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ASTM D3174-04

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from Coal

Standard Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from Coal

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Ash, as determined by this test method, is the residue remaining after burning the coal and coke. Ash obtained differs in composition from the inorganic constituents present in the original coal. Incineration causes an expulsion of all water, the loss of carbon dioxide from carbonates, the conversion of iron pyrites into ferric oxide, and other chemical reactions. Ash, as determined by this test method, will differ in amount from ash produced in furnace operations and other firing systems because incineration conditions influence the chemistry and amount of the ash. References for correcting ash results determined by this test method to a mineral-matter-free basis are listed in Classification D 388, Section 8.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the inorganic residue as ash in the analysis sample of coal or coke as prepared in accordance with Method D 2013 or Practice D 346. The results obtained can be applied as the ash in the proximate analysis, Practice D 3172, and in the ultimate analysis, Practice D 3176. For the determination of the constituents in ash, reference is made to Test Methods D 2795 and D 3682. See Terminology D 121 for definition of ash.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2004
ICS
75.160.10 - Solid fuels
Technical Committee
D05 - Coal and Coke
Drafting Committee
D05.21 - Methods of Analysis
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3174-02e1 - Standard Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from Coal
Effective Date
01-Jul-2004
Replaced By
ASTM D3174-04(2010) - Standard Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from Coal
Effective Date
01-Dec-2010
Referred By
ASTM D7569/D7569M-10(2015)e1 - Standard Practice for Determination of Gas Content of Coal—Direct Desorption Method
Effective Date
01-Jul-2004
Referred By
ASTM D7448-16 - Standard Practice for Establishing the Competence of Laboratories Using ASTM Procedures in the Sampling and Analysis of Coal and Coke
Effective Date
01-Jul-2004
Referred By
ASTM D4326-21 - Standard Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence
Effective Date
01-Jul-2004
Referred By
ASTM D6349-21 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Major and Minor Elements in Coal, Coke, and Solid Residues from Combustion of Coal and Coke by Inductively Coupled Plasma—Atomic Emission Spectrometry
Effective Date
01-Jul-2004
Referred By
ASTM D2799-23 - Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of the Maceral Composition of Coal
Effective Date
01-Jul-2004
Referred By
ASTM D5016-16 - Standard Test Method for Total Sulfur in Coal and Coke Combustion Residues Using a High-Temperature Tube Furnace Combustion Method with Infrared Absorption
Effective Date
01-Jul-2004
Referred By
ASTM D3172-13(2021)e1 - Standard Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke
Effective Date
01-Jul-2004
Referred By
ASTM D3682-21 - Standard Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes by Atomic Spectrometry
Effective Date
01-Jul-2004
Referred By
ASTM D3176-15 - Standard Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke
Effective Date
01-Jul-2004
Referred By
ASTM D1857/D1857M-18 - Standard Test Method for Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
Effective Date
01-Jul-2004
Referred By
ASTM D6700-19 - Standard Guide for Use of Scrap Tires as Tire-Derived Fuel
Effective Date
01-Jul-2004
Referred By
ASTM D5114/D5114M-90(2018)e1 - Standard Test Method for Laboratory Froth Flotation of Coal in a Mechanical Cell
Effective Date
01-Jul-2004
Referred By
ASTM D121-15 - Standard Terminology of Coal and Coke
Effective Date
01-Jul-2004

