ASTM D6700-19
(Guide)Standard Guide for Use of Scrap Tires as Tire-Derived Fuel
Standard Guide for Use of Scrap Tires as Tire-Derived Fuel
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 When considering the specification of fuels for a boiler, issues to evaluate are the fuel’s combustion characteristics, handling and feeding logistics, environmental concerns, and ash residue considerations. A thorough understanding of these issues is required to engineer the combustion unit for power and steam generation; however, TDF has demonstrated compatible characteristics allowing it to serve as a supplemental fuel in existing combustion units based on cumulative experience in many facilities originally designed for traditional fossil fuels, or wood wastes, or both. When used as a supplemental energy resource in existing units, TDF usage is generally limited to blend ratios in the 10 to 30 % range based on energy input. This limit is due to its high heat release rate and low moisture content, which differ significantly from other solid fuels such as wood, refuse-derived fuel, coal, and petroleum coke.
4.2 New combustion units dedicated to the use of TDF (or whole tires) as the sole fuel source are rare. The generation and availability of scrap tires are ultimately determined by market conditions for new tires and the depletion rate of scrap tire inventories (stockpiles). Scrap tires account for approximately 1 % of the municipal solid waste stream. Based on a national scrap tire generation rate, there are roughly 2.5 to 3 million tons (annually available for all uses to include fuel, crumb rubber, engineering projects, and so forth). Some dedicated combustion units have been built, however, competition for the scrap tires as other existing sources begin to use TDF will determine the ultimate viability of these facilities. Although most regions can supply TDF demand as a supplemental fuel, a dedicated boiler in the range of 500 000 lb/h (227 000 kg/h) steaming capacity would require over 66 000 scrap tires/day to meet its fuel demand. Such demand may strain a region's ability to supply and put the fuel supply at risk. Some design projects have incorpora...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers and provides guidance for the material recovery of scrap tires for their fuel value. The conversion of a whole scrap tire into a chipped formed for use as a fuel produces a product called tire-derived fuel (TDF). This recovery guide has moved from a pioneering concept in the early 1980s to a proven and continuous use in the United States with industrial and utility applications.
1.2 Combustion units engineered to use solid fuels, such as coal or wood, or both, are fairly numerous throughout the U.S. Many of these units are now using TDF even though they were not specifically designed to burn TDF. It is clear that TDF has combustion characteristics similar to other carbon-based solid fuels. Similarities led to pragmatic testing in existing combustion units. Successful testing led to subsequent acceptance of TDF as a supplemental fuel when blended with conventional fuels in existing combustion devices. Changes required to modify appropriate existing combustion units to accommodate TDF range from none to relatively minor. The issues of proper applications and specifications are critical to successful utilization of this alternative energy resource.
1.3 This guide explains TDF’s use when blended and combusted under normal operating conditions with originally specified fuels. Whole-tire combustion for energy recovery is not discussed herein, since whole-tire usage does not require tire processing to a defined fuel specification.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the appli...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6700 − 19
Standard Guide for
1
Use of Scrap Tires as Tire-Derived Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6700; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This guide covers and provides guidance for the mate-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
rial recovery of scrap tires for their fuel value. The conversion
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
of a whole scrap tire into a chipped formed for use as a fuel
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
produces a product called tire-derived fuel (TDF). This recov-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ery guide has moved from a pioneering concept in the early
1980s to a proven and continuous use in the United States with
2. Referenced Documents
industrial and utility applications.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 Combustion units engineered to use solid fuels, such as
D2013/D2013M Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for
coal or wood, or both, are fairly numerous throughout the U.S.
Analysis
Many of these units are now usingTDF even though they were
3
D2361 Test Method for Chlorine in Coal (Withdrawn 2008)
not specifically designed to burn TDF. It is clear that TDF has
D2795 Test Methods for Analysis of Coal and Coke Ash
combustion characteristics similar to other carbon-based solid
3
(Withdrawn 2001)
fuels. Similarities led to pragmatic testing in existing combus-
D3172 Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke
tion units. Successful testing led to subsequent acceptance of
D3173/D3173M Test Method for Moisture in the Analysis
TDF as a supplemental fuel when blended with conventional
Sample of Coal and Coke
fuels in existing combustion devices. Changes required to
D3174 Test Method forAsh in theAnalysis Sample of Coal
modify appropriate existing combustion units to accommodate
and Coke from Coal
TDF range from none to relatively minor. The issues of proper
D3175 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis
applications and specifications are critical to successful utili-
Sample of Coal and Coke
zation of this alternative energy resource.
D3176 Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke
1.3 This guide explains TDF’s use when blended and
D3177 Test Methods forTotal Sulfur in theAnalysis Sample
3
combusted under normal operating conditions with originally of Coal and Coke (Withdrawn 2012)
specified fuels. Whole-tire combustion for energy recovery is
D3178 Test Methods for Carbon and Hydrogen in the
3
not discussed herein, since whole-tire usage does not require Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke (Withdrawn 2007)
tire processing to a defined fuel specification.
D3179 Test Methods for Nitrogen in theAnalysis Sample of
3
Coal and Coke (Withdrawn 2008)
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
D3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
D4239 Test Method for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of
and are not considered standard.
Coal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube Furnace
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Combustion
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
D4749 Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis of
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Coal and Designating Coal Size
1 2
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment, contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Recovery and Reuse. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2019. Published February 2019. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D6700 – 01 (2013). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6700 − 01 (Reapproved 2013) D6700 − 19
Standard PracticeGuide for
1
Use of Scrap Tires as Tire-Derived Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6700; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers and provides guidance for the material recovery of scrap tires for their fuel value. The conversion of
a whole scrap tire into a chipped formed for use as a fuel produces a product called tire-derived fuel (TDF). This recovery practice
has moved from a pioneering concept in the early 1980s to a proven and continuous use in the United States with industrial and
utility applications.
1.2 Combustion units engineered to use solid fuels, such as coal or wood or both, are fairly numerous throughout the U.S. Many
of these units are now using TDF even though they were not specifically designed to burn TDF. It is clear that TDF has combustion
characteristics similar to other carbon-based solid fuels. Similarities led to pragmatic testing in existing combustion units.
Successful testing led to subsequent acceptance of TDF as a supplemental fuel when blended with conventional fuels in existing
combustion devices. Changes required to modify appropriate existing combustion units to accommodate TDF range from none to
relatively minor. The issues of proper applications and specifications are critical to successful utilization of this alternative energy
resource.
1.3 This practice explains TDF’s use when blended and combusted under normal operating conditions with originally specified
fuels. Whole tire combustion for energy recovery is not discussed herein since whole tire usage does not require tire processing
to a defined fuel specification.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis
3
D2361 Test Method for Chlorine in Coal (Withdrawn 2008)
3
D2795 Test Methods for Analysis of Coal and Coke Ash (Withdrawn 2001)
D3172 Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke
D3173 Test Method for Moisture in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke
D3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from Coal
D3175 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke
D3176 Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke
3
D3177 Test Methods for Total Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke (Withdrawn 2012)
3
D3178 Test Methods for Carbon and Hydrogen in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke (Withdrawn 2007)
3
D3179 Test Methods for Nitrogen in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke (Withdrawn 2008)
D3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes
D4239 Test Method for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube Furnace Combustion
1
This practiceguide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment,
Recovery and Reuse.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2013Feb. 1, 2019. Published February 2013February 2019. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 20062013
as D6700D6700 – 01 (2013).-01 (2006). DOI: 10.1520/D6700-01R13.10.1520/D6700-19.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D6700 − 19
D4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal and Coke Ash By X-Ray
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