F17.40 - Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful to measure the slow crack growth resistance of molded plaques of polyethylene materials at accelerated conditions such as 80 °C, 2.4 MPa stress, and with a sharp notch.  
5.2 The testing time or time to failure depends on the following test parameters: temperature; stress; notch depth; and specimen geometry. Increasing temperature, stress, and notch depth decrease the time to failure. Material parameters, not controlled by the laboratory, that could impact the test results (time to failure) are: pigment (color or carbon black) and the carrier resin for the pigment, or both. Thus, in reporting the test time or time to failure, all the conditions of the test shall be specified.  
Note 4: Time to failure can also be affected by the degree of pigment (color or carbon black) dispersion and distribution within the test specimen. Test Method D5596 and ISO 18553 provide methods for assessing the degree of dispersion and distribution of the pigment
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the resistance of polyethylene materials to slow crack growth under conditions specified within.
Note 1: This test method is known as PENT (Pennsylvania Notch Test) test.  
1.2 The standard test is performed at 80 °C and at 2.4 MPa, but it shall be acceptable to conduct tests at a temperature below 80 °C and with other stresses low enough to preclude ductile failure and thereby eventually induce brittle type of failure. The standard test is conducted in an air environment; however, it shall be acceptable to immerse test specimens in an alternate environment such as water or a water/detergent solution, or other liquid or a different environment such as an inert gas to evaluate slow crack growth performance in different environments. Generally, polyethylenes will ultimately fail in a brittle manner by slow crack growth at 80 °C if the stress is at or below 2.4 MPa
Note 2: When testing in environments other than air, it is recommended to consider maintaining the efficacy of the test media (for example, a detergent solution) to minimize any effect of aging.  
1.3 The test method is for specimens cut from compression molded plaques.2 See Appendix X1 for information relating to specimens from pipe.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Brown and Lu4,5 show the Charpy impact energy is related to the ultimate critical temperature of the rapid crack propagation [RCP] behavior as measured by the ISO 13477, S-4 test.6  
5.2 The test method may be used to determine the impact energy of polyethylene used in the manufacture of pipe . This test method involves the preparation of a small compression molded specimen of PE resin that is then notched in a specified manner. The specimen is then broken in a pendulum impact machine. The impact energy is recorded in joules. The value obtained is referred to as the Charpy impact energy.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the specimen preparation and the method of measuring the impact energy of polyethylene used in pressurized pipes.  
1.2 The test specimens are taken from compression molded plaques of the resin from pellets or pipe.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method does not purport to interpret the data generated.  
4.2 This test method is intended to compare slow-crack-growth (SCG) resistance for a limited set of HDPE resins.  
4.3 This test method may be used on virgin HDPE resin compression-molded into a plaque or on extruded HDPE corrugated pipe that is chopped and compression-molded into a plaque (see 7.1.1 for details).
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1.1 This test method is used to determine the susceptibility of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) resins or corrugated pipe to slow-crack-growth under a constant ligament-stress in an accelerating environment. This test method is intended to apply only to HDPE of a limited melt index (0.947 g/cm3 to 0.955 g/cm3). This test method may be applicable for other materials, but data are not available for other materials at this time.  
1.2 This test method measures the failure time associated with a given test specimen at a constant, specified, ligament-stress level.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology F412, and abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology D1600, unless otherwise specified.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is a way to evaluate the effects of contaminant particles found in HDPE products containing PCR-HDPE, primarily corrugated pipe. Particles of significant number, size and shape can reduce the slow crack growth resistance of the products. This test is performed in water without a controlled defect such as a notch. Since there is no notch, it is not necessary to use a surfactant in the water bath. It is a constant load test.  
4.2 This test may be used to evaluate various blends of recycled and virgin materials. For example, a material with high stress crack resistance and few contaminants can be blended with materials that are less resistant to cracking to enhance the overall stress crack resistance of the blend.  
4.3 The test can be conducted at various temperature and stress conditions. If at least three (3) different temperature/stress conditions are evaluated, an estimate of the service lifetime of the material can be predicted with the use of bi-directional shifting or the rate process method.  
4.4 The test can also be performed under a single applied load and a single temperature to create a single point test useful for comparative purposes as well as for quality control.
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1.1 This test method covers an un-notched constant ligament stress (UCLS) test for use with HDPE materials that contain post-consumer recycled HDPE (PCR-HDPE). Contaminants in the PCR-HDPE can initiate stress cracks at elevated temperatures, and this test method evaluates the response of these materials to a constant applied stress.  
1.2 The test method is focused on HDPE corrugated pipe containing PCR-HDPE, but can be used in other applications where PCR-HDPE is used.  
1.3 The test utilizes the same devices used to perform the NCTL test (Test Method D5397) and the NCLS test (Test Method F2136), but the test is conducted with different specimens and with the use of water instead of a surfactant solution. The test specimen is larger than standard NCLS and NCTL specimens to increase the number of contaminant particles in the specimen that might grow cracks.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The data obtained by this test method are useful for establishing stress versus failure time relationships in a controlled environment from which the hydrostatic design basis for plastic pipe materials can be computed. (Refer to Test Method D2837 and Practice D2992.)  
5.2 In order to determine how plastics will perform as pipe, it is necessary to establish the stress-failure time relationships for pipe over 2 or more logarithmic decades of time (hours) in a controlled environment. Because of the nature of the test and specimens employed, no single line can adequately represent the data, and therefore the confidence limits should be established.  
Note 2: Some materials may exhibit a nonlinear relationship between log-stress and log-failure time, usually at short failure times. In such cases, the 105-hour stress value computed on the basis of short-term test data may be significantly different than the value obtained when a distribution of data points in accordance with Test Method D2837 is evaluated. However, these data may still be useful for quality control or other applications, provided correlation with long-term data has been established.  
5.3 The factors that affect creep and long-term strength behavior of plastic pipe are not completely known at this time. This procedure takes into account those factors that are known to have important influences and provides a tool for investigating others.  
5.4 Creep, or nonrecoverable deformation for pipe made of some plastics, is as important as actual leakage in deciding whether or not a pipe has failed. Specimens that exhibit localized ballooning, however, may lead to erroneous interpretation of the creep results unless a method of determining creep is established that precludes such a possibility. Circumferential measurements at two or three selected positions on a specimen may not be adequate.  
5.5 Great care must be used to ensure that specimens are representative of the pipe under evaluation. Departure...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the time-to-failure of both thermoplastic and reinforced thermosetting/resin pipe under constant internal pressure.  
1.2 This test method provides a method of characterizing plastics in the form of pipe under the conditions prescribed.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many important properties of crosslinked ethylene plastics vary with the gel content. Hence, determination of the gel content provides a basis for controlling production processes and a means of establishing the quality of finished products.  
5.2 Extraction tests permit verification of the proper gel content of any given crosslinked ethylene plastic and they also permit comparison between different crosslinked ethylene plastics, including those containing fillers, provided that, for the latter, the following conditions are met:  
5.2.1 The filler is not soluble in the solvent used in this method at the extraction temperature.  
5.2.2 The amount of filler present in the compound either is known or can be determined.  
5.2.3 Sufficient crosslinking has been achieved to prevent migration of filler during the extraction. It has been found that, at gel content above 30 %, the solvent remains clear and free of filler.  
5.3 Since some oxidative degradation of the material and solvent may occur at the reflux temperature of the solvents, a suitable antioxidant is added to the solvent to inhibit such degradation.  
5.4 This test method is normally used for specimens consisting of an equal representation of the entire cross section of the product, but may also be used to examine specific portions of a product for differences in extent of cross-linking when compared to either a product standard or another sample.  
5.5 This test method is intended for testing crosslinked polyethylene compounds that are not hygroscopic. If compounds that are hygroscopic are tested using this method, specimen conditioning before and after extraction is required.  
5.6 This test method differs from Test Methods D2765, ISO 10147 and Test Method D7567 which also describe procedures for determining the gel content of crosslinked polyethylene. It allows for the use of naphthenic hydrocarbon blend, isoparaffin solvent, or light aromatic solvent naptha as alternatives to xylenes. Xylenes a...
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1.1 The gel content of pipe and tubing produced from crosslinked polyethylene plastics as described in Specification F876 and other pipe or tubing standards is determined by extracting with solvents such as xylenes. A test method for quantitative determination of gel content is described herein. The method is applicable to PEX pipe and tubing of all densities, including those containing fillers, and provides correction for the inert fillers present in some of those compounds.  
1.2 Continuous extraction (see definition in Section 3) is used in this method to test the gel content of crosslinked polyethylene specimens. Continuous extraction when used for testing gel content has the advantages of decreased cost of testing, increased accuracy and consistency of results, and decreased test time. This is because extraction with a pure solvent is more efficient than extraction with a partially saturated solvent.  
1.3 While extraction tests may be made on articles of any shape, this test method is applicable for determining the gel content of crosslinked polyethylene pipes and tubing.  
1.4 This test method makes use of xylenes or alternative solvents. Alternative solvents either have lower toxicity than xylenes or allow decreased extraction times. The alternative solvents are also potentially beneficial from an economic and environmental viewpoint. Xylenes are used for referee tests.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units in brackets are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standard...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Underground electrical and communication conduit should be impervious to groundwater in order to prevent damage to conductors and utility vaults. The bladder test described in this test method may be used to qualify potential gasketed conduit systems by indicating whether the joint system will prevent water infiltration.  
3.2 This test method can be used to qualify joints for plastic underground conduits using flexible elastomeric seals. However, it should not be assumed that a joint system that passes this test method will be able to seal under cases of misinstallation or abuse, or both.  
3.3 This test method covers all of the following gasketed conduit types: encased burial (EB) excluding EB20, direct burial (DB), telecommunications, cable television, and Schedule 40 conduit and Schedule 80 conduit. Trade sizes covered are 2-in. nominal size and larger. (See UL 651; NEMA TC-2, TC-6, and TC 8; and Specification F512.)  
3.4 This test method also covers fittings that are intended for use with the conduit types described in 3.3 and which use flexible elastomeric seals.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the water infiltration resistance of gasketed plastic underground conduit joints using a pressurized water bladder apparatus.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides requirements for standardized preparation of sample butt fusions, preparation of specimens from sample butt fusions, and conditioning for testing in accordance with Test Method D638, Test Method D1598, or Test Method D1599. This practice is intended to improve the ability to reliably compare test results from multiple parties.
