM F2263-03
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Oxidative Resistance of Polyethylene (PE) Pipe to Chlorinated Water
Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Oxidative Resistance of Polyethylene (PE) Pipe to Chlorinated Water
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the general requirements for evaluating the long-term, chlorinated water, oxidative resistance of polyethylene (PE), used in cold water supply or service systems by exposure to chlorinated water. This test method outlines the requirements of a pressurized flow-through test system, typical test pressures, test-fluid characteristics, failure type, and data analysis.Note 1
Other known disinfecting systems (chlorine dioxide, ozone, and chloramine) are currently used for protection of potable water; however, free-chlorine is by far the most common system in use today. Disinfecting systems other than chlorine have not been evaluated by this method.
1.2 Guidelines and requirements for test temperatures, test hoop stresses, and other test criteria have been established by prior testing of PE pipe. Other related system components that typically appear in a PE cold water supply or service system can be evaluated with the PE pipe. When testing PE pipe and fittings as a system, it is recommended that the anticipated end-use fitting type(s) and material(s) be included in the test circuit since it is known that some fitting types and materials can impact failure times. Specimens used shall be representative of the piping product(s) and material(s) under investigation.Note 2
The procedures described in this test method (with some modifications of test temperatures or stresses, or both) have been used to evaluate pipes manufactured from polybutylene (PB), crosslinked polyethylene (PEX), polypropylene (PP), multilayer (polymer-metal composite), copper, and stainless steel.
1.3 This test method is applicable to PE pipe and systems used for transport of potable water containing free-chlorine for disinfecting purposes. The oxidizing potential of the test-fluid specified in this test method exceeds that typically found in potable water systems across the United States.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only and are not considered standard.
The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section , of this specification.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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An American National Standard
Designation:F2263–03
Standard Test Method for
Evaluating the Oxidative Resistance of Polyethylene (PE)
Pipe to Chlorinated Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2263; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are for informa-
1.1 This test method describes the general requirements for
tion only and are not considered standard.
evaluating the long-term, chlorinated water, oxidative resis-
1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the
tance of polyethylene (PE), used in cold water supply or
test method portion, Section 12, of this specification.This
service systems by exposure to chlorinated water. This test
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
methodoutlinestherequirementsofapressurizedflow-through
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
test system, typical test pressures, test-fluid characteristics,
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
failure type, and data analysis.
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
NOTE 1—Other known disinfecting systems (chlorine dioxide, ozone,
tions prior to use.
and chloramine) are currently used for protection of potable water;
however, free-chlorine is by far the most common system in use today.
2. Referenced Documents
Disinfecting systems other than chlorine have not been evaluated by this
2.1 ASTM Standards:
method.
D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to
1.2 Guidelines and requirements for test temperatures, test
Plastics
hoop stresses, and other test criteria have been established by
D 2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Ther-
prior testing of PE pipe. Other related system components that
moplastic Pipe and Fittings
typically appear in a PE cold water supply or service system
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
can be evaluated with the PE pipe. When testing PE pipe and
ASTM Test Methods
fittings as a system, it is recommended that the anticipated
F 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
end-use fitting type(s) and material(s) be included in the test
F 948 Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Piping
circuit since it is known that some fitting types and materials
Systems and Components Under Constant Internal Pres-
can impact failure times. Specimens used shall be representa-
sure With Flow
tive of the piping product(s) and material(s) under investiga-
2.2 ISO Standards:
tion.
ISO 9080 Thermoplastic Pipe for Transport of Fluids—
NOTE 2—The procedures described in this test method (with some Methods of Extrapolation of Hydrostatic Stress Rupture
modifications of test temperatures or stresses, or both) have been used to
Data to Determine the Long Term Strength of Thermo-
evaluate pipes manufactured from polybutylene (PB), crosslinked poly- 5
plastic Pipe
ethylene (PEX), polypropylene (PP), multilayer (polymer-metal compos-
2.3 Plastics Pipe Institute (PPI) Document:
ite), copper, and stainless steel.
TN-16 Rate Process Method for Projecting Performance of
1.3 This test method is applicable to PE pipe and systems
Polyethylene Piping Components
used for transport of potable water containing free-chlorine for
2.4 American Water Works Association (AWWA) Docu-
disinfecting purposes. The oxidizing potential of the test-fluid
ment:
specified in this test method exceeds that typically found in
potable water systems across the United States.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04.
