ASTM C1516-02
(Practice)Standard Practice for Application of Direct-Applied Exterior Finish Systems
Standard Practice for Application of Direct-Applied Exterior Finish Systems
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the minimum requirements and procedures for field application of Direct-applied Exterior Finish Systems (DEFS). Direct-applied exterior finish systems are coating systems applied over various substrates with non-metallic reinforcing mesh, in which the base coat ranges from not less than 1/16in. (1.6 mm) to 3/32 in. (2.4 mm) in dry thickness, depending on the mass of the reinforcing mesh. This base coat is subsequently covered with a finish coat that is available in a variety of textures and colors.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric values given in parentheses are approximate and are provided for information purposes only.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C 1516 – 02
Standard Practice for
Application of Direct-Applied Exterior Finish Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1516; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This practice covers the minimum requirements and 3.1 Definitions used in this standard shall be in accordance
procedures for field application of Direct-applied Exterior with Terminology C 11.
Finish Systems (DEFS). Direct-applied exterior finish systems 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
are coating systems applied over various substrates with 3.2.1 accessories, n—preformed metal, fiberglass or plastic
non-metallic reinforcing mesh, in which the base coat ranges members used to form corners, edges, control joints, or
1 3
from not less than ⁄16in. (1.6 mm) to ⁄32 in. (2.4 mm) in dry decorative effects.
thickness, depending on the mass of the reinforcing mesh.This 3.2.2 back wrapping, n—a deprecated term. See wrap.
base coat is subsequently covered with a finish coat that is 3.2.3 base coat, n—a material, either factory or field-mixed,
available in a variety of textures and colors. used to cover the substrate and to encapsulate the reinforcing
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded mesh.
as the standard. The metric values given in parentheses are 3.2.4 cold joint, n—the visible junction in an exterior finish.
approximate and are provided for information purposes only. 3.2.5 cure, v—to develop the ultimate properties of a wet
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera- state material by a chemical process.
tions and equipment. This standard does not purport to address 3.2.6 dry, v—to develop the ultimate properties of a wet
all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is state material solely by evaporation of volatile ingredients.
the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish 3.2.7 durability, n—the capability of a building, assembly,
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the component, product, or construction to maintain serviceability
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. over not less than a specified time.
3.2.8 embed, v—to encapsulate a non-metallic reinforcing
2. Referenced Documents
mesh in either the joint compound or exterior finish.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.9 expansion joint, n—a structural separation between
C 11 Terminology Relating to Gypsum and Related Build- building elements that allows independent movement without
ing Materials and Systems
damage to the assembly.
C 1177/C 1177M Specification for Glass Mat Gypsum Sub- 3.2.10 factory mixed, n—a material that is prepared at the
strate for Use as Sheathing
point of manufacture and is ready to use without the addition
C 1186 Specification for Flat Non-Asbestos Fiber-Cement of other materials, except possibly water to adjust consistency.
Sheets
3.2.11 field mix, n—a material that is mixed in the field with
C 1278/C 1278M Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Gyp- other components and/or water.
sum Panel
3.2.12 finish coat, n—the final wet state material, that
E 1825 Guide for Evaluation of Exterior Building Wall providescolororadditionaltexture,appliedoverthereinforced
Materials, Products, and Systems
base coat.
3.2.13 flash set (quick set), n—the early hardening or
stiffness in the working characteristics of a Portland-cement
paste, mortar, or concrete, usually with the evolution of
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C11 on Gypsum
considerable heat; stiffness cannot be dispelled nor the plastic-
and Related Building Materials and Systems and is the direct responsibility of
ity regained by further mixing without addition of water; also
Subcommittee C11.05 onApplication of Exterior Insulating and Finish Systems and
Related Products.
known as “quick set.”
Current edition approved January 10, 2002. Published January 2002.
3.2.14 framing member, n—studs, joist, runners (tracks),
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
bridging, bracing, and related accessories manufactured or
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.05.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.12. supplied in wood or hot or cold formed steel.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 1516
3.2.15 initial grab, n—the ability of a wet state material to materials are in conformance with product and material stan-
remain in place initially after it has been applied. dards and contract documents.
3.2.16 initial set, n—a time related set caused by the 8.2 The substrate panels shall be marked as complying with
hydration process. the applicable product specification.
3.2.17 lamina, n—composite of base coat, reinforcement,
9. Storage of Materials
and finish coat.