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1.1 This practice provides standardized sample butt fusion preparation, conditioning, and testing conditions for tension testing of specimens prepared from sample butt fusion joints or hydrostatic tests of sample butt fusion joints in accordance with:  
1.1.1 Test Method D638, tension testing;
1.1.1.1 The preparation or use of tensile specimens other than Test Method D638 Type I through Type V is beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.1.2 Test Method D1598, constant (sustained) hydraulic pressure testing;  
1.1.3 Test Method D1599, short-term hydraulic pressure testing.  
1.1.4 It is not within the scope of this practice to include plastic materials other than polyethylene or other tests for butt fusions. The exclusion of other plastic materials and other tests does not imply that other plastic materials are suitable or unsuitable for butt fusion, or that the tests cited herein are adequate or inadequate for qualitative characterization and for research and development of butt fusion joints, or that other tests do not have lesser, equal, or greater utility for such purpose.  
1.1.5 The evaluation of test results and the determination of test result evaluation criteria are not within the scope of this practice. This practice is limited to standardized butt fusion test specimens and testing conditions for the comparison of test data from multiple parties.  
1.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.1.7 In this standard, text in parentheses, notes in the body of the standard and appendices are informational and non-mandatory. For tables in the body of the standard, table notes are mandatory.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedure for establishing the long-term pressure rating of fittings starts with an extrapolation of a regression line that is based on fitting failure data with respect to time, when assemblies are tested in accordance with Test Method D1598. The pressure-versus time to failure data are obtained using water at 73 °F in assemblies that are immersed in a water or air environment. The extrapolation is made in such a manner that the long-term hydrostatic pressure rating is determined for these conditions.  
4.2 The pressure design basis is determined by considering the following items and evaluating them in accordance with 6.3.  
4.2.1 Long-term hydrostatic pressure-strength at 100 000 h,  
4.2.2 Long-term hydrostatic pressure-strength at 50 years  
4.3 The fitting pressure rating may be calculated by multiplying the pressure design basis (PDB) by the appropriate design factor (DF).
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for establishing Pressure Rating for PVC schedule 40 and 80 socket-type fittings by evaluating fitting failure test data derived by testing water-filled assemblies of pipe and fittings.  
1.2 Unless the data approximates a straight line, when calculated using log-log coordinates, it is not possible to assign a pressure rating to that product or sample of product. Data that exhibit high scatter, or a downward curve, due to low long term data, will give low extrapolated values that are more conservative when calculated using log-log co-ordinates. In addition, this downward curve will show as higher scatter, and where the lower confidence level limits are not met the data shall be classified as unsuitable. (See Note 1)  
Note 1: This test method is similar to that used in Test Method D2837, which has been used for about 30 years to establish the HDS of plastic pipe materials and is the basis for all pressure ratings assigned to plastic pipes.  
1.3 The products covered by this test method are schedule 40 or 80 molded PVC fittings that conform to Specifications D2466 or D2467.  
1.4 The pressure ratings developed using this test method applies only to fittings identical to the ones that were tested. Some variables that will affect the pressure rating are – pipe size, pattern, mold design, material, and molding conditions.  
1.5 The values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 The testing procedure used to obtain the fitting failure data shall be as described in those sections of Test Method D1598, that are referenced in Section 6 of this test method.  
1.7 The products covered by this test method are intended for use in the distribution of pressurized liquids at 73 °F. When appropriate, the design engineer must consider the effects of elevated temperature and chemical compatibility of the liquid with the fitting material and apply necessary design factors.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: Pressurized (compressed) air or other compressed gases contain large amounts of stored energy which present serious safety hazards should a system fail for any reason.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides for determining the physical dimensions of thermoplastic pipe and fittings. This test method is suitable for determination of dimensional compliance with product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of diameter, wall thickness, and length dimensions of thermoplastic pipe. Included are procedures for measurement of the inside diameter of pipe intended to be joined by internal fittings, measurement of the average outside diameter for roundable pipe where out-of-roundness is not of primary concern, out-of-roundness measurement and measurement of the average outside diameter of non-roundable pipe, and for determining length and straightness.  
1.2 This test method also includes procedures for dimensioning molded thermoplastic pipe fittings.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedure for estimating long-term hydrostatic strength or pressure-strength is essentially an extrapolation with respect to time of a stress-time or pressure-time regression line based on data obtained in accordance with Test Method D1598. Stress or pressure-failure time plots are obtained for the selected temperature and environment: the extrapolation is made in such a manner that the long-term hydrostatic strength or pressure strengthis estimated for these conditions.  
Note 3: Test temperatures should preferably be selected from the following: 68 °F (20 °C), 73 °F (23 °C), 140 °F (60 °C), 176 °F (80 °C), 180 °F (82 °C), and 200 °F (93 °C). It is strongly recommended that data be generated at 73 °F (23 °C) for comparative purposes.  
4.2 The hydrostatic or pressure design basis is determined by considering the following items and evaluating them in accordance with 5.4.  
4.2.1 Long-term hydrostatic strength or hydrostatic pressure-strength at 100 000 h,  
4.2.2 Long-term hydrostatic strength or hydrostatic pressure-strength at 50 years, and  
4.2.3 Stress that will give 5 % expansion at 100 000 h.  
4.2.4 The intent is to make allowance for the basic stress-strain characteristics of the material, as they relate to time.  
4.3 Results obtained at one temperature cannot, with any certainty, be used to estimate values for other temperatures. Therefore, it is essential that hydrostatic or pressure design bases be determined for each specific kind and type of plastic compound and each temperature. Estimates of long-term strengths of materials can be made for a specific temperature provided that calculated values, based on experimental data, are available for temperatures both above and below the temperature of interest.  
4.4 Hydrostatic design stresses are obtained by multiplying the hydrostatic design basis values by a service (design) factor.  
4.5 Pressure ratings for pipe may be calculated from the hydrostatic design stress (HDS) value for the s...
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1.1 This test method describes two essentially equivalent procedures: one for obtaining a long-term hydrostatic strength category based on stress, referred to herein as the hydrostatic design basis (HDB); and the other for obtaining a long-term hydrostatic strength category based on pressure, referred to herein as the pressure design basis (PDB). The HDB is based on the material's long-term hydrostatic strength (LTHS),and the PDB is based on the product's long-term hydrostatic pressure-strength (LTHSP). The HDB is a material property and is obtained by evaluating stress rupture data derived from testing pipe made from the subject material. The PDB is a product specific property that reflects not only the properties of the material(s) from which the product is made, but also the influence on product strength by product design, geometry, and dimensions and by the specific method of manufacture. The PDB is obtained by evaluating pressure rupture data. The LTHS is determined by analyzing stress versus time-to-rupture (that is, stress-rupture) test data that cover a testing period of not less than 10 000 h and that are derived from sustained pressure testing of pipe made from the subject material. The data are analyzed by linear regression to yield a best-fit log-stress versus log time-to-fail straight-line equation. Using this equation, the material's mean strength at the 100 000-h intercept (LTHS) is determined by extrapolation. The resultant value of the LTHS determines the HDB strength category to which the material is assigned. The LTHSP is similarly determined except that the determination is based on pressure versus time data that are derived from a particular product. The categorized value of the LTHSP is the PDB. An HDB/PDB is one of a series of preferred long-term strength values. This test method is applicable to all known types of thermoplastic pipe materials and thermoplastic piping products. It is also applicabl...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The assembly force of a conduit joining system is one measure of the ease of which the conduit system can be assembled and installed in the field. This test method provides a means by which to quantify the assembly force of gasketed conduit joining systems. The results of the testing can be used to compare and categorize the assembly force of different designs of gasketed conduit joining systems.  
5.2 This test method is not intended for use as a quality control test.  
5.3 This test method can be used for comparison of gasketed conduit joining systems on the basis of assembly force. No information about joint sealing performance can be obtained from the use of this test method.  
5.4 This test method covers all plastic conduit with push-on joints that use flexible elastomeric gaskets located in the bell to provide the joint seal.  
5.5 This test method is also applicable to all fittings that are fabricated from conduit covered in 5.4 and that utilize the same type of push-on joints as the conduit covered in 5.4, and that are intended for use with the conduit types described in 5.4. For purposes of this test method, assembly force data obtained from the testing of the conduit that is the parent stock of a fitting shall apply to the fitting also.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative force required to assemble plastic underground conduit joints that use flexible elastomeric seals located in the bell.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to be used for the evaluation of EFVs manufactured for use on residential and small commercial thermoplastic natural gas service lines. Possible applications of the test include product design and quality control testing by a manufacturer and product acceptance testing by a natural gas utility.  
5.2 The user of this test method should be aware that the flows and pressures measured in the test apparatus may not correlate well with those measured in a field installation. Therefore, the user should conduct sufficient tests to ensure that any specific EFV will carry out its intended function in the actual field installation used.
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1.1 This test method covers a standardized method to determine the performance of excess flow valves (EFVs) designed to limit flow or stop flow in thermoplastic natural gas service lines.2  
1.2 All tests are intended to be performed using air as the test fluid. Unless otherwise stated, all flow rates are reported in standard cubic feet per hour of 0.6 relative density natural gas.  
1.3 The test method recognizes two types of EFV. One type, an excess flow valve-bypass (EFVB), allows a small amount of gas to bleed through (bypass) after it has tripped, usually as a means of automatically resetting the device. The second type, an excess flow valve-non bypass (EFVNB), is intended to trip shut forming an essentially gas tight seal.  
1.4 The performance characteristics covered in this test method include flow at trip point, pressure drop across the EFV, bypass flow rate of the EFVB or leak rate through the EFVNB after trip, and verification that the EFV can be reset.  
1.4.1 Gas distribution systems may contain condensates and particulates such as organic matter, sand, dirt, and iron compounds. Field experience has shown that the operating characteristics of some EFVs may be affected by accumulations of these materials. The tests of Section 11 were developed to provide a simple, inexpensive, reproducible test that quantifies the effect, if any, of a uniform coating of kerosene and of kerosene contaminated with a specified amount of ferric oxide powder on an EFV's operating characteristics.  
1.5 Excess flow valves covered by this test method will normally have the following characteristics: a pressure rating of up to 125 psig (0.86 MPa); a trip flow of between 200 ft3/h and 2500 ft3/h (5.66 m3/h and 70.8 m3/h) at 10 psig (0.07 MPa); a minimum temperature rating of 0°F(–18°C), and a maximum temperature rating of 100 °F (38 °C).  