1 4
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.40 on Test Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Methods. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2003. Published November 2003. Available from the Plastics Pipe Institute.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F2263–03
3.1.8 unaided eye, n—observable without visual enhance-
ment beyond correction for normal vision.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The PE pipe/fitting assemblies are exposed to pressur-
ized test-fluid until failure. All time-to-fail data used for
analysis shall be the result of the same failure mode, either all
stage II or all stage III.Aminimum number of test temperature
and hoop stress conditions are required to allow accurate data
analysis and time-to-failure extrapolations. If using only stage
II failure data, no lifetime extrapolations can be made without
further validation.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Environment or oxidative time-to-fail data derived from
this test method, analyzed in accordance with Section 13, are
FIG. 1 Pictorial Illustration of Failure Types
suitable for extrapolation to typical end-use temperatures and
hoop stresses. The extrapolated value(s) provides a relative
1996 WATER: STATS Survey
indication of the resistance of the tested PE pipe or system to
theoxidativeeffectsofchlorinatedwaterforconditionsequiva-
3. Terminology
lent to those conditions under which the test data were
3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
obtained. The performance of a material or piping product
nology F 412 and abbreviations are in accordance with Termi-
under actual conditions of installation and use is dependent
nology D 1600, unless otherwise indicated.
upon a number of factors including installation methods, use
3.1.1 brittle failure (Stage II), n—failure in the pipe wall
patterns, water quality, nature and magnitude of localized
that is characterized by little or no material deformation in the
stresses, and other variables of an actual, operating cold water
failure area and is the result of a single crack emanating from
supply or service system that are not addressed in this test
the interior of the pipe to the outside surface typically resulting
method. As such, the extrapolated values do not constitute a
in a pinhole leak, see Fig. 1.
representation that a PE pipe or system with a given extrapo-
3.1.2 cold watersupplyorservicesystem,n—acombination
lated time-to-failure value will perform for that period of time
of components such as pipe, fittings, valves, and so forth, that
under actual use conditions.
when installed as a complete system, make up the water supply
5.2 This test method has been generally used for evaluating
system.
oxidative(stageIII)failuredata.Forsomesystemsbeingtested
3.1.3 ductile failure (Stage I), n—failure in the pipe wall
accelerated stage II failures can occur. These failures can also
that is characterized by obvious localized deformation of the
be analyzed using the regression analysis outlined in Section
material visible with the unaided eye, see Fig. 1. Ductile
13. Extrapolation of this data may need to be validated prior to
failures produced with this test method shall not be used for
making any lifetime predictions.
data analysis.
3.1.4 environmental or oxidative failure (Stage III),
6. Apparatus
n—failure in the pipe wall characterized by a large number of
6.1 Pressurized Flow-Through Test System—Asystemcom-
cracks emanating from the interior surface of the pipe wall, see
prised of the necessary pump(s), fittings, piping, heaters,
Fig. 1.
sensors, and meters that is capable of maintaining the required
3.1.5 long-term oxidative resistance, n—the extrapolated
test pressures within the tolerance specified in 9.1.3, the
time-to-failure prediction as determined by analysis of time-
required test temperatures within the tolerance of 9.1.2, and
to-failure test data by multiple linear regression utilizing the
flow the test-fluid through the specimens continually at a flow
rate process method of PPI TN-16 or three parameter model of
rate within the tolerance specified in 9.1.4. Cyclic pressure
ISO 9080.
variations, such as those produced by some pumping systems,
3.1.6 multiple linear regression, n—a three or four coeffi-
shall not produce pressure excursions that exceed the tolerance
cient mathematical model used to analyze time-to-failure data
stated in 9.1.3.
from different temperatures and stresses to extrapolate pro-
6.2 Specimen Holders—Test specimens shall be supported
jected time-to-failure at selected temperatures or stresses.
to minimize or eliminate externally induced stresses. Speci-
3.1.7 oxidation reduction potential (ORP), n—oxidation
mens shall be allowed to freely expand bi-directionally.
reduction potential (ORP), n-a measure of the total oxidizing
power of a solution by means of a platinum-redox electrode.
7. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
For a further explanation of ORP see Appendix X2.
7.1 Sampling—Selectatrandom,asufficientamountofpipe
to satisfy the specimen requirements of this test method. When
testing as a system, randomly select a sufficient quantity of
Available fromAmerican Water WorksAssociation (AWWA), 1401 New York
Ave., NW, Suite 640, Washington, DC 20005. fittings.
F2263–03
7.2 Test Specimen Size—The recommended minimum pipe
D = average outside diameter, in. (mm).
o
size is ⁄2 CTS. The PE pipe specimens shall be 12 to 18 in.
(300 to 460 mm) in length between fitting closures or between
8. Calibration and Standardization
fitting joints.
8.1 Measuring Equipment—All measuring and testing
7.2.1 Dimensions Measurement—Measure and record the
equipment having an effect on the accuracy or validity of the
critical dimensions for pipe and fittings. For pipe, measure the
calibrations or tests shall be calibrated or verified, or both,
average outside diameter and wall-thickness in accordance
before being put into service.
with Test Method D 2122. For fittings, measure those dimen-
sions critical to the function of the joint, as well as minimum
9. Test Fluid
body wall thickness.