3.2.18 mechanical fastener, n—corrosion resistant compo- 9.1 All materials shall be kept dry by storage under cover
and protected from the weather.
nent used to attach the substrate to the framing member.
3.2.19 reinforcing mesh, n—a non-metallic component of 9.1.1 When outside storage is required, substrate panels
shall be stacked flat with care taken to avoid damage to edges,
the DEFS encapsulated in the base coat to strengthen the
system. ends, or surfaces.
9.1.2 All other DEFS components shall be stacked off the
3.2.19.1 Discussion—Non-metallic reinforcing mesh is
available in various weights to achieve different levels of ground, supported on a level platform and protected from the
direct sunlight, weather, surface contamination or physical
impact and stress resistance.
damage in accordance with the DEFS producer’s written
3.2.20 pot life, n—the duration of time that the wet state
material remains workable after it has been mixed. instructions.
9.2 Materials shall be protected from exposure to tempera-
3.2.21 primers, n—liquid coatings applied to improve the
adhesion of the DEFS to the substrate. tures less than 40°F (4°C), unless otherwise specified by the
manufacturer.
3.2.21.1 Discussion—Primers are sometimes applied to im-
prove the water resistance of cementitious base coats. 9.3 Portland Cement shall be kept dry until ready for use. It
shall be kept off the ground, under cover and away from damp
3.2.22 reinforced base coat, n—base coat that has been
reinforced with a non-metallic reinforcing mesh. walls and surfaces.
3.2.23 substrate, n—surface to which the DEFS is applied.
10. Environmental Conditions
3.2.24 surface sealer, n—material used to enhance weather
10.1 Cold Weather Conditions:
resistance.
10.1.1 Wet materials shall not be applied when the tempera-
3.2.25 temper, v—to bring to a workable state by adding
ture is less than 40°F (4°C) unless temporary heat and
water.
enclosures are provided to maintain a minimum temperature of
3.2.26 texture, n—any surface appearance as contrasted to a
40°F (4°C) for a minimum period of not less than 24 h before,
smooth surface.
during and after application or unless otherwise specified by
3.2.27 wet edge, n—the leading edge of a continuously
the manufacturer.
applied wet state material.
10.1.2 Materials shall not be applied to a base containing
3.2.28 wet state materials, n—the adhesive, base coat and
frost. Substrate surface temperature shall be not less than 40°F
finish coat components applied in liquid or semi-liquid state.
(4°C) unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer. Mixtures
4. Significance and Use
for application shall not contain any frozen ingredients.
4.1 This practice provides minimum requirements for the
11. Assessment of Condition of Substrates to Receive
application of Direct-applied Exterior Finish Systems. The
Direct Exterior and Finish Systems
requirements for materials, mixtures, and details shall be
11.1 The substrate shall be as required by the project plans
contained in the project plans and specifications.
and specifications and as specified by the DEFS producer for
5. Delivery of Materials
the particular system.
11.2 The substrate shall be inspected by the applicator and
5.1 All materials shall be delivered in packages, containers,
or bundles with the identification and markings intact. general contractor to ensure that it meets the project plans and
specifications and the requirements of 11.3-11.8.2.
6. Inspection
11.3 Sheathing materials shall be inspected to ensure that:
6.1 Inspectionofthematerialsshallbeagreeduponbetween 11.3.1 The specified sheathing thickness has been installed
for the stud spacing used.
the purchaser and the supplier as part of the purchase agree-
ment. 11.3.2 Fastener type and fastener spacing are as specified.
11.3.3 Water-resistant exterior fiber-reinforced gypsum
7. Rejection
sheathing panels complying with Specification C 1278/
C 1278M, shall be installed in accordance with the sheet
7.1 Materials that are damaged, frozen or in any way
defective shall not be used. Rejection of materials shall be producer’s written installation instructions, which include de-
tails of framing type and spacing, fastener type and spacing,
promptly reported verbally to the producer and immediately
reported in writing. The notice of rejection shall contain a and sheet orientation and spacing.
statement documenting the basis for material rejection. 11.3.4 Glass mat gypsum sheathing complying with Speci-
fication C 1177/C 1177M, shall be installed in accordance with
8. Certification
the sheet producer’s written installation instructions, which
8.1 When specified in the contract documents, the exterior include details of framing type and spacing, fastener type and
finish producer shall furnish a report certifying that the spacing, and sheet orientation and spacing.