1.6 The EFVs covered by this test method shall be constructed to fit piping systems no smaller than 1/2 CTS and no larger than 11/4 IPS, including both pipe and tubing sizes.  
1.7 Tests will be performed at 67 °F ± 10 °F (19.4 °C ± 5.5 °C). Alternative optional test temperatures are 100 °F ± 10 °F (37.7 °C ± 5.5 °C) and 0 ± 10°F (–18 ± 5.5°C). All flow rates must be corrected to standard conditions.  
1.8 This test method was written for EFVs installed in thermoplastic piping systems. However, it is expected that the test method may also be used for similar devices in other piping systems.  
1.9 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautions, see Section 8.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Environment or oxidative time-to-fail data derived from this test method, analyzed in accordance with Section 13, are suitable for extrapolation to typical end-use temperatures and hoop stresses. The extrapolated value(s) provides a relative indication of the resistance of the tested PEX pipe or tubing or system to the oxidative effects of hot, chlorinated water for conditions equivalent to those conditions under which the test data were obtained. The performance of a material or piping product under actual conditions of installation and use is dependent upon a number of factors including installation methods, use patterns, water quality, nature and magnitude of localized stresses, and other variables of an actual, operating hot-and-cold water distribution system that are not addressed in this test method. As such, the extrapolated values do not constitute a representation that a PEX tube or system with a given extrapolated time-to-failure value will perform for that period of time under actual use conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the general requirements for evaluating the long-term, chlorinated water, oxidative resistance of cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) pipe or tubing produced in accordance with PEX specifications, such as Specification F876 or Specification F2788/F2788M by exposure to hot, chlorinated water. This test method outlines the requirements of a pressurized flow-through test system, typical test pressures, test-fluid characteristics, failure type, and data analysis.
Note 1: Other known disinfecting systems (chlorine dioxide, ozone, and chloramines) are also used for protection of potable water. Free-chlorine is the most common disinfectant in use today. A PPI research project examined the relative aggressiveness of free chlorine and chloramines on PEX pipes, both at the same 4.0 ppm concentration and the same test temperatures. The results of the testing showed pipe failure times approximately 40% longer when tested with chloramines compared to testing with free chlorine, at the tested conditions. Based on these results, the data suggests that chloramines are less aggressive than free chlorine to PEX pipes.  
1.2 Guidelines and requirements for test temperatures, test hoop stresses, and other test criteria have been established by prior testing of PEX pipe or tubing produced by the three most common commercial methods of cross-linking: silane, peroxide, and electron-beam (see Note 2). Other related system components that typically appear in a PEX hot-and-cold water distribution system can be evaluated with the PEX pipe or tubing. When testing PEX pipe or tubing and fittings as a system, it is recommended that the anticipated end-use fitting type(s) and material(s) be included in the test circuit since it is known that some fitting types and materials can impact failure times. Specimens used shall be representative of the piping product(s) and material(s) under investigation.
Note 2: The procedures described in this test method (with some modifications of test temperatures or stresses, or both) have been used to evaluate pipes manufactured from polybutylene (PB), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), multilayer (polymer-metal composite), copper, and stainless steel.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to PEX pipe or tubing and systems used for transport of potable water containing free-chlorine for disinfecting purposes. The oxidizing potential of the test-fluid specified in this test method exceeds that typically found in potable water systems across the United States.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 12, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Environment or oxidative time-to-fail data derived from this test method, analyzed in accordance with Section 13, are suitable for extrapolation to typical end-use temperatures and hoop stresses. The extrapolated value(s) provides a relative indication of the resistance of the tested PP piping or system to the oxidative effects of hot, chlorinated water for conditions equivalent to those conditions under which the test data were obtained. The performance of a material or piping product under actual conditions of installation and use is dependent upon a number of factors including installation methods, use patterns, water quality, nature and magnitude of localized stresses, and other variables of an actual, operating hot-and-cold water distribution system that are not addressed in this test method. As such, the extrapolated values do not constitute a representation that a PP pipe or system with a given extrapolated time-to-failure value will perform for that period of time under actual use conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the general requirements for evaluating the long-term, chlorinated water, oxidative resistance of polypropylene (PP) piping produced in accordance with Specification F2389 used in hot-and-cold water distribution systems by exposure to hot, chlorinated water. This test method outlines the requirements of a pressurized flow-through test system, typical test pressures, test-fluid characteristics, failure type, and data analysis.
Note 1: Other known disinfecting systems (chlorine dioxide, ozone, and chloramines) are also used for protection of potable water. Free-chlorine is the most common disinfectant in use today. A PPI research project examined the relative aggressiveness of free chlorine and chloramines on PEX pipes, both at the same 4.0 ppm concentration and the same test temperatures. The results of the testing showed pipe failure times approximately 40 % longer when tested with chloramines compared to testing with free chlorine, at the tested conditions. Based on these results, the data suggests that chloramines are less aggressive than free chlorine to PEX pipes. This note is provided for information regarding testing different disinfecting systems on PEX tubing using Test Method F2023. The PPI research project did not include testing of polypropylene piping.
Note 2: This test method is based on Test Method F2023 and results from this method can be used for direct comparison with previous results on PP piping materials tested in accordance with Test Method F2023.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to PP piping systems used for transport of potable water containing free-chlorine for disinfecting purposes. The oxidizing potential of the test-fluid specified in this test method exceeds that typically found in potable water systems across the United States.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard  
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 12, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard practice is a procedure to evaluate the ductility of side bend test specimens that are a transverse section of the pipe wall and butt fusion. Side bend test specimens are prepared from bend test coupons from sample polyethylene pipe butt fusion joints that are made using polyethylene pipe having a wall thickness of approximately 1 in. (25 mm) and greater. A three-point bend is applied to the side bend test specimen by pressing the side bend test specimen into a gap between two rotatable supports with a loading nose. The bending load is applied such that the bending strain is transverse to the plane of the fusion joint.  
5.2 Equipment for cutting bend test coupons, preparing side bend test specimens and conducting this practice is available for laboratory and for field use.  
5.3 Benchmark criteria for evaluating field testing results are developed by testing a statistically valid number of sample butt fusions in a controlled environment, preferably using equipment for field use. Guided side bend test results from field tests are then evaluated by comparison to benchmark test results from the controlled environment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides information on apparatus, specimen preparation and procedure for conducting a guided three point side bend evaluation of a transverse specimen cut from a coupon removed from a butt fusion joint in polyethylene pipe having a wall thickness of approximately 1 in. (25 mm) and thicker. See Fig. 1. This practice provides a means to assess ductility of a butt fusion joint by applying a lateral (side) bending strain across a specimen taken from the full butt fusion cross-section, from outside diameter to inside diameter.  
Note 1: For wall thicknesses less than 1 in. the user is referred to Practice F2620, Appendix X4.1 for bend back testing.
FIG. 1 Guided Side Bend Conceptual Schematic  
1.2 No test values are provided by this practice. The result is a non-numerical report. Criteria for test result evaluation are provided in standards or codes that specify the use of this practice by comparison to benchmark laboratory results as described in 5.3 or by comparison to example results presented in Appendix X1 to this practice.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: Laboratory methods that are commonly used for testing polyethylene butt fusion joints include Test Method D638, Test Method D790 and Test Method F2634.
Note 3: This practice has been developed for use on butt fusion joints in polyethylene pipe with a wall thickness of 1.00 in. or greater. The practice may be used on butt fusion joints in polyethylene pipe with thinner wall thicknesses. However, the applicability of the practice should be determined by the user of the practice.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 If required by the authority having jurisdiction, pressurized gaseous testing media leak testing is conducted after installation to discover and correct or repair leaks or faults in a newly constructed or modified PA12 pressure piping system before placing the system in service. Leakage or faults most commonly occur at connections, joints, and mechanical seals where sealing under pressure is required.  
5.2 Safety is of paramount importance when conducting pressurized gaseous testing media leak tests because testing results include no leaks, leaks, sudden violent rupture, or catastrophic failure.  
5.3 Systems that contain lower pressure rated or non-pressure rated components that cannot be isolated or removed from exposure to test pressure, or where temporary caps or closures are not practical, are not suitable for testing in accordance with this practice.  
5.4 Leakage Allowance—Leakage is not allowed for butt and electrofusion joints, and restrained gas-tight mechanical joints. See 7.6. Contact the joint, connection or component manufacturer for leakage correction information if leakage occurs at a joint, connection or component having a mechanical seal.  
5.5 Poisson-Effect Expansion and Contraction—When test pressure is applied to plastic piping systems that have fully restrained joints such as heat fusion, electrofusion, bolted flanges, etc., either reduction of overall pipe length or an increase in longitudinal stress results from diametrical expansion of the pipe. Disjoining (pull-out) of partially restrained or non-restrained connections or joints, such as some in-line mechanical connectors having insufficient resistance to pull-out stress or length reduction, is possible when partially restrained or unrestrained joints are in-line with the fully restrained test section. To prevent Poisson-effect disjoining of partially restrained or non-restrained joints take measures such as installing external joint restraints (diametrical clamps and tie-rods) on...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides information on apparatus, safety, pre-test preparation, and procedures for conducting field tests of polyamide-12 (PA12) pressure piping systems after installation using gaseous testing media such as un-odorized inert non-toxic gas or air, and applying pressure to determine if leaks exist in the system (pneumatic leak testing). This practice applies only to testing to discover leakage. Testing for other purposes such as testing to establish operating pressure is beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.2 Leak testing with pressurized gaseous testing media shall be used only if one or both of the following conditions exists:  
1.2.1 The piping system is so designed that it cannot be filled with a liquid, or  
1.2.2 The piping system service cannot tolerate traces of liquid testing media.  
1.3 Where hydrostatic testing is specified in contract documents or by the authority having jurisdiction, testing using pressurized gaseous testing media (pneumatic) testing shall not be substituted without the express consent and authorization of the authority having jurisdiction.  
1.4 Some manufacturers prohibit or restrict testing of their products with pressurized gaseous testing media. Contact component manufacturers for information. Where the manufacturer of a test section component prohibits or restricts testing with pressurized gaseous testing media testing in accordance with this practice shall not be used without the express consent and authorization of the authority having jurisdiction and the component manufacturer.