7.3 Testing as a System—When testing PE pipe and related 9.1 Internal Test Fluid—The test fluid shall be reverse
system components (such as fittings) as a system, the other osmosis (RO) or deionized (DI) water prepared in accordance
components shall be attached to the PE pipe in the same with 9.1.1.
manner as in actual service. For fittings, the particular fitting
9.1.1 RO or DI Water Test-Fluid Preparation—Test fluid
style shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s
prepared from RO or DI water shall have a pH in the range
instructions or the ASTM specification when applicable.
from 6.5 to 8.0 and contain 2.5 ppm to 5 ppm (milligrams per
7.4 Minimum Required Test Units—A minimum of six test
litre) of free-chlorine. The chosen pH shall be maintained to 6
units is required. A test unit is comprised of two or more 0.2 and the chosen free-chlorine concentration shall be main-
individual time-to-failure data points at the same temperature
tained to 6 0.2 ppm. The pH and free-chlorine concentration
and hoop stress condition. Obtaining additional data points at combinationshallyieldaminimumORPof825mVforthetest
each temperature/hoop stress condition will benefit statistical
fluid.
reliability of the analysis of the resultant data.
9.1.2 Test Fluid Temperature Control—The test fluid enter-
7.4.1 Test Unit Distribution—Time-to-failure data points
ing each specimen shall be maintained to 61.8°F (61°C) of
shall be obtained at 2 test hoop stresses at each of a minimum
the test temperature.
of 3 test temperatures for a minimum of 12 data points. As an
9.1.3 Pressure Control—The pressure of the test fluid shall
alternate, obtain time-to-failure data for the temperature/hoop
be maintained to 63 psig (620.69 kPa).
stress combinations of the three-temperature matrix of PPI
9.1.4 Test Fluid Flow Rate—The flow rate of the test fluid
TN-16, see Note 3. Hoop stresses shall be separated by a least
shall yield a minimum velocity of 0.12 fps (0.04 mps). For the
80 psi (0.55 MPa).
nominal size ⁄2 in., SDR 9 tubing, this corresponds to a flow
rateof0.06gpm(0.23LPM).Theformulausedtocalculatethe
NOTE 3—When using the PPI TN-16 matrix, Temperature T , which
requires testing at only one stress, refers to the lowest test temperature.
flow rates for other sizes and DRs is as follows:
7.4.2 Test Temperature Selection—Temperatures of 90°C p~id/2! * FPS * 720
5 gpm (3)
(194°F), 80°C (176°F), and 70°C (158°F) have been utilized in 231
priortestingofPE,seeNote4.Adjacenttesttemperaturesshall
where:
be separated by at least 18°F (10°C). Other test temperatures
id = measured inside diameter of the tubing, in.
may be used, but the maximum test temperature shall not
9.2 Test Fluid Instrument Accuracy:
exceed 95°C (203°F).
9.2.1 pH—The pH measurement and control instruments
NOTE 4—Prior testing indicates that for the test temperatures stated in
shall have an accuracy of 0.1 pH or better.
7.4.2, hoop stresses to yield Stage II or III failures within reasonable
9.2.2 Free-Chlorine—Free-chlorine content measurement
testing times are between 120 psi (830 kPa) and 480 psi (3.31 MPa). For
and control instruments shall have an accuracy of 0.1 ppm or
a true SDR 9 tube, those hoop stresses correspond to test pressures of 30
psig (207 kPa) to 120 psig (830 kPa). If a selected test hoop stress better.
produces Stage I failures, the stress will need to be reduced to produce all
9.2.3 ORP—The ORP measurement and control instru-
Stage II or all Stage III failures at all temperatures.
ments shall have an accuracy of 610 mV or better.
7.4.2.1 Relationship of Internal Pressure to Hoop Stress—
10. External Environment
The hoop stress in the pipe wall is calculated by the following
expression, commonly known as the ISO equation:
10.1 The exterior environment shall be air and shall be
2S/P 5 DR 2 1 (1)
maintained at the target temperature of the test fluid tempera-
ture 64.5°F (62.5°C). Direct, forced-air heating of the speci-
or
mens shall not be used.
2S/P 5 ~D /t! 2 1 (2)
o
11. Specimen Positioning
where:
S = stress in the circumferential or hoop direction, psi
11.1 The specimens can be positioned vertically or horizon-
(MPa),
tally. Horizontal positioning requires special attention to insure
P = internal pressure, psig (kPa),
that all entrapped air has been removed prior to starting the
t = minimum wall thickness, in. (mm),
test. For vertically positioned specimens, the test fluid shall
DR = dimension ratio, DR, and
flow into the specimens from the
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