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ASTM D3174-04 - Standard Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from Coal
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D3174–04
Standard Test Method for
1
Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from Coal
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3174; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D3173 Test Method for Moisture in theAnalysis Sample of
Coal and Coke
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the inor-
D3176 Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke
ganic residue as ash in the analysis sample of coal or coke as
D3180 Practice for Calculating Coal and Coke Analyses
prepared in accordance with Method D2013 or Practice D346.
from As-Determined to Different Bases
The results obtained can be applied as the ash in the proximate
D3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in
analysis, Practice D3172, and in the ultimate analysis, Practice
Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes
D3176. For the determination of the constituents in ash,
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
reference is made to Test Methods D2795 and D3682. See
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
Terminology D121 for definition of ash.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3. Summary of Test Method
standard.
3.1 Ash is determined by weighing the residue remaining
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
after burning the coal or coke under rigidly controlled condi-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
tions of sample weight, temperature, time, atmosphere, and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
equipment specifications.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Ash, as determined by this test method, is the residue
2. Referenced Documents
2
remaining after burning the coal and coke.Ash obtained differs
2.1 ASTM Standards:
in composition from the inorganic constituents present in the
D121 Terminology of Coal and Coke
original coal. Incineration causes an expulsion of all water, the
D346 Practice for Collection and Preparation of Coke
loss of carbon dioxide from carbonates, the conversion of iron
Samples for Laboratory Analysis
pyrites into ferric oxide, and other chemical reactions. Ash, as
D388 Classification of Coals by Rank
determined by this test method, will differ in amount from ash
D1756 Test Method for Determination as Carbon Dioxide
produced in furnace operations and other firing systems be-
of Carbonate Carbon in Coal
cause incineration conditions influence the chemistry and
D1757 Test Method for Sulfate Sulfur inAsh from Coal and
3 amount of the ash. References for correcting ash results
Coke
2 determined by this test method to a mineral-matter-free basis
D2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis
32 are listed in Classification D388, Section 8.
D2795 Test Methods for Analysis of Coal and Coke Ash
D3172 Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke
5. Apparatus
5.1 Electric Muffle Furnace for Coal or Coke—For deter-
1
mination of ash of coal, the furnace shall have an adequate air
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.21 on Methods of circulation and be capable of having its temperature regulated
Analysis.
at 700 to 750°C. The furnace shall be equipped with a
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2004.PublishedJuly2004.Originallypublished
temperature indicator and means of controlling the temperature
´1
as D3174 – 73. Last previous edition D3174 – 02 . DOI: 10.1520/D3174-04.
2
within prescribed limits. Means shall be provided for main-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
taining air flow at a rate of two to four changes per minute (see
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Combustion gases shall be vented from
the ASTM website.
3 laboratory. Inlet and outlet ports shall be located and arranged
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
on www.astm.org. to distribute the air uniformly throughout the furnace area
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3174–04
(Suggested method for inducing regulated air flow through ashing furnace.)
FIG. 1 Air Aspirator
w
...