Note 1: Components that are not suitable for testing with gaseous testing media may not be suitable for service with pressurized gas.  
1.5 This practice does not address leak testing using pressurized liquids (hydrostatic testing). For field leak testing using pressurized liquids, consult the manufacturer for guidance.  
1.6 This practice does not apply to leak testing of non-p...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is designed to impart tensile impact energy to a butt fused plastic pipe specimen, record the energy to fail the specimen and plot the load over time curve of the tensile test. Energy recorded at yield and rupture and the rupture mode (brittle or ductile) are used as criteria in the evaluation of the butt fusion joint. The evaluation of the force/time curve not only makes it possible to compare different butt fusion parameters but also to evaluate the rupture mode of the specimen to determine joint integrity. Each coupon's test results will usually be compared to test results for coupons machined from the base pipe material, un-fused.  
4.1.1 These data are also useful for qualitative characterization and for research and development. For many materials, there may be a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method.  
4.2 Tensile properties may vary with specimen preparation and with speed and environment of testing. Consequently, where precise comparative results are desired, these factors must be carefully controlled.  
4.2.1 It is realized that a material cannot be tested without also testing the method of preparation of that material. Hence, when comparative tests of materials per se are desired, the greatest care must be exercised to ensure that all specimens are prepared in exactly the same way, unless the test is to include the effects of specimen preparation. While care must be taken to secure the maximum degree of uniformity in details of preparation, treatment, and handling, the exact dimensions of the test specimens are entered into the Data Acquisition System (DAS) before initiating the test.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a tensile impact test method that develops enough tensile impact energy at specific rates of strain to rupture standard tensile impact specimens of butt fused plastic pipe. It is used to determine the quality of PE butt fusion joints made in the field or in qualification testing. It can also be used to determine the optimum butt fusion joining parameters of PE materials.  
1.2 This test method is applicable for testing pipe specimens with a diameter 2.37 in. (60.3 mm) and larger with a wall thickness from 0.25 in. (6.3 mm) and larger.  
Note 1: This test method is similar to ISO 13953.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This test method may be used alone or together with other test methods, to evaluate the quality of the butt fused joints. When this test, conducted at laboratory temperatures per 9.2, is combined with the elevated temperature, sustained pressure test in Specification D3035, both the short term and long term strength of the PE butt fusion joint will be verified.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This practice is applicable to distinguish between properly and improperly extruded PVC plastic pipe. It can be used to:  
2.1.1 Reveal incomplete exsiccation of compound before or during extrusion (Note 1),  
2.1.2 Determine the presence of stress in the pipe wall produced by the extrusion process (Note 2),  
2.1.3 Determine whether unfused areas are present, and  
2.1.4 Reveal contamination.  
Note 1: Residual moisture in the compound vaporizes at extrusion temperatures and is normally evacuated as it forms vapor. Pockets of moisture trapped in the pipe wall result from incomplete exsiccation of the compound, and may reduce the physical properties of the pipe.
Note 2: Minor residual stress in the pipe will not impair field performance and handleability. High-residual stress has no proven effect on performance, but may impair handleability during installation.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for estimating the quality of extruded poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic pipes by observing the reaction of pipe specimens after exposure to hot air in the oven at 180 °C ± 5 °C (356 °F ± 9 °F) for 30 minutes minimum time duration.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 If required by the authority having jurisdiction, hydrostatic pressure leak testing may be conducted to discover and correct leaks or faults in a newly constructed or modified polyethylene or crosslinked polyethylene pressure piping system before placing the system in service. Leakage or faults usually occur at connections, joints, and mechanical seals where sealing under pressure is required. (Warning—Safety is of paramount importance when conducting hydrostatic pressure leak tests because testing under pressure may cause sudden violent rupture or failure.)  
5.2 This practice uses a pressurized liquid to test for leaks. It does not verify if a piping material or a piping system design is suitable for pressure service. The suitability of a piping system for pressure service and its pressure rating or operating pressure is determined solely by its design and its installed components.  
5.3 Systems that are not suitable for pressure testing should not be pressure tested. Such systems may contain lower pressure rated or non-pressure rated components that cannot be isolated from test pressure, or temporary caps or closures may not be practical. In these systems, leak inspections should be conducted during and after installation. Inspections typically include visual examination of joint appearance, mechanical checks of bolt or joint tightness, and other relevant examinations. See also Test Method F1417.  
5.4 Leakage Allowance—There is no leakage allowance for a section of heat-fusion joined polyethylene piping, because properly made heat fusion joints do not leak. See 7.6.1.  
5.4.1 Other types of joints or connections in the system may have a leakage allowance. Contact the joint or connection manufacturer for information.  
5.5 Expansion Allowance—When test pressure is applied, polyethylene or crosslinked polyethylene pipe will expand slightly due to elasticity and Poisson effects. To compensate for expansion, make-up water is added during the initial expansi...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides information on apparatus, safety, pre-test preparation, and procedures for conducting field tests of polyethylene and crosslinked polyethylene pressure piping systems by filling with a liquid and applying pressure to determine if leaks exist in the system.  
1.2 This practice does not address leak testing using a pressurized gas (pneumatic testing). For safety reasons, some manufacturers prohibit or restrict pneumatic pressure testing of their products. Failure during a pressure leak test can be explosive, violent, and dangerous, especially if a compressed gas is used. In a compressed gas test, both the pressure stress on the system and the energy used to compress the gas are released at a failure. For field leak testing using pressurized gas, see Practice F2786.  
1.3 This practice does not apply to leak testing of non-pressure, gravity-flow, negative pressure (vacuum), or non-thermoplastic piping systems. For field-testing of plastic gravity flow sewer lines, see Test Method F1417.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Additional safety information is presented in Section 7 and throughout this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TB...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These procedures can be used to evaluate chemicals or materials expected to come in contact with plastic piping relative to causing environmental stress-cracking in thermoplastic materials. This testing results in determining time-to-failure versus engineering stress. This procedure can also be used in stress-rupture regression analysis, where a variety of stress levels are needed. The methodology can be readily adapted to conducting immersion tests in liquids or testing temperatures other than 73 °F (23 °C).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used for determining chemical compatibility of substances in contact with thermoplastic pipe and fittings materials.  
1.2 This test method is not intended to evaluate the suitability of solvent cements or adhesives used to join plastic piping.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 During shipment, storage and installation, PEX tubing may be exposed to UV radiation prior to being shielded from further exposure after installation. The effects of UV exposure on PEX tubing is determined by use of this test method. By first exposing specimens to solar UV radiation and subsequently testing specimens for oxidative resistance or stabilizer functionality, changes as a result of solar UV radiation exposure can be evaluated. This information can be used to determine the maximum allowable total UV exposure prior to permanent shielding provided by installation.  
5.2 The results of short-term exposure tests can provide an indication of relative outdoor performance, but they should not be used to predict the absolute long-term performance of a material. The results of tests conducted for less than twelve months will depend on the particular season of the year in which they begin.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for exposing crosslinked polyethylene (PEX) tubing produced in accordance with Specification F876 to natural (sunlight) ultraviolet (UV) radiation and evaluating the effects of the exposure. This test method outlines the requirements for specimen size and preparation, exposure orientation, minimum UV exposure energy, post exposure testing and reporting.
Note 1: While other laboratory UV exposure systems are available, this test method relies on natural sunlight as the UV radiation source. Laboratory methods may be added in the future if testing confirms a correlation between natural sunlight and laboratory exposure.  
1.2 PEX tubing is not designed for outdoor use. Data from short-term exposure testing per this test method can be used to judge the relative performance of PEX tubing stored outdoors for short periods of time prior to installation completely shielded from sunlight.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method and post exposure testing portions, Sections 8 and 9 of this test method.  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The values recorded are applicable only to the sewer joint being tested and at the time of testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for testing single joints of thermoplastic pipe for gravity flow (non-pressure) sewer lines, when using either air or water under low pressure to demonstrate the integrity of the joint. This practice is used for testing 27 in. (675 mm) and larger inside diameter PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) and PP (Polypropylene) sewer lines utilizing flexible gasketed joints with elastomeric seals, Specification F477.  
1.2 This practice is used for assessing the watertight integrity of a joint at the time of the test. It is not a pipeline acceptance test as it does not evaluate the integrity of the pipe barrel or any long-term pipeline deformation effects from backfill settlement
Note 1: The user of this practice is advised that methods described herein is typically used as a preliminary test to enable the installer to demonstrate the integrity of a sewer pipe joint prior to placement of final backfill. Such testing after initial backfill can detect if a gasket has rolled or dirt was pushed into the joint during the mating of the pipe. Repair of these types of installation problems can be done very quickly and effectively prior to final backfill, but once final backfill is placed, repairs are very difficult and costly.
Note 2: This practice may be used at any time to check the integrity of a joint prior to acceptance testing or to locate a leaking joint when a pipeline fails a hydrostatic infiltration/exfiltration test, vacuum test or air pressure test during any time of the installation and acceptance process.
Note 3: The user of this practice is advised that no correlation has been found between air loss and water leakage.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is applicable to distinguish between properly and improperly molded PVC plastic pipe fittings. It can be used to:  
3.1.1 Determine whether cold slugs or unfused areas are present (Note 2),  
3.1.2 Determine the amount of molded-in stress produced by the molding process (Note 3),  
3.1.3 Reveal contamination, and  
3.1.4 Show the quality of the weld line.
Note 2: A cold slug is a piece of material that enters the mold at a significantly lower temperature than the rest of the mass.
Note 3: A stress-free part will generally have better properties and higher strength than those with a high degree of stress. Stress-free parts will generally react better when exposed to chemicals.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for evaluating the quality of molded poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic pipe fittings after exposure to heat.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: The values in square brackets are SI units requirements.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The external loading properties of plastic pipe obtained by this test method are used for the following:  
5.1.1 To determine the stiffness of the pipe. This is a function of the pipe dimensions and the physical properties of the material of which the pipe is made.  
5.1.2 To determine the load-deflection characteristics and pipe stiffness which are used for engineering design (see Appendix X1).  
5.1.3 To compare the characteristics of various plastics in pipe form.  
5.1.4 To study the interrelations of dimensions and deflection properties of plastic pipe and conduit.  
5.1.5 To measure the deflection and load-resistance at any of several significant events if they occur during the test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of load-deflection characteristics of plastic pipe under parallel-plate loading.  