C 1516
11.3.5 Fiber-cement sheets complying with Specification 12.4.2 The surface shall be free of voids, projections, trowel
C 1186, TypeA, shall be installed in accordance with the sheet marks and other surface irregularities. The base coat thickness
producer’s written installation instructions, which include de- shallbenotlessthan ⁄16in.(1.6mm)dryasmeasuredfromthe
tails of framing type and spacing, fastener type and spacing, surface of the substrate panel.
and sheet orientation and spacing. 12.5 Reinforcing Mesh Overlap—-- All reinforcing mesh
11.4 Alignment—All substrate surfaces shall be straight and edges shall be overlapped not less than 2 ⁄2 in. (64 mm).
12.6 Impact Layers—When required, higher impact perfor-
true within ⁄4in. in 10 ft. (2 mm/m). More stringent require-
ments by the DEFS producer shall supersede the above stated mance shall be achieved with multiple layers of reinforcing
mesh or by incorporating heavier weight reinforcing mesh.All
requirements.
11.5 Suitability for Use—The substrate surface shall be areas requiring higher impact performance shall be detailed on
the project plans and specifications. When overlapping of high
firm, sound, and undamaged in order to receive the exterior
finish. impact mesh is not required, a complete second layer of
reinforcing mesh shall be applied over the layer of high impact
11.5.1 Broken, cracked or delaminated substrate boards
mesh.
shall be replaced or restored to a condition equal to adjacent
12.7 Corners—Reinforcing mesh shall not be lapped within
undamaged boards.
8 in. (204 mm) of any corner.
11.6 Cleanliness—The surface of all substrates shall be
12.8 Wall Penetrations—All edges of the substrate panel
clean and free from any foreign materials such as form release
board at penetrations of the DEFS, such as at windows, doors,
agents, curing compounds, dust, dirt, frost, oil or grease,
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) sleeves,
efflorescence and laitance.
pipes, duct, electrical boxes, and at the base of the wall shall be
11.6.1 All substrate panels shall have all loose dirt and dust
wrappedwitheitherthebasecoatandreinforcingmeshortrim,
removed by cleaning methods appropriate for the job and job
or as specified by the project plans and specifications. Wall
conditions.
openings such as doors, windows, HVAC sleeves, shall be
11.6.2 Efflorescence and laitance on substrate panels shall
diagonally reinforced at corners with mesh not less than 9 in.
be removed prior to exterior finish application. Heavy deposits
(230 mm) by 12 in. (305 mm).
shallberemovedusinghandorpowerimpacttoolsfollowedby
12.8.1 Thecornersofreturnstowindows,doors,andsimilar
washing with an appropriate cleaner. Light deposits shall be
wall openings shall have reinforcing mesh the full width of the
removed by washing with an appropriate cleaner. All loose
return and extending not less than 2 ⁄2 in. (64 mm) on both
particles and cleaner residue shall be removed by washing with
sides of the corner.
clean, potable water. The surface shall be allowed to dry.
12.9 Expansion Joints—All edges of the substrate panels at
11.7 Substrate Condition—There shall be no visible water.
expansion joints shall be wrapped with either the base coat and
11.8 Iffurringoraccessoriesareused,theyshallbeinstalled
reinforcing mesh or trim as specified by the DEFS producer for
in conformance with Specification C 1063.
the particular system. The reinforcing mesh shall be fully
11.8.1 These members shall be properly attached, straight,
encapsulated.
and true unless required by the system design.
12.10 Reinforcing Mesh—The reinforcing mesh shall be
11.8.2 All accessories shall be free of rust, oil, or other
fully encapsulated in the base coat throughout the field of the
foreign matter or contaminants, which cause bond failure or
wall, at corners, edges, and joints. The surface shall be free of
unsightly discoloration.
voids, projections, trowel marks and other surface irregulari-
ties.
12. Reinforced Base Coat Application
12.11 Special Architectural Shapes—When special EPS
12.1 Inspect the substrate panel surface to ensure that it is
(expanded polystyrene) architectural shapes are installed, glass
clean, dry, free of all foreign materials, and damage of any
fiber reinforcing mesh encapsulated in the base coat shall be
type. Substrate panel planar irregularities of more than ⁄16 in.
used.
(1.6 mm) shall be corrected. All panel joints shall be tightly
13. Finish Coat Application
abutted or shall be filled with recommended joint bedding
material.
13.1 The reinforced base coat shall be allowed to dry and
12.2 Base Coat Preparation—All materials requiring field
harden for not less than 24 h prior to finish coat application.
preparation shall be mixed in accordance with the DEFS
13.2 Material Preparation—The finish coat shall be mixed
producer’s
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