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4.1 Coke undergoes various degrees of degradation during removal from coke ovens, transportation, and its decent within a blast furnace to the combustion zone. These processes subject the coke to impact and abrasion. This test method is a relative measure of the resistance of coke to breakage when subjected to these degradation processes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for obtaining a relative measure of the resistance to degradation of coke by impact and abrasion.  
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers the classification of coals by rank, that is, according to their degree of metamorphism, or progressive alteration, in the natural series from lignite to anthracite. These coals are mainly composed of vitrinite. The classification shall be based on gradational properties that depend on the degree of metamorphism. The classification shall also be according to fixed carbon and gross calorific value calculated to the mineral-matter-free basis.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This classification establishes categories of coal based on gradational properties that depend principally on the degree of metamorphism to which the coal was subjected while buried. These categories indicate ranges of physical and chemical characteristics that are useful in making broad estimates of the behavior of coal in mining, preparation, and use.
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1.2 This classification is applicable to coals that are composed mainly of vitrinite.  
Note 1: Coals rich in inertinite or liptinite (exinite), or both, cannot be properly classified because, in those macerals, the properties that determine rank (calorific value, volatile matter, and agglomerating character) differ greatly from those of vitrinite in the same coal. Often, such coals can be recognized by megascopic examination. In North America, these coals are mostly nonbanded varieties that contain only a small proportion of vitrain and consist mainly of attrital materials. The degree of metamorphism of nonbanded and other vitrinite-poor coals can be estimated by determining the classification properties of isolated or concentrated vitrinite fractions, or by determining the reflectance of the vitrinite (see Test Method D2798 and Appendix X1 of this classification). However, in the use of these vitrinite-poor coals, some properties normally associated with rank, such as rheology, combustibility, hardness, and grindability (as well as the rank determining properties) may differ substantially from those of vitrinite-rich coals of the same degree of metamorphism.  
1.3 The accuracy of the classification of impure coal may be impaired by the effect of large amounts of mineral matter on the determination of volatile matter and calorific value, and on their calculation to the mineral-matter-free basis.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4.1 Exception—The values stated in British thermal units per pound (Btu/lb) are to be regarded as the standard. The SI equivalents of Btu/lb are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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Standard Test Method for Plastic Properties of Coal by the Constant-Torque Gieseler Plastometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Reliable values of the plastic properties of coals are used to predict or explain the behavior of a coal or blends during carbonization or in other processes such as gasification, liquefaction, and combustion.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a relative measure of the plastic behavior of coal when heated under prescribed conditions. This test method may be used to obtain semiquantitative values of the plastic properties of coals and blends used in carbonization and in other situations where determination of plastic behavior of coals is of practical importance.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The collection and treatment of the sample as specified for the referee method is intended for the express purpose of determining the total moisture in coal. The standard is available to producers, sellers, and consumers as a method of determination when other techniques or modifications are not mutually agreed upon.  
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SCOPE
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1.3 While it is recognized that such a standard may be unwieldy for routine usage in commercial operations, it can provide a common base for agreement in cases of dispute or arbitration. The complete standard is referred to as the referee method. Embodied in the standard is the commercial method starting with the crushed and divided sample when the gross sample is not too wet to crush and divide. See Practice D2961/D2961M and Test Method D3173 for other moisture methods.  
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Standard Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A compositional analysis of ash is used in describing the quality of coal for its complete characterization. Ash composition is useful in predicting slagging and fouling characteristics of combusted materials as well as the potential utilization of ash by-products.  
5.2 The chemical composition of laboratory prepared coal ash is rarely, if ever, representative of the composition of the mineral matter in the coal because the ashing process can alter some minerals. However, it can approximate the composition of the fly ash and slag resulting from commercial combustion of coal.
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1.1 This test method covers the analysis of the commonly determined major and minor elements in ash from coal using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques.
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ASTM D6349-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Major and Minor Elements in Coal, Coke, and Solid Residues from Combustion of Coal and Coke by Inductively Coupled Plasma—Atomic Emission Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A compositional analysis of coal and coke and their associated combustion residues are often useful in assessing their quality. Knowledge of the elemental composition of the associated residues is also useful in predicting the elemental enrichment/depletion compositional behavior of ashes and slags in comparison to the mass fraction in the parent coal. Utilization of the ash by-products and hazardous potential may also depend on the chemical composition and leachability of the inorganic constituents of the coal ash.  
5.2 The chemical composition of laboratory-prepared ash may not exactly represent the composition of mineral matter in coal or the composition of fly ash and slag resulting from commerical-scale burning of the coal.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the analysis of the commonly determined major and minor elements in coal, coke, and solid residues from combustion of coal and coke. These residues may be laboratory ash, bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization sludge, and other combustion process residues.
Note 1: There are two interlaboratory studies associated with this test method. The first was conducted in 1997 ( RR:D05-1035)2 and the second was conducted in 2007 ( RR:D05-1032).3 Sulfur trioxide was only included in the 2007 study, and that study only included combustion residues derived from ash and no combustion residues derived from coke.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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4.1 Apparent and true specific gravity, as determined by this test method, are influenced by the type of coals carbonized and the operating and preparational conditions of that carbonization, that is, charge bulk density, heating rate, and pulverization level. In turn, these properties directly influence the performance in processes using coke.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of apparent specific gravity (Sections 5 to 9) and true specific gravity (Sections 10 to 14) of lump coke larger than 25 mm [1 in.] size and calculating porosity (Section 15) from the specific gravity data.  
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