1.2 This test method covers thermoplastic resin pipe, reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP), and reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP).  
1.3 The characteristics determined by this test method are pipe stiffness, stiffness factor, and load at specific deflections.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
Note 1: While this test method can be used in measuring the pipe stiffness of corrugated plastic pipe or tubing, other profile wall designs, and products produced from polyethylene, PVC or polypropylene, special conditions and procedures are used. These details are included in the product standards, for example, Specifications F667/F667M, F949, F2764/F2764M, and others.  
1.5 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the test method.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 If required by the authority having jurisdiction, pressurized gaseous testing media leak testing is conducted after installation to discover and correct or repair leaks or faults in a newly constructed or modified polyethylene pressure piping system before placing the system in service. Leakage or faults usually occur at connections, joints, and mechanical seals where sealing under pressure is required.  
5.2 Safety is of paramount importance when conducting pressurized gaseous testing media leak tests because testing results include no leaks, leaks, sudden violent rupture, or catastrophic failure.  
5.3 Systems that contain lower pressure rated or non-pressure rated components that cannot be isolated or removed from exposure to test pressure, or where temporary caps or closures are not practical, are not suitable for testing in accordance with this practice.  
5.4 Leakage Allowance—Leakage is not allowed for butt, socket and saddle fusion joints, electrofusion joints, and restrained gas-tight mechanical joints. See 7.6. Contact the joint, connection or component manufacturer for leakage correction information if leakage occurs at a joint, connection or component having a mechanical seal. See 9.8.  
5.5 Poisson-Effect Expansion and Contraction—When test pressure is applied to plastic piping systems that have fully restrained joints such as heat fusion, electrofusion, bolted flanges, etc., either reduction of overall pipe length or an increase in longitudinal stress results from diametrical expansion of the pipe. Disjoining (pull-out) of partially restrained or non-restrained connections or joints such as bell-and-spigot joints having insufficient resistance to pull-out stress or length reduction is possible when partially restrained or unrestrained joints are in-line with the fully restrained test section. To prevent Poisson-effect disjoining of partially restrained or non-restrained joints take measures such as installing external joint restraints (diametri...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides information on apparatus, safety, pre-test preparation and procedures for conducting field tests of polyethylene pressure piping systems after installation using gaseous testing media such as unodorized inert non-toxic gas or air, and applying pressure to determine if leaks exist in the system (pneumatic leak testing). This practice applies only to testing to discover leakage. Testing for other purposes such as testing to establish operating pressure is beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.2 Leak testing with pressurized gaseous testing media shall be used only if one or both of the following conditions exists:  
1.2.1 The piping system is so designed that it cannot be filled with a liquid, or  
1.2.2 The piping system service cannot tolerate traces of liquid testing fluid.  
1.3 Where hydrostatic testing is specified in contract documents or by the authority having jurisdiction, testing using pressurized gaseous testing media (pneumatic) testing shall not be substituted without the express consent and authorization of the authority having jurisdiction.  
1.4 Some manufacturers prohibit or restrict testing of their products with pressurized gaseous testing media. Contact component manufacturers for information. Where the manufacturer of a test section component prohibits or restricts testing with pressurized gaseous testing media testing in accordance with this practice shall not be used without the express consent and authorization of the authority having jurisdiction and the component manufacturer.
Note 1: Components that are not suitable for testing with gaseous testing fluid may not be suitable for service with pressurized gaseous fluid.  
1.5 This practice does not address leak testing using pressurized liquids (hydrostatic testing). For field leak testing using pressurized liquids, see Practice F2164.  
1.6 This practice does not apply to leak testing of non-pressure, negative...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The impact resistance of thermoplastic pipe and fittings relates to suitability for service and to quality of processing. Impact resistance may also provide a relative measure of a material's resistance to breakage during handling and installation and, for non-buried applications, to in-service breakage. See Appendix X5 for guidelines for selecting testing combinations.  
4.2 Results obtained by use of this practice can be used in three ways:  
4.2.1 As the basis for establishing impact test requirements in product standards,  
4.2.2 To measure the effect of changes in materials or processing, and  
4.2.3 To measure the effect of the environment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the impact resistance of thermoplastic pipe and fittings under specified conditions of impact by means of a tup (falling weight). Three interchangeable striking noses are used on the tup, differing in geometrical configuration. Two specimen holders are described.
Note 1: Appendix X1 shows the procedure to determine impact strength.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was designed to be used to validate the long-term resistance to pullout of joints designed for use in plastic natural gas piping systems.  
5.2 This test method is used in addition to the short-term tests required by OPS Part 192.283b, Title 49. Informal versions of this test method are used by manufacturers and utilities to demonstrate that a joint is resistant to the effects of long-term creep and meets the requirements for classification as a Category 1 or a Category 3 joint in accordance with Specification D2513.  
5.3 This test method may also be applicable for the determination of the effects of a sustained axial load on joints or other components of plastic piping systems designed for other applications. Test parameters and the internal pressurizing fluid, if any, should be listed in the referencing document.  
5.4 Documents that reference this test method for products other than joints shall specify test conditions and performance requirements. In general, such products pass this test if they maintain their structural integrity, do not leak, and perform to specification during and after the test.
SCOPE
1.1 The constant tensile load joint test (CTLJT) is designed to demonstrate that a joint in a plastic piping system is resistant to the effects of long-term creep.  
1.1.1 The joint is subjected to an internal pressure at least equal to its operating pressure and a sustained axial tensile load for a specified time period, usually 1000 h. The joint shall not leak, nor may the pipe completely pull out for the test duration. The total axial stress is set by the referencing document.  
1.1.2 Some typical conditions for testing of joints on polyethylene pipe are described in Appendix X1.  
1.2 This test is usually performed at 73 °F (22.8 °C).  
1.3 The CTLJT was developed to demonstrate the long-term resistance to pullout of mechanical joints on polyethylene gas pipe. The CTLJT has also been successfully applied to the evaluation of other components of plastic piping systems. These applications are discussed in Appendix X1.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Split disk and ring segment tensile tests, properly interpreted, provide reasonably accurate information with regard to the apparent tensile strength of plastic pipe when employed under conditions approximating those under which the tests are made.  
4.2 Ring tensile tests may provide data for research and development, engineering design, quality control, acceptance or rejection under specifications, and for special purposes. The test cannot be considered significant for applications differing widely from the load-time scale of the standard test.  
Note 1: Procedure C has been used on polyethylene and polybutylene pipe to produce results equivalent to Quick Burst results (Test Method D1599) for 4 in. to 8 in. pipes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the comparative apparent tensile strength of most plastic products utilizing a split disk or ring segment test fixture, when tested under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, humidity, and test machine speed. This test method is applicable to reinforced-thermosetting resin pipe regardless of fabrication method. This test method also is applicable to extruded and molded thermoplastic pipe.
Procedure A is used for reinforced-thermosetting resin pipe; Procedure B is used for thermoplastic pipe of any size; Procedure C is used for thermoplastic pipe with nominal diameter of 41/2 in. (110 mm) and greater. Procedure D is used for polyethylene pipe with a nominal diameter of 14 in. (350 mm) and greater and preferably having wall thickness 1 in. (25 mm) and greater. Procedure E is used for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe with a nominal diameter of 14 in. (350 mm) and greater and having wall thickness 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) and greater.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Environment or oxidative time-to-fail data derived from this test method, analyzed in accordance with Section 13, are suitable for extrapolation to typical end-use temperatures and hoop stresses. The extrapolated value(s) provides a relative indication of the resistance of the tested PE pipe or system to the oxidative effects of chlorinated water for conditions equivalent to those conditions under which the test data were obtained. The performance of a material or piping product under actual conditions of installation and use is dependent upon a number of factors including installation methods, use patterns, water quality, nature and magnitude of localized stresses, and other variables of an actual, operating cold water supply or service system that are not addressed in this test method. As such, the extrapolated values do not constitute a representation that a PE pipe or system with a given extrapolated time-to-failure value will perform for that period of time under actual use conditions.  
5.2 This test method has been generally used for evaluating oxidatively induced Stage II or Stage III failure data.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the general requirements for evaluating the long-term, chlorinated water, oxidative resistance of polyethylene (PE), used in cold water supply or service systems by exposure to chlorinated water. This test method outlines the requirements of a pressurized flow-through test system, typical test pressures, test-fluid characteristics, failure type, and data analysis.
Note 1: Other known disinfecting systems (chlorine dioxide, ozone, and chloramine) are currently used for protection of potable water; however, free-chlorine is by far the most common system in use today. Disinfecting systems other than chlorine have not been evaluated by this method.  
1.2 Guidelines and requirements for test temperatures, test hoop stresses, and other test criteria have been established by prior testing of PE pipe. Other related system components that typically appear in a PE cold water supply or service system can be evaluated with the PE pipe. When testing PE pipe and fittings as a system, it is recommended that the anticipated end-use fitting type(s) and material(s) be included in the test circuit since it is known that some fitting types and materials can impact failure times. Specimens used shall be representative of the piping product(s) and material(s) under investigation.
Note 2: The procedures described in this test method (with some modifications of test temperatures or stresses, or both) have been used to evaluate pipes manufactured from polybutylene (PB), crosslinked polyethylene (PEX), polypropylene (PP), multilayer (polymer-metal composite), copper, and stainless steel.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to PE pipe and systems used for transport of potable water containing free-chlorine for disinfecting purposes. The oxidizing potential of the test-fluid specified in this test method exceeds that typically found in potable water systems across the United States.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 12, of this specification.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Tra...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method establishes the short term hydraulic failure pressure of thermoplastic pipe, tubing and fittings, and reinforced thermosetting pipe, and reinforced thermoplastic pipe. Data obtained by this test method are of use only in predicting the behavior of pipe, tubing, and fittings under conditions of temperature, time, method of loading, and hoop stress similar to those used in the actual test. They are generally not indicative of the long-term strength of thermoplastic or reinforced thermosetting resin pipe, tubing, and fittings, and reinforced thermoplastic pipe.  
4.2 Procurement specifications utilizing this test method may stipulate a minimum and maximum time for failure other than the 60 to 70 s listed in 9.1.3. Either the internal hydraulic pressure or the hoop stress may be listed in the requirements.  
Note 2: Many thermoplastics give significantly different burst strengths depending on the time to failure. For instance, significant differences have been observed between failure times of 65 and 85 s.  
4.3 This test method is also used as a short-term pressurization validation procedure, where the specimens are pressurized to a predetermined minimum pressure requirement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of thermoplastic pipe, tubing and fittings, and reinforced thermosetting pipe and reinforced thermoplastic pipe to hydraulic pressure in a short time period. Procedure A is used to determine burst pressure of a specimen if the mode of failure is to be determined. Procedure B is used to determine that a specimen complies with a minimum burst requirement.  
Note 1: Reinforced thermoplastic pipe is a three-layer construction consisting of a thermoplastic core layer around which is wound a continuous helical reinforcement layer. A protective thermoplastic cover layer is applied over the reinforcement. For design and pressure, the thermoplastic core and cover layers are not considered hoop stress bearing elements. All of the hoop stress is taken up by the reinforcement layer.  
1.2 This test method is suitable for establishing laboratory testing requirements for quality control purposes or for procurement specifications.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is used for drafting impact test specification requirements, and it presupposes no special familiarity with statistical methods. It provides for specification values that will pass acceptable lots with a high degree of certainty. The impact test requirement is intended to discriminate between acceptable materials and manufacturing methods and those which are not; it is not a simulated service test.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for setting up impact test requirements on the basis of test data obtained by Test Method D2444.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to thermoplastic pipe and fittings.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The performance under bending and compression load of a thermoplastic plastic pipe wall design obtained by this method can be used for the following:  
5.1.1 To determine the stiffness of the pipe wall section. This is a function of the pipe dimensions, the wall design, the arc length tested, and the physical properties of the material of which the pipe is made.  
5.1.2 To compare the characteristics of various thermoplastic pipe wall designs.  
5.1.3 To compare the characteristics of various plastics in pipe form.  
5.1.4 To study the interrelations of dimensions, materials, and deformation properties of thermoplastic pipe designs.  
5.1.5 To measure the deformation and load-resistance at any of several significant events which may occur during the test.  
5.1.6 To provide a reasonable quality control/quality assurance test for very large diameter plastic pipes.  
5.2 The time-dependent pipe wall stiffness of a thermoplastic pipe obtained by this test method may used for the following:  
5.2.1 To predict the residual stiffness of the pipe wall in bending and compression at all times after initial loading.  
5.2.2 For purposes of design, to determine a modulus of relaxation under sustained loads.  
5.2.3 To quantify the influence of material formulations of thermoplastics on the modulus of relaxation.  
5.2.4 To study the influence of geometric patterns of wall profiles on the modulus of relaxation.  
5.3 The time-independent reduction of wall thickness at springline may be used for the following:  
5.3.1 For pipe wall stiffness, to quantify the efficiency of all wall profiles of any material composition and a given geometry with that of a solid uniform thickness wall.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-deflection behavior of thermoplastic pipe wall sections under parallel plate loading conditions.
Note 1: These are not full pipe section tests, but pipe wall segment tests. The results of these tests will be different from pipe stiffness tests per Test Method D2412, although they may be proportional. This test provides quite different information, including stress relaxation under constant strain, and comparisons of the function and stiffness of different pipe wall designs or materials.  
1.2 This test method covers a loading test for determining the wall stiffness of a thermoplastic-pipe wall under a combined load of bending and compression. Changes in pipe wall profile geometry under load may also be determined.  
1.3 This test method covers thermoplastic pipe.  
1.4 The characteristics determined by this test method are wall stiffness and changes in profile wall dimensions at specific deformations.  
1.5 The characteristics determined by this test method are wall stiffness, profile wall efficiency, and for some wall elements stability at specific Strain levels.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the De...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful to measure the slow crack growth resistance of molded plaques of polyethylene materials at accelerated conditions such as 80 °C, 2.4 MPa stress, and with a sharp notch.  
5.2 The testing time or time to failure depends on the following test parameters: temperature; stress; notch depth; and specimen geometry. Increasing temperature, stress, and notch depth decrease the time to failure. Material parameters, not controlled by the laboratory, that could impact the test results (time to failure) are: pigment (color or carbon black) and the carrier resin for the pigment, or both. Thus, in reporting the test time or time to failure, all the conditions of the test shall be specified.  
Note 4: Time to failure can also be affected by the degree of pigment (color or carbon black) dispersion and distribution within the test specimen. Test Method D5596 and ISO 18553 provide methods for assessing the degree of dispersion and distribution of the pigment
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the resistance of polyethylene materials to slow crack growth under conditions specified within.
Note 1: This test method is known as PENT (Pennsylvania Notch Test) test.  
1.2 The standard test is performed at 80 °C and at 2.4 MPa, but it shall be acceptable to conduct tests at a temperature below 80 °C and with other stresses low enough to preclude ductile failure and thereby eventually induce brittle type of failure. The standard test is conducted in an air environment; however, it shall be acceptable to immerse test specimens in an alternate environment such as water or a water/detergent solution, or other liquid or a different environment such as an inert gas to evaluate slow crack growth performance in different environments. Generally, polyethylenes will ultimately fail in a brittle manner by slow crack growth at 80 °C if the stress is at or below 2.4 MPa
Note 2: When testing in environments other than air, it is recommended to consider maintaining the efficacy of the test media (for example, a detergent solution) to minimize any effect of aging.  
1.3 The test method is for specimens cut from compression molded plaques.2 See Appendix X1 for information relating to specimens from pipe.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The data obtained by this test method are useful for establishing stress versus failure time relationships in a controlled environment from which the hydrostatic design basis for plastic pipe materials can be computed. (Refer to Test Method D2837 and Practice D2992.)  
5.2 In order to determine how plastics will perform as pipe, it is necessary to establish the stress-failure time relationships for pipe over 2 or more logarithmic decades of time (hours) in a controlled environment. Because of the nature of the test and specimens employed, no single line can adequately represent the data, and therefore the confidence limits should be established.  
Note 2: Some materials may exhibit a nonlinear relationship between log-stress and log-failure time, usually at short failure times. In such cases, the 105-hour stress value computed on the basis of short-term test data may be significantly different than the value obtained when a distribution of data points in accordance with Test Method D2837 is evaluated. However, these data may still be useful for quality control or other applications, provided correlation with long-term data has been established.  
5.3 The factors that affect creep and long-term strength behavior of plastic pipe are not completely known at this time. This procedure takes into account those factors that are known to have important influences and provides a tool for investigating others.  
5.4 Creep, or nonrecoverable deformation for pipe made of some plastics, is as important as actual leakage in deciding whether or not a pipe has failed. Specimens that exhibit localized ballooning, however, may lead to erroneous interpretation of the creep results unless a method of determining creep is established that precludes such a possibility. Circumferential measurements at two or three selected positions on a specimen may not be adequate.  
5.5 Great care must be used to ensure that specimens are representative of the pipe under evaluation. Departure...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the time-to-failure of both thermoplastic and reinforced thermosetting/resin pipe under constant internal pressure.  
1.2 This test method provides a method of characterizing plastics in the form of pipe under the conditions prescribed.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedure for estimating long-term hydrostatic strength or pressure-strength is essentially an extrapolation with respect to time of a stress-time or pressure-time regression line based on data obtained in accordance with Test Method D1598. Stress or pressure-failure time plots are obtained for the selected temperature and environment: the extrapolation is made in such a manner that the long-term hydrostatic strength or pressure strengthis estimated for these conditions.  
Note 3: Test temperatures should preferably be selected from the following: 68 °F (20 °C), 73 °F (23 °C), 140 °F (60 °C), 176 °F (80 °C), 180 °F (82 °C), and 200 °F (93 °C). It is strongly recommended that data be generated at 73 °F (23 °C) for comparative purposes.  
4.2 The hydrostatic or pressure design basis is determined by considering the following items and evaluating them in accordance with 5.4.  
4.2.1 Long-term hydrostatic strength or hydrostatic pressure-strength at 100 000 h,  
4.2.2 Long-term hydrostatic strength or hydrostatic pressure-strength at 50 years, and  
4.2.3 Stress that will give 5 % expansion at 100 000 h.  
4.2.4 The intent is to make allowance for the basic stress-strain characteristics of the material, as they relate to time.  
4.3 Results obtained at one temperature cannot, with any certainty, be used to estimate values for other temperatures. Therefore, it is essential that hydrostatic or pressure design bases be determined for each specific kind and type of plastic compound and each temperature. Estimates of long-term strengths of materials can be made for a specific temperature provided that calculated values, based on experimental data, are available for temperatures both above and below the temperature of interest.  
4.4 Hydrostatic design stresses are obtained by multiplying the hydrostatic design basis values by a service (design) factor.  
4.5 Pressure ratings for pipe may be calculated from the hydrostatic design stress (HDS) value for the s...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes two essentially equivalent procedures: one for obtaining a long-term hydrostatic strength category based on stress, referred to herein as the hydrostatic design basis (HDB); and the other for obtaining a long-term hydrostatic strength category based on pressure, referred to herein as the pressure design basis (PDB). The HDB is based on the material's long-term hydrostatic strength (LTHS),and the PDB is based on the product's long-term hydrostatic pressure-strength (LTHSP). The HDB is a material property and is obtained by evaluating stress rupture data derived from testing pipe made from the subject material. The PDB is a product specific property that reflects not only the properties of the material(s) from which the product is made, but also the influence on product strength by product design, geometry, and dimensions and by the specific method of manufacture. The PDB is obtained by evaluating pressure rupture data. The LTHS is determined by analyzing stress versus time-to-rupture (that is, stress-rupture) test data that cover a testing period of not less than 10 000 h and that are derived from sustained pressure testing of pipe made from the subject material. The data are analyzed by linear regression to yield a best-fit log-stress versus log time-to-fail straight-line equation. Using this equation, the material's mean strength at the 100 000-h intercept (LTHS) is determined by extrapolation. The resultant value of the LTHS determines the HDB strength category to which the material is assigned. The LTHSP is similarly determined except that the determination is based on pressure versus time data that are derived from a particular product. The categorized value of the LTHSP is the PDB. An HDB/PDB is one of a series of preferred long-term strength values. This test method is applicable to all known types of thermoplastic pipe materials and thermoplastic piping products. It is also applicabl...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many important properties of crosslinked ethylene plastics vary with the gel content. Hence, determination of the gel content provides a basis for controlling production processes and a means of establishing the quality of finished products.  
5.2 Extraction tests permit verification of the proper gel content of any given crosslinked ethylene plastic and they also permit comparison between different crosslinked ethylene plastics, including those containing fillers, provided that, for the latter, the following conditions are met:  
5.2.1 The filler is not soluble in the solvent used in this method at the extraction temperature.  
5.2.2 The amount of filler present in the compound either is known or can be determined.  
5.2.3 Sufficient crosslinking has been achieved to prevent migration of filler during the extraction. It has been found that, at gel content above 30 %, the solvent remains clear and free of filler.  
5.3 Since some oxidative degradation of the material and solvent may occur at the reflux temperature of the solvents, a suitable antioxidant is added to the solvent to inhibit such degradation.  
5.4 This test method is normally used for specimens consisting of an equal representation of the entire cross section of the product, but may also be used to examine specific portions of a product for differences in extent of cross-linking when compared to either a product standard or another sample.  
5.5 This test method is intended for testing crosslinked polyethylene compounds that are not hygroscopic. If compounds that are hygroscopic are tested using this method, specimen conditioning before and after extraction is required.  
5.6 This test method differs from Test Methods D2765, ISO 10147 and Test Method D7567 which also describe procedures for determining the gel content of crosslinked polyethylene. It allows for the use of naphthenic hydrocarbon blend, isoparaffin solvent, or light aromatic solvent naptha as alternatives to xylenes. Xylenes a...
SCOPE
1.1 The gel content of pipe and tubing produced from crosslinked polyethylene plastics as described in Specification F876 and other pipe or tubing standards is determined by extracting with solvents such as xylenes. A test method for quantitative determination of gel content is described herein. The method is applicable to PEX pipe and tubing of all densities, including those containing fillers, and provides correction for the inert fillers present in some of those compounds.  
1.2 Continuous extraction (see definition in Section 3) is used in this method to test the gel content of crosslinked polyethylene specimens. Continuous extraction when used for testing gel content has the advantages of decreased cost of testing, increased accuracy and consistency of results, and decreased test time. This is because extraction with a pure solvent is more efficient than extraction with a partially saturated solvent.  
1.3 While extraction tests may be made on articles of any shape, this test method is applicable for determining the gel content of crosslinked polyethylene pipes and tubing.  
1.4 This test method makes use of xylenes or alternative solvents. Alternative solvents either have lower toxicity than xylenes or allow decreased extraction times. The alternative solvents are also potentially beneficial from an economic and environmental viewpoint. Xylenes are used for referee tests.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units in brackets are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standard...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The impact resistance of thermoplastic pipe and fittings relates to suitability for service and to quality of processing. Impact resistance may also provide a relative measure of a material's resistance to breakage during handling and installation and, for non-buried applications, to in-service breakage. See Appendix X5 for guidelines for selecting testing combinations.  
4.2 Results obtained by use of this practice can be used in three ways:  
4.2.1 As the basis for establishing impact test requirements in product standards,  
4.2.2 To measure the effect of changes in materials or processing, and  
4.2.3 To measure the effect of the environment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the impact resistance of thermoplastic pipe and fittings under specified conditions of impact by means of a tup (falling weight). Three interchangeable striking noses are used on the tup, differing in geometrical configuration. Two specimen holders are described.
Note 1: Appendix X1 shows the procedure to determine impact strength.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Brown and Lu4,5 show the Charpy impact energy is related to the ultimate critical temperature of the rapid crack propagation [RCP] behavior as measured by the ISO 13477, S-4 test.6  
5.2 The test method may be used to determine the impact energy of polyethylene used in the manufacture of pipe . This test method involves the preparation of a small compression molded specimen of PE resin that is then notched in a specified manner. The specimen is then broken in a pendulum impact machine. The impact energy is recorded in joules. The value obtained is referred to as the Charpy impact energy.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the specimen preparation and the method of measuring the impact energy of polyethylene used in pressurized pipes.  
1.2 The test specimens are taken from compression molded plaques of the resin from pellets or pipe.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This practice is applicable to distinguish between properly and improperly extruded PVC plastic pipe. It can be used to:  
2.1.1 Reveal incomplete exsiccation of compound before or during extrusion (Note 1),  
2.1.2 Determine the presence of stress in the pipe wall produced by the extrusion process (Note 2),  
2.1.3 Determine whether unfused areas are present, and  
2.1.4 Reveal contamination.  
Note 1: Residual moisture in the compound vaporizes at extrusion temperatures and is normally evacuated as it forms vapor. Pockets of moisture trapped in the pipe wall result from incomplete exsiccation of the compound, and may reduce the physical properties of the pipe.
Note 2: Minor residual stress in the pipe will not impair field performance and handleability. High-residual stress has no proven effect on performance, but may impair handleability during installation.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for estimating the quality of extruded poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic pipes by observing the reaction of pipe specimens after exposure to hot air in the oven at 180 ± 5 °C (356 ± 9 °F) for 30 minutes minimum time duration.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Split disk and ring segment tensile tests, properly interpreted, provide reasonably accurate information with regard to the apparent tensile strength of plastic pipe when employed under conditions approximating those under which the tests are made.  
4.2 Ring tensile tests may provide data for research and development, engineering design, quality control, acceptance or rejection under specifications, and for special purposes. The test cannot be considered significant for applications differing widely from the load-time scale of the standard test.  
Note 1: Procedure C has been used on polyethylene and polybutylene pipe to produce results equivalent to Quick Burst results (Test Method D1599) for 4 in. to 8 in. pipes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the comparative apparent tensile strength of most plastic products utilizing a split disk or ring segment test fixture, when tested under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, humidity, and test machine speed. This test method is applicable to reinforced-thermosetting resin pipe regardless of fabrication method. This test method also is applicable to extruded and molded thermoplastic pipe.
Procedure A is used for reinforced-thermosetting resin pipe; Procedure B is used for thermoplastic pipe of any size; Procedure C is used for thermoplastic pipe with nominal diameter of 41/2 in. (110 mm) and greater. Procedure D is used for polyethylene pipe with a nominal diameter of 14 in. (350 mm) and greater and preferably having wall thickness 1 in. (25 mm) and greater. Procedure E is used for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe with a nominal diameter of 14 in. (350 mm) and greater and having wall thickness 1 in. (25 mm) and greater.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 During shipment, storage and installation, PEX tubing may be exposed to UV radiation prior to being shielded from further exposure after installation. The effects of UV exposure on PEX tubing is determined by use of this test method. By first exposing specimens to solar UV radiation and subsequently testing specimens for oxidative resistance or stabilizer functionality, changes as a result of solar UV radiation exposure can be evaluated. This information can be used to determine the maximum allowable total UV exposure prior to permanent shielding provided by installation.  
5.2 The results of short-term exposure tests can provide an indication of relative outdoor performance, but they should not be used to predict the absolute long-term performance of a material. The results of tests conducted for less than twelve months will depend on the particular season of the year in which they begin.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for exposing crosslinked polyethylene (PEX) tubing produced in accordance with Specification F876 to natural (sunlight) ultraviolet (UV) radiation and evaluating the effects of the exposure. This test method outlines the requirements for specimen size and preparation, exposure orientation, minimum UV exposure energy, post exposure testing and reporting.
Note 1: While other laboratory UV exposure systems are available, this test method relies on natural sunlight as the UV radiation source. Laboratory methods may be added in the future if testing confirms a correlation between natural sunlight and laboratory exposure.  
1.2 PEX tubing is not designed for outdoor use. Data from short-term exposure testing per this test method can be used to judge the relative performance of PEX tubing stored outdoors for short periods of time prior to installation completely shielded from sunlight.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method and post exposure testing portions, Sections 8 and 9 of this test method.  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides requirements for standardized preparation of sample butt fusions, preparation of specimens from sample butt fusions, and conditioning for testing in accordance with Test Method D638, Test Method D1598, or Test Method D1599. This practice is intended to improve the ability to reliably compare test results from multiple parties.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides standardized sample butt fusion preparation, conditioning, and testing conditions for tension testing of specimens prepared from sample butt fusion joints or hydrostatic tests of sample butt fusion joints in accordance with:  
1.1.1 Test Method D638, tension testing;
1.1.1.1 The preparation or use of tensile specimens other than Test Method D638 Type I through Type V is beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.1.2 Test Method D1598, constant (sustained) hydraulic pressure testing;  
1.1.3 Test Method D1599, short-term hydraulic pressure testing.  
1.1.4 It is not within the scope of this practice to include plastic materials other than polyethylene or other tests for butt fusions. The exclusion of other plastic materials and other tests does not imply that other plastic materials are suitable or unsuitable for butt fusion, or that the tests cited herein are adequate or inadequate for qualitative characterization and for research and development of butt fusion joints, or that other tests do not have lesser, equal, or greater utility for such purpose.  
1.1.5 The evaluation of test results and the determination of test result evaluation criteria are not within the scope of this practice. This practice is limited to standardized butt fusion test specimens and testing conditions for the comparison of test data from multiple parties.  
1.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.1.7 In this standard, text in parentheses, notes in the body of the standard and appendices are informational and non-mandatory. For tables in the body of the standard, table notes are mandatory.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many important properties of crosslinked ethylene plastics vary with the gel content. Hence, determination of the gel content provides a basis for controlling production processes and a means of establishing the quality of finished products.  
5.2 Extraction tests permit verification of the proper gel content of any given crosslinked ethylene plastic and they also permit comparison between different crosslinked ethylene plastics, including those containing fillers, provided that, for the latter, the following conditions are met:  
5.2.1 The filler is not soluble in the solvent used in this method at the extraction temperature.  
5.2.2 The amount of filler present in the compound either is known or can be determined.  
5.2.3 Sufficient crosslinking has been achieved to prevent migration of filler during the extraction. It has been found that, at gel content above 30 %, the solvent remains clear and free of filler.  
5.3 Since some oxidative degradation of the material and solvent may occur at the reflux temperature of the solvents, a suitable antioxidant is added to the solvent to inhibit such degradation.  
5.4 This test method is normally used for specimens consisting of an equal representation of the entire cross section of the product, but may also be used to examine specific portions of a product for differences in extent of cross-linking when compared to either a product standard or another sample.  
5.5 This test method is intended for testing crosslinked polyethylene compounds that are not hygroscopic. If compounds that are hygroscopic are tested using this method, specimen conditioning before and after extraction is required.  
5.6 This standard differs from test methods Test Methods D2765, and Test Method D7567 which also describe procedures for determining the gel content of crosslinked polyethylene. It allows for the use of naphthenic blend or isoparaffin solvent as an alternative to xylenes. Xylenes are the only solvent allowed to be used for...
SCOPE
1.1 The gel content of pipe and tubing produced from crosslinked polyethylene plastics as described in Specification F876 and other pipe or tubing standards is determined by extracting with solvents such as xylenes. A test method for quantitative determination of gel content is described herein. The method is applicable to PEX pipe and tubing of all densities, including those containing fillers, and provides correction for the inert fillers present in some of those compounds.  
1.2 Continuous extraction (see definition in Section 3) is used in this method to test the gel content of crosslinked polyethylene specimens. Continuous extraction when used for testing gel content has the advantages of decreased the cost of testing, increased accuracy and consistency of results, and decreased test time. This is because extraction with a pure solvent is more efficient than extraction with a partially saturated solvent.  
1.3 While extraction tests may be made on articles of any shape, this test method is applicable for determining the gel content of crosslinked polyethylene pipes and tubing.  
1.4 This test method makes use of xylenes or alternative solvents which have lower toxicity than xylenes. The alternative solvents are also potentially beneficial from an economic and environmental viewpoint. Xylenes are used for referee tests.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units in brackets are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for t...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedure for establishing the long-term pressure rating of fittings starts with an extrapolation of a regression line that is based on fitting failure data with respect to time, when assemblies are tested in accordance with Test Method D1598. The pressure-versus time to failure data are obtained using water at 73 °F in assemblies that are immersed in a water or air environment. The extrapolation is made in such a manner that the long-term hydrostatic pressure rating is determined for these conditions.  
4.2 The pressure design basis is determined by considering the following items and evaluating them in accordance with 6.3.  
4.2.1 Long-term hydrostatic pressure-strength at 100 000 h,  
4.2.2 Long-term hydrostatic pressure-strength at 50 years  
4.3 The fitting pressure rating may be calculated by multiplying the pressure design basis (PDB) by the appropriate design factor (DF).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for establishing Pressure Rating for PVC schedule 40 and 80 socket-type fittings by evaluating fitting failure test data derived by testing water-filled assemblies of pipe and fittings.  
1.2 Unless the data approximates a straight line, when calculated using log-log coordinates, it is not possible to assign a pressure rating to that product or sample of product. Data that exhibit high scatter, or a downward curve, due to low long term data, will give low extrapolated values that are more conservative when calculated using log-log co-ordinates. In addition, this downward curve will show as higher scatter, and where the lower confidence level limits are not met the data shall be classified as unsuitable. (See Note 1)  
Note 1: This test method is similar to that used in Test Method D2837, which has been used for about 30 years to establish the HDS of plastic pipe materials and is the basis for all pressure ratings assigned to plastic pipes.  
1.3 The products covered by this test method are schedule 40 or 80 molded PVC fittings that conform to Specifications D2466 or D2467.  
1.4 The pressure ratings developed using this test method applies only to fittings identical to the ones that were tested. Some variables that will affect the pressure rating are – pipe size, pattern, mold design, material, and molding conditions.  
1.5 The values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 The testing procedure used to obtain the fitting failure data shall be as described in those sections of Test Method D1598, that are referenced in Section 6 of this test method.  
1.7 The products covered by this test method are intended for use in the distribution of pressurized liquids at 73 °F. When appropriate, the design engineer must consider the effects of elevated temperature and chemical compatibility of the liquid with the fitting material and apply necessary design factors.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: Pressurized (compressed) air or other compressed gases contain large amounts of stored energy which present serious safety hazards should a system fail for any reason.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 If required by the authority having jurisdiction, hydrostatic pressure leak testing may be conducted to discover and correct leaks or faults in a newly constructed or modified polyethylene or crosslinked polyethylene pressure piping system before placing the system in service. Leakage or faults usually occur at connections, joints, and mechanical seals where sealing under pressure is required. (Warning—Safety is of paramount importance when conducting hydrostatic pressure leak tests because testing under pressure may cause sudden violent rupture or failure.)  
5.2 This practice uses a pressurized liquid to test for leaks. It does not verify if a piping material or a piping system design is suitable for pressure service. The suitability of a piping system for pressure service and its pressure rating or operating pressure is determined solely by its design and its installed components.  
5.3 Systems that are not suitable for pressure testing should not be pressure tested. Such systems may contain lower pressure rated or non-pressure rated components that cannot be isolated from test pressure, or temporary caps or closures may not be practical. In these systems, leak inspections should be conducted during and after installation. Inspections typically include visual examination of joint appearance, mechanical checks of bolt or joint tightness, and other relevant examinations. See also Test Method F1417.  
5.4 Leakage Allowance—There is no leakage allowance for a section of heat-fusion joined polyethylene piping, because properly made heat fusion joints do not leak. See 7.6.1.  
5.4.1 Other types of joints or connections in the system may have a leakage allowance. Contact the joint or connection manufacturer for information.  
5.5 Expansion Allowance—When test pressure is applied, polyethylene or crosslinked polyethylene pipe will expand slightly due to elasticity and Poisson effects. To compensate for expansion, make-up water is added during the initial expansi...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides information on apparatus, safety, pre-test preparation, and procedures for conducting field tests of polyethylene and crosslinked polyethylene pressure piping systems by filling with a liquid and applying pressure to determine if leaks exist in the system.  
1.2 This practice does not address leak testing using a pressurized gas (pneumatic testing). For safety reasons, some manufacturers prohibit or restrict pneumatic pressure testing of their products. Failure during a pressure leak test can be explosive, violent, and dangerous, especially if a compressed gas is used. In a compressed gas test, both the pressure stress on the system and the energy used to compress the gas are released at a failure. For field leak testing using pressurized gas, see Practice F2786.  
1.3 This practice does not apply to leak testing of non-pressure, gravity-flow, negative pressure (vacuum), or non-thermoplastic piping systems. For field-testing of plastic gravity flow sewer lines, see Test Method F1417.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Additional safety information is presented in Section 7 and throughout this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TB...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The external loading properties of plastic pipe obtained by this test method are used for the following:  
5.1.1 To determine the stiffness of the pipe. This is a function of the pipe dimensions and the physical properties of the material of which the pipe is made.  
5.1.2 To determine the load-deflection characteristics and pipe stiffness which are used for engineering design (see Appendix X1).  
5.1.3 To compare the characteristics of various plastics in pipe form.  
5.1.4 To study the interrelations of dimensions and deflection properties of plastic pipe and conduit.  
5.1.5 To measure the deflection and load-resistance at any of several significant events if they occur during the test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of load-deflection characteristics of plastic pipe under parallel-plate loading.  
1.2 This test method covers thermoplastic resin pipe, reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP), and reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP).  
1.3 The characteristics determined by this test method are pipe stiffness, stiffness factor, and load at specific deflections.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
Note 1: While this test method can be used in measuring the pipe stiffness of corrugated plastic pipe or tubing, special conditions and procedures are used. These details are included in the product standards, for example, Specification F405.  
1.5 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the test method.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method does not purport to interpret the data generated.  
4.2 This test method is intended to compare slow-crack-growth (SCG) resistance for a limited set of HDPE resins.  
4.3 This test method may be used on virgin HDPE resin compression-molded into a plaque or on extruded HDPE corrugated pipe that is chopped and compression-molded into a plaque (see 7.1.1 for details).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the susceptibility of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) resins or corrugated pipe to slow-crack-growth under a constant ligament-stress in an accelerating environment. This test method is intended to apply only to HDPE of a limited melt index (0.947 to 0.955 g/cm3). This test method may be applicable for other materials, but data are not available for other materials at this time.  
1.2 This test method measures the failure time associated with a given test specimen at a constant, specified, ligament-stress level.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology F412, and abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology D1600, unless otherwise specified.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful to measure the slow crack growth resistance of molded plaques of polyethylene materials at accelerated conditions such as 80°C, 2.4-MPa stress, and with a sharp notch.  
5.2 The testing time or time to failure depends on the following test parameters: temperature; stress; notch depth; and specimen geometry. Increasing temperature, stress, and notch depth decrease the time to failure. Material parameters, not controlled by the laboratory, that could impact the test results (time to failure) are: pigment (color or carbon black) and the carrier resin for the pigment, or both. Thus, in reporting the test time or time to failure, all the conditions of the test shall be specified.  
Note 3: Time to failure can also be affected by the degree of pigment (color or carbon black) dispersion and distribution within the test specimen. Test Method D5596 and ISO 18553 provide methods for assessing the degree of dispersion and distribution of the pigment
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the resistance of polyethylene materials to slow crack growth under conditions specified within.
Note 1: This test method is known as PENT (Pennsylvania Notch Test) test.  
1.2 The test is generally performed at 80°C and at 2.4 MPa, but may also be done at temperatures below 80°C and with other stresses low enough to preclude ductile failure and thereby eventually induce brittle type of failure. Generally, polyethylenes will ultimately fail in a brittle manner by slow crack growth at 80°C if the stress is below 2.4 MPa.  
1.3 The test method is for specimens cut from compression molded plaques.2 See Appendix X1 for information relating to specimens from pipe.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Underground electrical and communication conduit should be impervious to groundwater in order to prevent damage to conductors and utility vaults. The bladder test described in this test method may be used to qualify potential gasketed conduit systems by indicating whether the joint system will prevent water infiltration.  
3.2 This test method can be used to qualify joints for plastic underground conduits using flexible elastomeric seals. However, it should not be assumed that a joint system that passes this test method will be able to seal under cases of misinstallation or abuse, or both.  
3.3 This test method covers all of the following gasketed conduit types: encased burial (EB) excluding EB20, direct burial (DB), telecommunications, cable television, and Schedule 40 conduit and Schedule 80 conduit. Trade sizes covered are 2-in. nominal size and larger. (See UL 651; NEMA TC-2, TC-6, and TC 8; and Specification F512.)  
3.4 This test method also covers fittings that are intended for use with the conduit types described in 3.3 and which use flexible elastomeric seals.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the water infiltration resistance of gasketed plastic underground conduit joints using a pressurized water bladder apparatus.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.